1
|
Yang Q, Li Z, Ma Y, Fang L, Liu Y, Zhu X, Dong H, Wang S. Metabolite analysis reveals flavonoids accumulation during flower development in Rhododendron pulchrum sweet (Ericaceae). PeerJ 2024; 12:e17325. [PMID: 38832044 PMCID: PMC11146334 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch.) is an important ornamental woody plant with various medicinal properties due to its phytochemical compositions and components. However little information on the metabolite variation during flower development in Rhododendron has been provided. In our study, a comparative analysis of the flavonoid profile was performed in Rhododendron pulchrum sweet at three stages of flower development, bud (stage 1), partially open flower (stage 2), and full bloom (stage 3). A total of 199 flavonoids, including flavone, flavonol, flavone C-glycosides, flavanone, anthocyanin, and isoflavone were identified. In hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), the accumulation of flavonoids displayed a clear development stage variation. During flower development, 78 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, and most were enriched to higher levels at the full bloom stage. A total of 11 DAMs including flavone (chrysin, chrysoeriol O-glucuronic acid, and chrysoeriol O-hexosyl-O-pentoside), isoflavone (biochanin A), and flavonol (3,7-di-O-methyl quercetin and isorhamnetin) were significantly altered at three stages. In particular, 3,7-di-O-methyl quercetin was the top increased metabolite during flower development. Furthermore, integrative analyses of metabolomic and transcriptomic were conducted, revealing that the contents of isoflavone, biochanin A, glycitin, and prunetin were correlated with the expression of 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase (HIDH), which provide insight into the regulatory mechanism that controls isoflavone biosynthesis in R. pulchrum. This study will provide a new reference for increasing desired metabolites effectively by more accurate or appropriate genetic engineering strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Yang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sendri N, Sharma T, Swati K, Bhatt P, Bhandari P. Exploring the impact of polyphenolic compounds on the chromatic characteristics in flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. collected from different altitudinal locations. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 38634333 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhododendron arboreum Sm. flowers grow in the Himalayan region and have traditionally been used in beverages and food. These wild edible Himalayan flowers are known for their sweet-sour flavor and beautiful scarlet red color. The primary pigments responsible for the scarlet red color of these flowers are anthocyanins. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we conducted chemo-profiling and elucidated the chromatic characteristics of R. arboreum flower petals growing in the wild in different altitudinal areas. METHODOLOGY The content of anthocyanins, phenolics, and other flavonoids was determined in R. arboreum flower petals collected from 38 different locations in two provinces in India (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) to obtain a distinguishable chemical index. A UHPLC method has also been developed and validated for the quantitative analysis. Besides, the color characteristics of each collected floral sample were also analyzed. RESULTS Chemometric analysis (principal component analysis [PCA] and heatmap analysis) revealed that floral samples collected from different altitudes exhibited similar chemical diversity, whereas statistical analysis (bivariate linear correlation) revealed a positive correlation between the color parameter a*/b* and cyanidin glycosides. Besides, non-targeted metabolomics analysis was carried out, which resulted in the tentative identification of 150 metabolites. CONCLUSION The results revealed that there is a direct influence of accumulated anthocyanins to color parameter a*/b* values in the floral samples irrespective of altitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitisha Sendri
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Taniya Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Km Swati
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pooja Bhatt
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pamita Bhandari
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin C, Duan Y, Li R, Wang P, Sun Y, Ding X, Zhang J, Yan H, Zhang W, Peng B, Zhao L, Zhang C. Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway May Indirectly Affect Outcrossing Rate of Cytoplasmic Male-Sterile Lines of Soybean. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3461. [PMID: 37836201 PMCID: PMC10575370 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is important for exploiting heterosis. Soybean (Glycine max L.) has a low outcrossing rate that is detrimental for breeding sterile lines and producing hybrid seeds. Therefore, the molecular mechanism controlling the outcrossing rate should be elucidated to increase the outcrossing rate of soybean CMS lines; (2) Methods: The male-sterile soybean lines JLCMS313A (with a high outcrossing rate; HL) and JLCMS226A (with a low outcrossing rate; LL) were used for a combined analysis of the transcriptome (RNA-seq) and the targeted phenol metabolome; (3) Results: The comparison between HL and LL detected 5946 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 81 phenolic metabolites. The analysis of the DEGs and differentially abundant phenolic metabolites identified only one common KEGG pathway related to flavonoid biosynthesis. The qRT-PCR expression for eight DEGs was almost consistent with the transcriptome data. The comparison of the cloned coding sequence (CDS) regions of the SUS, FLS, UGT, and F3H genes between HL and LL revealed seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) only in the F3H CDS. Moreover, five significant differentially abundant phenolic metabolites between HL and LL were associated with flavonoid metabolic pathways. Finally, on the basis of the SNPs in the F3H CDS, one derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker was developed to distinguish between HL and LL soybean lines; (4) Conclusions: The flavonoid biosynthesis pathway may indirectly affect the outcrossing rate of CMS sterile lines in soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Lin
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yuetong Duan
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Rong Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Pengnian Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ding
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jingyong Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Bao Peng
