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Branche T, Pouppirt N, Nelson LD, Khan JY. Potential Implications of Emerging Nontraditional Childbirth Practices On Neonatal Health. J Pediatr 2023; 261:113338. [PMID: 36720380 PMCID: PMC10766326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Branche
- Division of Neonatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Nicole Pouppirt
- Division of Neonatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - LaTasha D Nelson
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Janine Y Khan
- Division of Neonatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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2
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An SM, Kim MJ, Jeong JS, Kim SY, Kim DS, An BS, Kim SC. Oxytocin modulates steroidogenesis-associated genes and estradiol levels in the placenta. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2023; 69:223-233. [PMID: 36787388 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2023.2170296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) plays a significant role during pregnancy, especially toward the end of pregnancy. Some studies have reported that OXT is involved in the stimulation of steroidogenesis in several organs. However, the effects of OXT on placental steroidogenesis have not yet been established. In this study, we investigated the regulation of steroid hormones and steroidogenic enzymes by OXT-associated signaling in vitro and in vivo. OXT increased the gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes, which convert pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in vitro. In OXT-administered pregnant rats, pregnenolone and DHEA levels were significantly enhanced in the plasma and the expression of the enzymes synthesizing DHEA, testosterone, and estradiol (E2) was increased in placental tissues. Furthermore, OXT was found to affect placental cell differentiation, which is closely related to steroid hormone synthesis. After treatment of the pregnant rats with atosiban, an antagonist of the OXT receptor, the concentration of E2 in the plasma and the expression of E2-synthesizing enzyme were reduced. This regulation may be due to OXT-mediated differentiation, because OXT increases the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone, which is a biomarker of placental cell differentiation. Our findings suggest that OXT contributes to maintaining pregnancy by regulating the differentiation of placental cells and steroidogenesis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min An
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Sic Jeong
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kristal MB, DiPirro JM, Thompson AC, Wood TD. Placentophagia and the Tao of POEF. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:104992. [PMID: 36509207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Placentophagia, ingestion of placenta and amniotic fluid, usually during parturition, is a behavioral feature of nearly all nonaquatic, placental mammals, and is a nexus for several interlocking behavioral phenomena. Placentophagia has not been typical of human cultures, but in recent years, some women in affluent societies have engaged in it, thereby bringing publicity to the behavior. First, we summarized benefits of placentophagia for nonhuman mammals, which include increased attractiveness of neonates, enhanced onset of maternal behavior, suppression of pseudopregnancy, and enhancement of opioid hypoalgesia by Placental Opioid-Enhancing Factor (POEF), a benefit that may extend well outside the context of parturition. The research on POEF in animals was discussed in detail. Then we discussed placentophagia (placentophagy) in humans, and whether there is validity to the claims of various benefits reported primarily in the pro-placentophagy literature, and, although human afterbirth shows POEF activity, the POEF effect has not yet been tested in humans. Finally, we discussed the general possible implications, for the management of pain and addiction, of isolating and characterizing POEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Kristal
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110, USA; Research and Clinical Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1022 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Jean M DiPirro
- Department of Psychology, Buffalo State College, Buffalo, NY 14222 USA; Research and Clinical Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1022 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Alexis C Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110, USA; Research and Clinical Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1022 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Troy D Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Natural Science Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Wei BB, Feng XS. Melatonin in different food samples: Recent update on distribution, bioactivities, pretreatment and analysis techniques. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112272. [PMID: 36596183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) plays a significant role on maintaining the basic physiological functions and regulating various metabolic processes in plentiful organisms. Recent years have witnessed an increase in MLT's share in global market with its affluent functions. However, the worrisome quality issues and inappropriate or excessive application of MLT take place inevitably. In addition, its photosensitive properties, oxidation, complex substrate concentration and trace levels leave exact detection of MLT doubly difficult. Therefore, it is essential to exploit precise, sensitive and stable extraction and detection methods to resolve above questions. In this study, we reviewed the distribution and bioactivities of MLT and conducted a comprehensive overview of the developments of pretreatment and analysis methods for MLT in food samples since 2010. Commonly used pretreatment methods for MLT include not only traditional techniques, but also novel ones, such as solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, microextraction by packed sorbent, solid phase