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Shah U, Bhattarai R, Al-Salami H, Blanchard C, Johnson SK. Advances in Extraction, Structure, and Physiochemical Properties of Sorghum Kafirin for Biomaterial Applications: A Review. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:172. [PMID: 39057294 PMCID: PMC11278494 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kafirin is an endosperm-specific hydrophobic protein found in sorghum grain and the waste by-product from sorghum biorefineries known as sorghum dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS). Because of kafirin's poor nutritional profile (negative nitrogen balance, slow digestibility, and lack of some essential amino acids), its direct human use as a food is restricted. Nevertheless, increased focus on biofuel production from sorghum grain has triggered a new wave of research to use sorghum DDGS kafirin as a food-grade protein for biomaterials with diverse applications. These applications result from kafirin's unique chemical nature: high hydrophobicity, evaporation-induced self-assembling capacity, elongated conformation, water insolubility, and low digestibility. Aqueous alcohol mixtures have been widely used for the extraction of kafirin. The composition, structure, extraction methodologies, and physiochemical properties of kafirin, emphasising its biomaterial functionality, are discussed in detail in this review. The literature survey reveals an in-depth understanding of extraction methodologies and their impact on structure functionality, which could assist in formulating materials of kafirin at a commercial scale. Ongoing research continues to explore the potential of kafirin and optimise its utilisation as a functional biomaterial, highlighting its valuable structural and physicochemical properties. Further studies should focus on covering gaps in the research as some of the current structural understanding comes from data on zein protein from maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Shah
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; (U.S.)
| | - Rewati Bhattarai
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; (U.S.)
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Christopher Blanchard
- ARC ITTC for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Stuart K. Johnson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; (U.S.)
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Haziman ML, Ishaq MI, Qonit MAH, Lestari EG, Susilawati PN, Widarsih W, Syukur C, Herawati H, Arief R, Santosa B, Purba R, Andoyo R, Yursak Z, Tan SS, Musfal M, Mubarok S. Sorghum starch review: Structural properties, interactions with proteins and polyphenols, and modification of physicochemical properties. Food Chem 2024; 463:139810. [PMID: 39293183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Sorghum, a gluten-free carbohydrate source with high antioxidants and resistant starch, contains anti-nutrients like phytic acid, tannin, and kafirin. Interactions with starch and proteins result in polyphenol-starch, starch-kafirin, and tannin-protein complexes. These interactions yield responses such as V-type amylose inclusion complexes, increased hydrophobic residues, and enzyme resistance, reducing nutrient availability and elevating resistant starch levels. Factors influencing these interactions include starch composition, structure, and Chain Length Distribution (CLD). Starch structure is impacted by enzymes like ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthases, and debranching enzymes, leading to varied chain lengths and distributions. CLD differences significantly affect crystallinity and physicochemical properties of sorghum starch. Despite its potential, the minimal utilization of sorghum starch in food is attributed to anti-nutrient interactions. Various modification approaches, either direct or indirect, offer diverse physicochemical changes with distinct advantages and disadvantages, presenting opportunities to enhance sorghum starch applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Luthfan Haziman
- Department of Food Nanotechnology, AKA Bogor Polytechnic, Jl. Pangeran Sogiri, Bogor, 16154, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Muhammad Iskandar Ishaq
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Abdillah Hasan Qonit
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jln. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Endang Gati Lestari
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Pepi Nur Susilawati
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wiwi Widarsih
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, AKA Bogor Polytechnic, Jl. Pangeran Sogiri, Bogor, 16154, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Cheppy Syukur
- Research Center for Holticulture and Estate Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Heny Herawati
- Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ramlah Arief
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Budi Santosa
- Research Center for Holticulture and Estate Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Resmayeti Purba
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Robi Andoyo
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jln. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Zuraida Yursak
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti Sehat Tan
- Research Center for Social Welfare, Villages and Connectivity, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Musfal Musfal
- Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Bogor, 16915, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Syariful Mubarok
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jln. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
