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DeAndrés-Gil C, Moreno-Pérez AJ, Villoslada-Valbuena M, Halsey K, Martínez-Force E, Garcés R, Kurup S, Beaudoin F, Salas JJ, Venegas-Calerón M. Characterisation of fatty acyl reductases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:111992. [PMID: 38301931 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Long and very long chain fatty alcohols are produced from their corresponding acyl-CoAs through the activity of fatty acyl reductases (FARs). Fatty alcohols are important components of the cuticle that protects aerial plant organs, and they are metabolic intermediates in the synthesis of the wax esters in the hull of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. Genes encoding 4 different FARs (named HaFAR2, HaFAR3, HaFAR4 and HaFAR5) were identified using BLAST, and studies showed that four of the genes were expressed in seed hulls. In this study, the structure and location of sunflower FAR proteins were determined. They were also expressed exogenously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to evaluate their substrate specificity based on the fatty alcohols synthesized by the transformed yeasts. Three of the four enzymes tested showed activity in yeast. HaFAR3 produced C18, C20 and C22 saturated alcohols, whereas HaFAR4 and HaFAR5 produced C24 and C26 saturated alcohols. The involvement of these genes in the synthesis of sunflower seed wax esters was addressed by considering the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Pérez
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Ctra. Utrera Km 1, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Kirstie Halsey
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rafael Garcés
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Ctra. Utrera Km 1, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Smita Kurup
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Beaudoin
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Ctra. Utrera Km 1, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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2
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The Plant Fatty Acyl Reductases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416156. [PMID: 36555796 PMCID: PMC9783961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acyl reductase (FAR) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of fatty acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP substrates to primary fatty alcohols, which in turn acts as intermediate metabolites or metabolic end products to participate in the formation of plant extracellular lipid protective barriers (e.g., cuticular wax, sporopollenin, suberin, and taproot wax). FARs are widely present across plant evolution processes and play conserved roles during lipid synthesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of FAR family enzymes, including phylogenetic analysis, conserved structural domains, substrate specificity, subcellular localization, tissue-specific expression patterns, their varied functions in lipid biosynthesis, and the regulation mechanism of FAR activity. Finally, we pose several questions to be addressed, such as the roles of FARs in tryphine, the interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and FARs in various environments, and the identification of post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulators.
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3
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Chen G, Harwood JL, Lemieux MJ, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: Properties, physiological roles, metabolic engineering and intentional control. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101181. [PMID: 35820474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in membrane-bound DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of livestock traits is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada
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4
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Domergue F, Miklaszewska M. The production of wax esters in transgenic plants:
towards a sustainable source of bio-lubricants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2817-2834. [PMID: 35560197 PMCID: PMC9113324 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wax esters are high-value compounds used as feedstocks for the production of lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Currently, they are produced mostly from fossil reserves using chemical synthesis, but this cannot meet increasing demand and has a negative environmental impact. Natural wax esters are also obtained from Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) but comparably in very low amounts and expensively. Therefore, metabolic engineering of plants, especially of the seed storage lipid metabolism of oil crops, represents an attractive strategy for renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly production of wax esters tailored to industrial applications. Utilization of wax ester-synthesizing enzymes with defined specificities and modulation of the acyl-CoA pools by various genetic engineering approaches can lead to obtaining wax esters with desired compositions and properties. However, obtaining high amounts of wax esters is still challenging due to their negative impact on seed germination and yield. In this review, we describe recent progress in establishing non-food-plant platforms for wax ester production and discuss their advantages and limitations as well as future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Domergue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Zhang Y, Guo X, Yang H, Shi S. The Studies in Constructing Yeast Cell Factories for the Production of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:799032. [PMID: 35087801 PMCID: PMC8787340 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.799032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid alkyl esters have broad applications in biofuels, lubricant formulas, paints, coatings, and cosmetics. Traditionally, these esters are mostly produced through unsustainable and energy-intensive processes. In contrast, microbial production of esters from renewable and sustainable feedstocks may provide a promising alternative and has attracted widespread attention in recent years. At present, yeasts are used as ideal hosts for producing such esters, due to their availability for high-density fermentation, resistance to phage infection, and tolerance against toxic inhibitors. Here, we summarize recent development on the biosynthesis of alkyl esters, including fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), fatty acid short-branched chain alkyl esters (FASBEs), and wax esters (WEs) by various yeast cell factories. We focus mainly on the enzyme engineering strategies of critical wax ester synthases, and the pathway engineering strategies employed for the biosynthesis of various ester products. The bottlenecks that limit productivity and their potential solutions are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiyi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuobo Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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6