microextraction, liquid phase microextraction, and so on. Analysis methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, GC methods, capillary electrophoresis, sensors, and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of different techniques have been compared and the development tendency was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021 China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Bin-Bin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Impact of tissue processing on microbiological colonization in the context of placentophagy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5307. [PMID: 35351937 PMCID: PMC8964728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A mother’s postpartum ingestion of raw or processed placental tissue—referred to as human maternal placentophagy—is an emerging health trend observed in industrialized nations. Placenta is commonly consumed as small pieces of raw tissue, or as raw or steamed dehydrated pulverized and encapsulated tissue. To investigate the potential neonatal health risks of this behavior, the present study focused on microbial colonization of processed placenta preparations with potentially pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae (Group-B-Streptococci; GBS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). In the clinical approach placentas from 24 mothers were analyzed. Two placentas, from 13 mothers with confirmed positive maternal GBS status, showed GBS-growth on their surface (2/13; 15.4%) independent from delivery mode or antibiotic treatment. All processed samples (n = 24) were free from GBS. In the experimental approach, a standardized inoculation protocol was introduced to resemble ascending vaginal and hematogenous colonization. Six placentas from elective term C-sections of GBS negative mothers were collected and artificially inoculated with highly concentrated suspensions of GBS and E. coli. Heat processing significantly reduced the number of colony forming units (CFU) for GBS and E. coli. Our results suggest placentophagy of processed tissue is an unlikely source of clinical infection.
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Prihatno SA, Adi YK, Budipitojo T, Priyo TW, Sihotang YAMA. Dried bovine placenta improves spermatozoa count in a rat model of male reproductive aging. Vet World 2021; 14:1602-1607. [PMID: 34316209 PMCID: PMC8304429 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1602-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: In the male reproductive system, the aging process can lead to infertility. Recently, placenta and its derivatives have been researched as regenerative agents. This study aimed to describe the basic components of dried bovine placenta powder and its potential effects as a regenerative agent in a rat model of male reproductive aging with D-galactose induction. Materials and Methods: We divided 15 male Wistar rats, 2 months of age, into three groups: A, the health control group; B, the D-galactose induction group, and C, the D-galactose induction and 10% dried bovine placenta supplementation group. We measured epididymal sperm concentration and testicular weight and volume and analyzed these using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Dried bovine placenta was rich in nutrients, with 61.98% protein, 21.25±2.07 carbohydrates, 8.58% water, 4.93% ash, and 3.27% fat. The mean epididymal spermatozoa concentration of the rats in Groups A, B, and C was 3026×106/mL, 1492.8×106/mL, and 2732.5×106/mL, respectively. The average total testicle weights were 2.44 g, 2.72 g, and 2.57 g, respectively. The average total testicle volumes were 2.29 cm3, 2.49 cm3, and 2.33cm3, respectively. Conclusion: Dried bovine placenta powder is rich in nutrients, especially protein. Supplementation with dried bovine placenta can improve epididymal spermatozoa concentration that is important in fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Agus Prihatno
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetric, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Yosua Kristian Adi
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetric, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Teguh Budipitojo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Topas Wicaksono Priyo
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetric, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Mota-Rojas D, Orihuela A, Strappini A, Villanueva-García D, Napolitano F, Mora-Medina P, Barrios-García HB, Herrera Y, Lavalle E, Martínez-Burnes J. Consumption of Maternal Placenta in Humans and Nonhuman Mammals: Beneficial and Adverse Effects. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2398. [PMID: 33333890 PMCID: PMC7765311 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Placentophagia is a common mammalian behavior, and the first scientific study of the potential effects of human maternal placentophagia on lactation was in 1917. More recently, in the 1970s, human placentophagia was reported in North America with a trend toward increased consumption. There are different hypotheses about the women and nonhuman mammals' motivation towards placentophagia, but few have been subject to hypotheses testing. In women, the controversy continues; on the one hand, researchers attribute benefits like increased breast milk, weight gain in newborns, decreased postpartum depression and fatigue, and improved mothers' mood. In contrast, bacterial or viral infections, hormonal, or trace elements that could become toxic for both the mother and baby are reported as possible health risks. Other reports argue a lack of scientific rigor to support the self-reported benefits of placentophagia. Also, the way the placenta is prepared (raw, cooked, dehydrated, processed, or encapsulated) alters its components, and thus the desired effects. This review provides relevant information and the different hypotheses and points of view around placentophagia. However, there are still questions to be resolved, and more studies are needed to confirm or reject the data generated so far about placentophagia in humans and nonhuman mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (D.M.-R.); (Y.H.); (E.L.)
| | - Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, 62209 Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Ana Strappini
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566 Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Fabio Napolitano
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Livestock Science Department, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 54714 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Hugo B. Barrios-García
- Graduate and Research Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, 87000 Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Yuridia Herrera
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (D.M.-R.); (Y.H.); (E.L.)
| | - Eunice Lavalle
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), 04960 Mexico City, Mexico; (D.M.-R.); (Y.H.); (E.L.)
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Graduate and Research Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, 87000 Tamaulipas, Mexico;
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Elwood C, Money D, van Schalkwyk J, Pakzad Z, Bos H, Giesbrecht E. No. 378-Placentophagy. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2020; 41:679-682. [PMID: 31000150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of human placenta has recently been highlighted; however, there is no evidence of benefit from its consumption. In addition, there is potential for harm. Therefore the SOGC does not recommend the practice of placentophagy.
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Botelle R, Willott C. Birth, attitudes and placentophagy: a thematic discourse analysis of discussions on UK parenting forums. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:134. [PMID: 32138706 PMCID: PMC7059278 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-2824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The post-partum consumption of the placenta by the mother (placentophagy) has been practiced since the 1970s in the global North and is seemingly increasing in popularity. Maternal placentophagy is not known to have been practiced in any other time period or culture, despite being near-ubiquitous in other placental mammals. An in-depth qualitative exploration as to the reasons for the practice, its increasing popularity and how it is narratively incorporated into discourses surrounding "ideal" natural and medical births are given in this paper. METHODS 1752 posts from 956 users across 85 threads from the parenting forums Mumsnet and Netmums were identified for inclusion. A thematic discourse analysis was performed using NVivo. RESULTS Three main themes were identified: women recounted predominantly positive attitudes towards their own experiences of placentophagy, and they were respectful of others' views and experiences; some had negative views, particularly around the concept of disgust, but again, they were respectful of others' experiences. By far the most common method of consumption of the placenta was encapsulation. CONCLUSIONS This paper identifies the motivation for placentophagy to almost universally be for medical benefits, most commonly the prevention or treatment of post-natal depression (PND). Whilst disgust is a common reaction, discussion of risks is rare, and positive experiences outweigh negative ones. The increasing popularity of the practice is ascribed in part to the comparative palatability of encapsulation and the use of the internet to share resources and remove barriers. Parenting forums are important spaces to negotiate normative birth practices, including placentophagy, and act to build communities of women who value personal experience over medical evidence and highly value personal choice and bodily autonomy. Placentophagy is discussed in terms of its relation to natural and medical births with arguments being made using both discourses for and against the practice. This paper argues that placentophagy is practiced as a resistance to medicalisation as an assertion of control by the mother, whilst simultaneously being a medicalised phenomenon itself.
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Ejaz H, Figaro JK, Woolner AMF, Thottakam BMV, Galley HF. Maternal Serum Melatonin Increases During Pregnancy and Falls Immediately After Delivery Implicating the Placenta as a Major Source of Melatonin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:623038. [PMID: 33679607 PMCID: PMC7930478 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.623038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone which regulates circadian rhythm and is also an antioxidant. The role of melatonin in pregnancy is emerging. The enzymes needed for endogenous synthesis of melatonin have been identified in the placenta, although the contribution to circulating maternal melatonin in normal pregnancy is unclear. This work aimed to determine serum levels of melatonin and its major metabolite 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS) in normal pregnant women during each trimester of pregnancy, and immediately after delivery. Blood samples were obtained from a cohort of healthy pregnant women during each trimester of pregnancy (n = 26), from women scheduled for elective Cesarean section (CS) before and after delivery (n = 15), along with placental samples, and from healthy non-pregnant women as controls (n = 30). Melatonin and its major metabolite, 6-OHMS, were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Levels of serum melatonin were significantly higher during pregnancy than in non-pregnant women (P = 0.025) and increased throughout pregnancy (P < 0.0001). In women undergoing CS, serum melatonin decreased markedly 24 h after delivery (P = 0.0013). Similar results were seen for serum levels of 6-OHMS, and placental tissue 6-OHMS levels correlated with week of gestation at delivery (p = 0.018). In summary, maternal melatonin production is higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant women, increases significantly during pregnancy with highest levels in the third trimester, and decreases abruptly after delivery. These results suggest that the placenta is a major source of melatonin and supports a physiological role for melatonin in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Ejaz