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Khan A, Khan NA, Bean SR, Chen J, Xin Z, Jiao Y. Variations in Total Protein and Amino Acids in the Sequenced Sorghum Mutant Library. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1662. [PMID: 37111885 PMCID: PMC10142022 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide; however, its utilization in food products can be limited due to reduced nutritional quality related to amino acid composition and protein digestibility in cooked products. Low essential amino acid levels and digestibility are influenced by the composition of the sorghum seed storage proteins, kafirins. In this study, we report a core collection of 206 sorghum mutant lines with altered seed storage proteins. Wet lab chemistry analysis was conducted to evaluate the total protein content and 23 amino acids, including 19 protein-bound and 4 non-protein amino acids. We identified mutant lines with diverse compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids. The highest total protein content in these lines was almost double that of the wild-type (BTx623). The mutants identified in this study can be used as a genetic resource to improve the sorghum grain quality and determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of storage protein and starch in sorghum seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Khan
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Nasir Ali Khan
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Scott R. Bean
- Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA-ARS, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Junping Chen
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Crop Systems Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 3810, 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79424, USA
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Crop Systems Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 3810, 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79424, USA
| | - Yinping Jiao
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Label-free quantitative proteomics of Sorghum bicolor reveals the proteins strengthening plant defense against insect pest Chilo partellus. Proteome Sci 2021; 19:6. [PMID: 33810819 PMCID: PMC8019186 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-021-00173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted stem borer- Chilo partellus - a Lepidopteran insect pest of Sorghum bicolor is responsible for major economic losses. It is an oligophagous pest, which bores through the plant stem, causing 'deadheart' and hampering the development of the main cob. We applied a label-free quantitative proteomics approach on three genotypes of S. bicolor with differential resistance/ susceptibility to insect pests, intending to identify the S. bicolor's systemic protein complement contributing to C. partellus tolerance. METHODS The proteomes of S. bicolor with variable resistance to insect pests, ICSV700, IS2205 (resistant) and Swarna (susceptible) were investigated and compared using label-free quantitative proteomics to identify putative leaf proteins contributing to resistance to C. partellus. RESULTS The multivariate analysis on a total of 967 proteins led to the identification of proteins correlating with insect resistance/susceptibility of S. bicolor. Upon C. partellus infestation S. bicolor responded by suppression of protein and amino acid biosynthesis, and induction of proteins involved in maintaining photosynthesis and responding to stresses. The gene ontology analysis revealed that C. partellus-responsive proteins in resistant S. bicolor genotypes were mainly involved in stress and defense, small molecule biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, catalytic and translation regulation activities. At steady-state, the resistant S. bicolor genotypes displayed at least two-fold higher numbers of unique proteins than the susceptible genotype Swarna, mostly involved in catalytic activities. Gene expression analysis of selected candidates was performed on S. bicolor by artificial induction to mimic C. partellus infestation. CONCLUSION The collection of identified proteins differentially expressed in resistant S. bicolor, are interesting candidates for further elucidation of their role in defense against insect pests.
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Castro-Jácome TP, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Tovar-Pérez EG. Optimization of Sorghum Kafirin Extraction Conditions and Identification of Potential Bioactive Peptides. Biores Open Access 2020; 9:198-208. [PMID: 32923174 PMCID: PMC7484892 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2020.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in extracting kafirins (KAF), the main storage protein from sorghum grain has recently increased due to its gluten-free content and the significant scientific evidence showing the health benefits of the bioactive peptides from cereal grains in human diets. The objectives were to obtain the highest percentage of KAF extraction using amyloglucosidase as pretreatment to increase the extraction yield and predict the bioactive peptides in the KAF. In this study, pretreatments with amyloglucosidase increased the extraction yield of KAF compared with extraction methods using only ethanol and sodium metabisulfite. Two protein fragment sequences were identified from KAF extract and were evaluated for potential bioactive peptide using the BIOPEP-UWM database, which suggest that KAF proteins from white sorghum may be considered as good precursors of dipeptidyl peptidase-inhibitor, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, antioxidant and hypotensive peptides following chymotrypsin, thermolysin, and subtilisin and their combination. Average scores aligned using PeptideRanker confirmed KAF proteins' potential sources of bioactive peptides with over 5 peptides scored over 0.8. In addition, 31 unexplored peptide sequences that could have biological activity were identified. Our results suggest that KAF can be used in the peptide productions with potential biological activity and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania P. Castro-Jácome
- Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic. Av. Tecnológico No. 2595, Col. Lagos del Country, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Luz E. Alcántara-Quintana
- Catedra CONACyT, Facultad de Enfermería y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Niño Artillero No. 130, Zona Universitaria, S.L.P., México
| | - Erik G. Tovar-Pérez
- Catedra CONACyT, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera Chichimequillas s/n, El Marqués, Querétaro, México
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Weerasooriya DK, Bean SR, Nugusu Y, Ioerger BP, Tesso TT. The effect of genotype and traditional food processing methods on in-vitro protein digestibility and micronutrient profile of sorghum cooked products. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203005. [PMID: 30192773 PMCID: PMC6128525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is one of the principal staple for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa serving as the main sources of protein. However, protein digestibility is low in sorghum and this may be affected by processing methods. In this study 15 sorghum cultivars and one variety each of maize (Zea maize) and tef (Eragrostis tef) all of Ethiopian origin were investigated for in-vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), activity and concentration of anti-nutritional factors and micro nutrient profile in raw flour and various cooked food samples. Kafirin composition content and composition was also determined from raw flour samples of the sorghum cultivars. IVPD was significantly different between genotypes with both maize and tef superior to sorghum both in cooked and uncooked state except for the high lysine genotype Wetet Be-gunchie. Cooking significantly reduced IVPD in all crops but had only minor effect in maize. Results revealed a highly significant interaction between genotype and food processing methods where, occasionally, genotypes with highest IVPD under one processing method ended up to be the lowest under another. Trypsin inhibitor levels had a significant and negative correlation with IVPD (r2 = 0.1), while changes in phytic acid concentration and intrinsic phytase levels during processing followed opposite trends to each other. Processing increased mineral levels by 20-44% for iron and 4-29% for zinc perhaps due to degradation of phytic acid. Results demonstrated that protein digestibility and the concentration of anti- nutritional factors varied widely depending on the food type. Identification of specific genotypes for a specific food product may help improve the nutritional quality of sorghum based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott R. Bean
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yohannes Nugusu
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Brian P. Ioerger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Tesfaye T. Tesso
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Taylor J, Taylor JRN. Making Kafirin, the Sorghum Prolamin, into a Viable Alternative Protein Source. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Taylor
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being and Department of Food Science; University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20; Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - John R. N. Taylor
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being and Department of Food Science; University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20; Hatfield 0028 South Africa
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Elhassan MS, Oguntoyinbo SI, Taylor J, Taylor JR. Formation and properties of viscoelastic masses made from kafirin by a process of simple coacervation from solution in glacial acetic acid using water. Food Chem 2018; 239:333-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sullivan AC, Pangloli P, Dia VP. Kafirin from Sorghum bicolor inhibition of inflammation in THP-1 human macrophages is associated with reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:503-510. [PMID: 29217270 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant inflammation as a result of activation of the transmembrane protein Toll-like receptor 4 belonging to pattern recognition receptor and subsequent phosphorylation of signaling proteins facilitated by reactive oxygen species has been linked to a myriad of diseases. Sorghum is a drought-resistant cereal with health promoting properties associated with its biologically active substances such as kafirin. Kafirin is an alcohol soluble protein and accounts for as much as 70% of the total proteins in sorghum. The objective was to determine the effect of kafirin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in THP-1 human macrophages. THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells were differentiated into macrophages by phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate followed by treatment of LPS with or without 50 μg/mL or 100 μg/mL concentrations of kafirin. Kafirin at 100 μg/mL reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by 28.3%, 74.0%, and 81.4%, respectively. Kafirin reduced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species is associated with reduced phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase1/2 and c-JUN N-terminal kinase and nuclear translocation of p65 and c-JUN transcription factors. Our results showed for the first time the anti-inflammatory property of kafirin purified from sorghum in LPS-induced THP-1 human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Sullivan
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Philipus Pangloli
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Vermont P Dia
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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