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Abdel-Fatah SS, El-Sherbiny GM, khalaf M, Baz AFE, El-Sayed ASA, El-Batal AI. Boosting the Anticancer Activity of Aspergillus flavus "endophyte of Jojoba" Taxol via Conjugation with Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by γ-Irradiation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3558-3581. [PMID: 35438406 PMCID: PMC9270289 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Taxol production by fungi is one of the promising alternative approaches, regarding to the natural and semisynthetic sources; however, the lower yield and rapid loss of Taxol productivity by fungi are the major challenges that halt their further industrial implementation. Thus, searching for fungal isolates with affordable Taxol-production stability, in addition to enhance its anticancer activity via conjugation with gold nanoparticles, is the main objectives of this study. Twenty-four endophytic fungal isolates were recovered from the barks, twigs, and leaves of jojoba plant, among these fungi, Aspergillus flavus MW485934.1 was the most potent Taxol producer (88.6 µg/l). The chemical identity of the extracted Taxol of A. flavus was verified by the TLC, HPLC, HNMR, and FTIR analyses. The yield of Taxol produced by A. flavus was optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) using Plackett-Burman (PBD) and faced central composite designs (FCCD). The yield of Taxol by A. flavus was increased by about 3.2 folds comparing to the control cultures (from 96.5 into 302.7 µg/l). The highest Taxol yield by was obtained growing A. flavus on a modified malt extract medium (g/l) (malt extract 20.0, peptone 2.0, sucrose 20.0, soytone 2.0, cysteine 0.5, glutamine 0.5, and beef extract 1.0 adjusted to pH 6.0) and incubated at 30 °C for 16 days. From the FCCD design, the significant variables affecting Taxol production by A. flavus were cysteine, pH, and incubation time. Upon A. flavus γ-irradiation at 1.0 kGy, the Taxol yield was increased by about 1.25 fold (375.9 µg/l). To boost its anticancer activity, the purified Taxol was conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) mediated by γ-rays irradiation (0.5 kGy), and the physicochemical properties of Taxol-AuNPs composite were evaluated by UV-Vis, DLS, XRD, and TEM analyses. The IC50 values of the native-Taxol and Taxol-AuNPs conjugates towards HEPG-2 cells were 4.06 and 2.1 µg/ml, while the IC50 values against MCF-7 were 6.07 and 3.3 µg/ml, respectively. Thus, the anticancer activity of Taxol-AuNPs composite was increased by 2 folds comparing to the native Taxol towards HEPG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Taxol against the multidrug resistant bacteria was dramatically increased upon conjugation with AuNPs comparing to authentic AuNPs and Taxol, ensuring the higher solubility, targetability, and efficiency of Taxol upon AuNPs conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhy S. Abdel-Fatah
- grid.429648.50000 0000 9052 0245Drug Radiation Research Department, Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamal M. El-Sherbiny
- grid.411303.40000 0001 2155 6022Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud khalaf
- grid.429648.50000 0000 9052 0245Microbiology Department, Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf F. El Baz
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat University City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab (EFBL), Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. El-Batal
- grid.429648.50000 0000 9052 0245Drug Radiation Research Department, Biotechnology Division, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Soong YHV, Zhao L, Liu N, Yu P, Lopez C, Olson A, Wong HW, Shao Z, Xie D. Microbial synthesis of wax esters. Metab Eng 2021; 67:428-442. [PMID: 34391890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial synthesis of wax esters (WE) from low-cost renewable and sustainable feedstocks is a promising path to achieve cost-effectiveness in biomanufacturing. WE are industrially high-value molecules, which are widely used for applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Since the natural WE resources are limited, the WE production mostly rely on chemical synthesis from rather expensive starting materials, and therefore solution are sought from development of efficient microbial cell factories. Here we report to engineer the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and bacterium Escherichia coli to produce WE at the highest level up to date. First, the key genes encoding fatty acyl-CoA reductases and wax ester synthase from different sources were investigated, and the expression system for two different Y. lipolytica hosts were compared and optimized for enhanced WE production and the strain stability. To improve the metabolic pathway efficiency, different carbon sources including glucose, free fatty acid, soybean oil, and waste cooking oil (WCO) were compared, and the corresponding pathway engineering strategies were optimized. It was found that using a lipid substrate such as WCO to replace glucose led to a 60-fold increase in WE production. The engineered yeast was able to produce 7.6 g/L WE with a yield of 0.31 (g/g) from WCO within 120 h and the produced WE contributed to 57% of the yeast DCW. After that, E. coli BL21(DE3), with a faster growth rate than the yeast, was engineered to significantly improve the WE production rate. Optimization of the expression system and the substrate feeding strategies led to production of 3.7-4.0 g/L WE within 40 h in a 1-L bioreactor. The predominant intracellular WE produced by both Y. lipolytica and E. coli in the presence of hydrophobic substrates as sole carbon sources were C36, C34 and C32, in an order of decreasing abundance and with a large proportion being unsaturated. This work paved the way for the biomanufacturing of WE at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hue Valerie Soong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Le Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Carmen Lopez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Andrew Olson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Hsi-Wu Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
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8