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Health Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana K. Figaro
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Health Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M. F. Woolner
- Institute of Applied Health Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen F. Galley
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Helen F. Galley,
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Morris E, Slomp C, Hippman C, Inglis A, Carrion P, Batallones R, Andrighetti H, Austin J. A Matched Cohort Study of Postpartum Placentophagy in Women With a History of Mood Disorders: No Evidence for Impact on Mood, Energy, Vitamin B12 Levels, or Lactation. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2019; 41:1330-1337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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No 378 – Placentophagie. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2019; 41:683-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stambough K, Hernandez A, Gunn S, Adeyemi-Fowode O. Maternal Placentophagy as a Possible Cause of Breast Budding and Vaginal Bleeding in a Breast-Fed 3-Month-Old Infant. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019; 32:78-79. [PMID: 30244191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placentophagy, or the practice of placental consumption, has grown in popularity over the past decade. Although advocates endorse prevention of postpartum depression, increased breast milk production, reduction in postpartum bleeding, and provision of nutrients postpartum, scientific studies have failed to show benefit. No studies have explored the effect of placental hormone consumption on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis of the offspring. CASE We present a case of vaginal bleeding and breast budding in a 3-month-old infant whose mother was exclusively breastfeeding. Maternal history was notable for placentophagy. Upon discontinuation of consuming encapsulated placenta, the infant's vaginal bleeding resolved. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Our case raises concerns regarding placentophagy and infant endocrine function. More research is needed to assess maternal and infant exogenous estrogen exposure with maternal placental consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Stambough
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Angela Hernandez
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sheila Gunn
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Oluyemisi Adeyemi-Fowode
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Benyshek DC, Cheyney M, Brown J, Bovbjerg ML. Placentophagy among women planning community births in the United States: Frequency, rationale, and associated neonatal outcomes. Birth 2018; 45:459-468. [PMID: 29722066 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited systematic research on maternal placentophagy is available to maternity care providers whose clients/patients may be considering this increasingly popular practice. Our purpose was to characterize the practice of placentophagy and its attendant neonatal outcomes among a large sample of women in the United States. METHODS We used a medical records-based data set (n = 23 242) containing pregnancy, birth, and postpartum information for women who planned community births. We used logistic regression to determine demographic and clinical predictors of placentophagy. Finally, we compared neonatal outcomes (hospitalization, neonatal intensive unit admission, or neonatal death in the first 6 weeks) between placenta consumers and nonconsumers, and participants who consumed placenta raw vs cooked. RESULTS Nearly one-third (30.8%) of women consumed their placenta. Consumers were more likely to have reported pregravid anxiety or depression compared with nonconsumers. Most (85.3%) placentophagic mothers consumed their placentas in encapsulated form, and nearly half (48.4%) consumed capsules containing dehydrated, uncooked placenta. Placentophagy was not associated with any adverse neonatal outcomes. Women with home births were more likely to engage in placentophagy than women with birth center births. The most common reason given (73.1%) for engaging in placentophagy was to prevent postpartum depression. [Corrections added on 16 May 2018, after first online publication: The percentage values in the Results sections were updated.] CONCLUSIONS: The majority of women consumed their placentas in uncooked/encapsulated form and hoping to avoid postpartum depression, although no evidence currently exists to support this strategy. Preparation technique (cooked vs uncooked) did not influence adverse neonatal outcomes. Maternity care providers should discuss the range of options available to prevent/treat postpartum depression, in addition to current evidence with respect to the safety of placentophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Benyshek
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Melissa Cheyney
- Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer Brown
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marit L Bovbjerg
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Johnson SK, Pastuschek J, Rödel J, Markert UR, Groten T. Placenta - Worth Trying? Human Maternal Placentophagia: Possible Benefit and Potential Risks. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2018; 78:846-852. [PMID: 30258243 PMCID: PMC6138470 DOI: 10.1055/a-0674-6275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of placenta preparations as an individual puerperal remedy can be traced back to historical, traditional practices in Western and Asian medicine. To evaluate the ingestion of processed placenta as a puerperal remedy, the potential risks (trace elements, microorganisms) and possible benefit (hormones in the placental tissue) of such a practice are discussed in this article based on a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia K Johnson
- Plazenta-Labor, Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Pastuschek