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Chunbao Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (C.L.); (Y.D.); (R.L.); (P.W.); (Y.S.); (X.D.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Hybrid Soybean Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130033, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martínez-Harms J, Guerrero PC, Martínez-Harms MJ, Poblete N, González K, Stavenga DG, Vorobyev M. Mechanisms of flower coloring and eco-evolutionary implications of massive blooming events in the Atacama Desert. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.957318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth, holds a rich biodiversity that becomes most appreciable in years when unusual rainfall accumulation triggers a phenomenon of explosive development of ephemeral herbaceous and woody desert species known as “desierto florido” or “blooming desert.” Despite the scientific importance of this unique phenomenon only few studies have addressed the mechanisms of flower phenotypic divergence under the fluctuating environment provided by this recurrent event. We investigated the mechanisms of floral color diversity in Cistanthe longiscapa (Montiaceae), a dominant species across the ephemeral blooming landscape of Atacama Desert. Our analyses show that the variation in colors of C. longiscapa flowers result from petals containing betalain pigments with different absorption spectra. The different pigment composition of petals causes flower color differences in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) range of the spectrum. Through color vision models we show that C. longiscapa flowers are highly polymorphic in their color appearance for insect pollinators. Our results highlight the variable nature in flower color of C. longiscapa varieties blooming simultaneously in a geographical restricted area. Given the importance of color in attracting floral visitors, the observed color variability could contribute to increased cross pollination in extreme desert conditions, while accounting for complex and fluctuating histories of plant-pollinator interactions.
Collapse
|
5
|
León‐Osper M, Narbona E. Unravelling the mystery of red flowers in the Mediterranean Basin: How to be conspicuous in a place dominated by hymenopteran pollinators. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa León‐Osper
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla España
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla España
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stavenga DG, Leertouwer HL, Dudek B, van der Kooi CJ. Coloration of Flowers by Flavonoids and Consequences of pH Dependent Absorption. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:600124. [PMID: 33488645 PMCID: PMC7820715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid pigments are key determinants of flower colors. As absorption spectra of flavonoids are known to be severely pH-dependent, cellular pH will play a crucial role in flower coloration. The flavonoids are concentrated in the vacuoles of the flowers' epidermal cells, and thus the pigments' absorption spectra are modulated by the vacuolar pH. Here we study the pH dependence of flavonoid absorption spectra in extracts from flowers of two poppy species Papaver dubium (red) and Meconopsis cambrica (orange), and a white and red Mandevilla sanderi variety. In the red poppy and Mandevilla flowers, absorption spectra of the cyanidin- and pelargonidin-based anthocyanins peak in the blue-green-wavelength range at low pH, but exhibit a distinct bathochromic shift at higher pH. This shift to longer wavelengths is not found for the blue-absorbing nudicaulin derivatives of M. cambrica, which have a similar absorption spectrum at low and high pH. The pH-dependent absorption changes of the white M. sanderi's flavonoid remained restricted to the UV. An analysis of the spectra with logistic functions suggests that the pH-dependent characteristics of the basic states of flavonols and anthocyanins are related. The implications of tuning of pH and pigment absorption spectra for studies on flower color evolution are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G. Stavenga
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hein L. Leertouwer
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bettina Dudek
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Casper J. van der Kooi
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martínez-Harms J, Hadar R, Márquez N, Menzel R, Shmida A, Stavenga DG, Vorobyev M. Enhanced UV-Reflection Facilitated a Shift in the Pollination System of the Red Poppy, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080927. [PMID: 32708009 PMCID: PMC7464000 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary change is considered a major factor influencing the invasion of new habitats by plants. Yet, evidence on how such modifications promote range expansion remains rather limited. Here we investigated flower color modifications in the red poppy, Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae), as a result of its introduction into Central Europe and the impact of those modifications on its interactions with pollinators. We found that while flowers of Eastern Mediterranean poppies reflect exclusively in the red part of the spectrum, those of Central European poppies reflect both red and ultraviolet (UV) light. This change coincides with a shift from pollination by glaphyrid beetles (Glaphyridae) to bees. Glaphyrids have red-sensitive photoreceptors that are absent in bees, which therefore will not be attracted by colors of exclusively red-reflecting flowers. However, UV-reflecting flowers are easily detectable by bees, as revealed by visual modeling. In the North Mediterranean, flowers with low and high UV reflectance occur sympatrically. We hypothesize that Central European populations of P. rhoeas were initially polymorphic with respect to their flower color and that UV reflection drove a shift in the pollination system of P. rhoeas that facilitated its spread across Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martínez-Harms
- Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 1–3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (R.H.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
- INIA La Cruz, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chorrillos 86, La Cruz 2280454, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Ravit Hadar
- Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 1–3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (R.H.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Natalia Márquez
- Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 1–3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (R.H.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Randolf Menzel
- Institut für Biologie-Neurobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 1–3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (R.H.); (N.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Avi Shmida
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behaviour, Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;
| | - Doekele G. Stavenga
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Misha Vorobyev
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|