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Xu Y, Pan X, Lu J, Wang J, Shan Q, Stout J, Chen G. Evolutionary and biochemical characterization of a Chromochloris zofingiensis MBOAT with wax synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5584-5598. [PMID: 34037747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wax synthase (WS) catalyzes the last step in wax ester biosynthesis in green plants. Two unrelated sub-families of WS, including the bifunctional acyltransferase and plant-like WS have been reported, but the latter is largely uncharacterized in microalgae. Here, we functionally characterized a putative plant-like WS (CzWS1) from the emerging model green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis. Our results showed that plant-like WS evolved under different selection constraints in plants and microalgae, with positive selection likely contributing to functional divergence. Unlike jojoba with high amounts of wax ester in seeds and a highly active WS enzyme, C. zofingiensis has no detectable wax ester but a high abundance of WS transcripts. Co-expression analysis showed that C. zofingiensis WS has different expression correlation with lipid biosynthetic genes from jojoba, and may have a divergent function. In vitro characterization indicated that CzWS1 had diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity along with WS activity, and overexpression of CzWS1 in yeast and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii affected triacylglycerol accumulation. Moreover, biochemical and bioinformatic analyses revealed the relevance of the C-terminal region of CzWS1 in enzyme function. Taken together, our results indicated a functional divergence of plant-like WS in plants and microalgae, and the importance of its C-terminal region in specialization of enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xue Pan
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Junhao Lu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juli Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiyuan Shan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jake Stout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Qi W, Lu H, Zhang Y, Cheng J, Huang B, Lu X, Sheteiwy MSA, Kuang S, Shao H. Oil crop genetic modification for producing added value lipids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:777-786. [PMID: 32605455 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1785384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant lipids, mainly stored in seeds and other plant parts, are not only a crucial resource for food and fodder but are also a promising alternative to fossil oils as a chemical industry feedstock. Oil crop cultivation and processing are always important parts of agriculture worldwide. Vegetable oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, very long chain fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids and wax esters, have outstanding nutritional, lubricating, surfactant, and artificial-fibre-synthesis properties, amongst others. Enhancing the production of such specific lipid components is of economic interest. There has been a considerable amount of information reported about plant lipid biosynthesis, including identification of the pathway map of carbon flux, key enzymes (and the coding genes), and substrate affinities. Plant lipid biosynthesis engineering to produce special oil compounds has become feasible, although until now, only limited progress has been made in the laboratory. It is relatively easy to achieve the experimental objectives, for example, accumulating novel lipid compounds in given plant tissues facilitated by genetic modification. Applying such technologies to agricultural production is difficult, and the challenge is to make engineered crops economically attractive, which is impeded by only moderate success. To achieve this goal, more complicated and systematic strategies should be developed and discussed based on the relevant results currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Qi
- Salt-soil Agricultural Center, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Plain, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(JAAS), Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huanghuaihai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crops Improvement, Zheng Zhou, PR China
| | - Haiying Lu
- Salt-soil Agricultural Center, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Plain, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(JAAS), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crops in Huanghuaihai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Oil Crops Improvement, Zheng Zhou, PR China
| | - Jihua Cheng
- Yuan Longping High-tech Agriculture Co., LTD, Changsha, PR China
| | - Bangquan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xin Lu
- Salt-soil Agricultural Center, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Plain, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(JAAS), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mohamed Salah Amr Sheteiwy
- Salt-soil Agricultural Center, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Plain, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(JAAS), Nanjing, PR China.,Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shaoping Kuang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Hongbo Shao
- Salt-soil Agricultural Center, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Plain, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(JAAS), Nanjing, PR China.,College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, PR China
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10
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Alotaibi SS, Elseehy MM, Aljuaid BS, El-Shehawi AM. Transcriptome Analysis of Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis) during Seed Development and Liquid Wax Ester Biosynthesis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050588. [PMID: 32375380 PMCID: PMC7284725 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Jojoba is one of the main two known plant source of natural liquid wax ester for use in various applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel. Due to the lack of transcriptomic and genomic data on lipid biosynthesis and accumulation, molecular marker breeding has been used to improve jojoba oil production and quality. In the current study, the transcriptome of developing jojoba seeds was investigated using the Illunina NovaSeq 6000 system, 100 × 106 paired end reads, an average length of 100 bp, and a sequence depth of 12 Gb per sample. A total of 176,106 unigenes were detected with an average contig length of 201 bp. Gene Ontology (GO) showed that the detected unigenes were distributed in the three GO groups biological processes (BP, 5.53%), cellular component (CC, 6.06%), and molecular functions (MF, 5.88%) and distributed in 67 functional groups. The lipid biosynthesis pathway was established based on the expression of lipid biosynthesis genes, fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, FA desaturation, FA elongation, fatty alcohol biosynthesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, wax ester biosynthesis, and lipid transfer and storage genes. The detection of these categories of genes confirms the presence of an efficient lipid biosynthesis and accumulation system in developing jojoba seeds. The results of this study will significantly enhance the current understanding of wax ester biology in jojoba seeds and open new routes for the improvement of jojoba oil production and quality through biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Mona M. Elseehy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Bandar S. Aljuaid