- Plazenta-Labor, Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Institut für klinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Plazenta-Labor, Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Groten
- Plazenta-Labor, Klinik für Geburtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
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18
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Young SM, Gryder LK, Cross C, Zava D, Kimball DW, Benyshek DC. Placentophagy’s effects on mood, bonding, and fatigue: A pilot trial, part 2. Women Birth 2018; 31:e258-e271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Young SM, Gryder LK, Cross C, Zava D, Kimball DW, Benyshek DC. Effects of placentophagy on maternal salivary hormones: A pilot trial, part 1. Women Birth 2018; 31:e245-e257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Human placentophagy: Effects of dehydration and steaming on hormones, metals and bacteria in placental tissue. Placenta 2018; 67:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Human placentophagy: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218:401.e1-401.e11. [PMID: 28859955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Placentophagy or placentophagia, the postpartum ingestion of the placenta, is widespread among mammals; however, no contemporary human culture incorporates eating placenta postpartum as part of its traditions. At present, there is an increasing interest in placentophagy among postpartum women, especially in the United States. The placenta can be eaten raw, cooked, roasted, dehydrated, or encapsulated or through smoothies and tinctures. The most frequently used preparation appears to be placenta encapsulation after steaming and dehydration. Numerous companies offer to prepare the placenta for consumption, although the evidence for positive effects of human placentophagy is anecdotal and limited to self-reported surveys. Without any scientific evidence, individuals promoting placentophagy, especially in the form of placenta encapsulation, claim that it is associated with certain physical and psychosocial benefits. We found that there is no scientific evidence of any clinical benefit of placentophagy among humans, and no placental nutrients and hormones are retained in sufficient amounts after placenta encapsulation to be potentially helpful to the mother postpartum. In contrast to the belief of clinical benefits associated with human placentophagy, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently issued a warning due to a case in which a newborn infant developed recurrent neonatal group B Streptococcus sepsis after the mother ingested contaminated placenta capsules containing Streptococcus agalactiae. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that the intake of placenta capsules should be avoided owing to inadequate eradication of infectious pathogens during the encapsulation process. Therefore, in response to a woman who expresses an interest in placentophagy, physicians should inform her about the reported risks and the absence of clinical benefits associated with the ingestion. In addition, clinicians should inquire regarding a history of placenta ingestion in cases of postpartum maternal or neonatal infections such as group B Streptococcus sepsis. In conclusion, there is no professional responsibility on clinicians to offer placentophagy to pregnant women. Moreover, because placentophagy is potentially harmful with no documented benefit, counseling women should be directive: physicians should discourage this practice. Health care organizations should develop clear clinical guidelines to implement a scientific and professional approach to human placentophagy.
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22
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Morimoto LM, Zava D, McGlynn KA, Stanczyk FZ, Kang AY, Ma X, Wiemels JL, Metayer C. Neonatal Hormone Concentrations and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCT). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:488-495. [PMID: 29475970 PMCID: PMC5884718 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) incidence has increased over the last 40 years in the United States. In contrast to TGCT among infants, it is hypothesized that TGCT in adolescents and young men is the result of sex steroid hormone imbalance during early fetal development. However, little is known about the neonatal period when abrupt hormonal changes occur, and direct supporting evidence is scarce due to the difficulties in obtaining prediagnostic specimens.Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study examining hormone levels at birth among 91 infants (0-4 years) and 276 adolescents (15-19 years) diagnosed with TGCT, and 344 matched controls. Estrogen and androgen levels were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) from archived newborn dried blood spots. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between each hormone level and TGCT risk.Results: Higher levels of androstenedione were associated with increased TGCT risk among adolescents [odds ratio (OR): 2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37-3.97 for highest vs. lowest quartile; P trend = 0.003] but not among infants (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.28-1.77). A similar pattern was observed for testosterone (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.00-3.00,) although the trend was not significant (P trend = 0.12). Associations were stronger among non-Hispanic white subjects, relative to Hispanics. There was no difference by tumor histologic subtype. Estriol (the only detectable estrogen) was not associated with TGCT risk in either age group.Conclusions: Higher levels of neonatal androgens were associated with increased risk of TGCT among adolescents, suggesting that early life hormone levels are related to the later development of TGCT.Impact: This is the first study with direct measures of sex steroid hormones to examine the relationship between estrogens and androgens at birth and risk of adolescent TGCT. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(4); 488-95. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libby M Morimoto
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California.
| | | | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alice Y Kang
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
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23
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Chang S, Lodico L, Williams Z. Nutritional composition and heavy metal content of the human placenta. Placenta 2017; 60:100-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Shin YY, Jeong JS, Park MN, Lee JE, An SM, Cho WS, Kim SC, An BS, Lee KS. Regulation of steroid hormones in the placenta and serum of women with preeclampsia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2681-2688. [PMID: 29207177 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy‑specific hypertensive syndrome that results in substantial maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The exact cause of PE has not been completely elucidate, although abnormal formation of the placenta has been considered. The placenta connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, producing a large quantity of steroid hormones to maintain pregnancy. Although steroid hormones, particularly progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2), in the serum of women with PE have been studied, steroidogenesis in the placenta has not well been established. The present study compared the concentrations of steroid hormones, including pregnenolone (PG), P4, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone (T) and E2, in the serum and placenta of women with PE. PG, P4, DHEA and E2 concentrations tended to be decreased in PE serum and placentas, and the results were statistically significant for P4 and E2 in the serum. Quantification of genes associated with steroidogenesis in the placenta was performed, and the expression of the P4‑ and E2‑synthesizing enzymes testosterone 17‑β‑dehydrogenase 3 and 3 β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/δ5 4‑isomerase type 1 was reduced. Notably, aromatase, an enzyme required for the production of E2, was upregulated in the PE placenta, suggesting that steroidogenic enzymes may be dynamically regulated and may affect the symptoms of PE. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the levels of steroid hormones, including P4 and E2, in the serum and placenta of women with PE are downregulated, which may be mediated by the regulation of steroidogenic enzyme expression in the PE placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Young Shin
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 627‑706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Sic Jeong
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 627‑706, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Na Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 627‑706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eon Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 627‑706, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 627‑706, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, School of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong‑A University, Busan, Gyeongsangnam 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Gyeongsangnam 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 627‑706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sup Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Gyeongsangnam 49241, Republic of Korea
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25
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Schuette SA, Brown KM, Cuthbert DA, Coyle CW, Wisner KL, Hoffman MC, Yang A, Ciolino JD, Newmark RL, Clark CT. Perspectives from Patients and Healthcare Providers on the Practice of Maternal Placentophagy. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 23:60-67. [PMID: 27854131 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Placentophagy (maternal consumption of the placenta) has become increasingly prevalent in the past decade among women seeking to promote health and healing during the postpartum period. The purpose of this study was to assess patient and provider familiarity with and attitudes toward placentophagy, as well as patients' willingness to try placentophagy. METHODS Two cross-sectional surveys with questions regarding placentophagy practice were distributed to healthcare providers and patients. The provider survey was distributed via email listservers to international perinatal professional organizations and to obstetrics and gynecology, nurse midwifery, family medicine, and psychiatry departments at three urban hospitals. Patient surveys were administered in person at an urban hospital in Chicago, Illinois. RESULTS Approximately two thirds (66%; n = 100) of patients and most (89%; n = 161) of providers were familiar with placentophagy. Patients with a history of a self-reported mental health disorder were more likely to be willing to consider placentophagy and to believe that healthcare providers should discuss it with their patients. CONCLUSIONS Most providers and patients have heard of placentophagy but are unsure of its benefits and/or risks. Further research examining the potential therapeutic efficacy and/or risks of placentophagy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Schuette
- 1 Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
| | - Kara M Brown
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Danielle A Cuthbert
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL.,4 Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
| | - Cynthia W Coyle
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL.,4 Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
| | - Katherine L Wisner
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL.,4 Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
| | - M Camille Hoffman
- 5 Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
| | - Amy Yang
- 6 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
| | - Jody D Ciolino
- 6 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
| | - Rebecca L Newmark
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL.,4 Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
| | - Crystal T Clark
- 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL.,4 Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL
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