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
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11
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Abstract
Studying seed oil metabolism. The seeds of higher plants represent valuable factories capable of converting photosynthetically derived sugars into a variety of storage compounds, including oils. Oils are the most energy-dense plant reserves and fatty acids composing these oils represent an excellent nutritional source. They supply humans with much of the calories and essential fatty acids required in their diet. These oils are then increasingly being utilized as renewable alternatives to petroleum for the chemical industry and for biofuels. Plant oils therefore represent a highly valuable agricultural commodity, the demand for which is increasing rapidly. Knowledge regarding seed oil production is extensively exploited in the frame of breeding programs and approaches of metabolic engineering for oilseed crop improvement. Complementary aspects of this research include (1) the study of carbon metabolism responsible for the conversion of photosynthetically derived sugars into precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis, (2) the identification and characterization of the enzymatic actors allowing the production of the wide set of fatty acid structures found in seed oils, and (3) the investigation of the complex biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of storage lipids (waxes, triacylglycerols). In this review, we outline the most recent developments in our understanding of the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms of seed oil production, focusing on fatty acids and oils that can have a significant impact on the emerging bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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12
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Tupec M, Buček A, Valterová I, Pichová I. Biotechnological potential of insect fatty acid-modifying enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:387-403. [PMID: 28742527 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There are more than one million described insect species. This species richness is reflected in the diversity of insect metabolic processes. In particular, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as defensive compounds and chemical signals, encompasses an extraordinarily wide range of chemicals that are generally unparalleled among natural products from other organisms. Insect genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes thus offer a valuable resource for discovery of novel enzymes with potential for biotechnological applications. Here, we focus on fatty acid (FA) metabolism-related enzymes, notably the fatty acyl desaturases and fatty acyl reductases involved in the biosynthesis of FA-derived pheromones. Research on insect pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes, which exhibit diverse enzymatic properties, has the potential to broaden the understanding of enzyme specificity determinants and contribute to engineering of enzymes with desired properties for biotechnological production of FA derivatives. Additionally, the application of such pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes represents an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to the chemical synthesis of pheromones that are used in insect pest management strategies.
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Miklaszewska M, Dittrich-Domergue F, Banaś A, Domergue F. Wax synthase MhWS2 from Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus: substrate specificity and biotechnological potential for wax ester production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4063-4074. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Al-Obaidi JR, Halabi MF, AlKhalifah NS, Asanar S, Al-Soqeer AA, Attia MF. A review on plant importance, biotechnological aspects, and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant. Biol Res 2017; 50:25. [PMID: 28838321 PMCID: PMC5571488 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Jojoba is considered a promising oil crop and is cultivated for diverse purposes in many countries. The jojoba seed produces unique high-quality oil with a wide range of applications such as medical and industrial-related products. The plant also has potential value in combatting desertification and land degradation in dry and semi-dry areas. Although the plant is known for its high-temperature and high-salinity tolerance growth ability, issues such as its male-biased ratio, relatively late flowering and seed production time hamper the cultivation of this plant. The development of efficient biotechnological platforms for better cultivation and an improved production cycle is a necessity for farmers cultivating the plant. In the last 20 years, many efforts have been made for in vitro cultivation of jojoba by applying different molecular biology techniques. However, there is a lot of work to be done in order to reach satisfactory results that help to overcome cultivation problems. This review presents a historical overview, the medical and industrial importance of the jojoba plant, agronomy aspects and nutrient requirements for the plant's cultivation, and the role of recent biotechnology and molecular biology findings in jojoba research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel R. Al-Obaidi
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), c/o MARDI Headquarters, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Farouq Halabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Taibah University, Al-Ula, 43522 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser S. AlKhalifah
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shanavaskhan Asanar
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Al-Soqeer
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452 Saudi Arabia
| | - M. F. Attia
- Soil Fertility and Microbiology Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Miklaszewska M, Banaś A, Królicka A. Metabolic engineering of fatty alcohol production in transgenic hairy roots of Crambe abyssinica. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1275-1282. [PMID: 27943249 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological production of fatty alcohols, important raw materials in the chemical industry, has been receiving considerable attention in recent years. Fatty alcohols are formed by the reduction of fatty acyl-CoAs or fatty acyl-ACPs catalyzed by a fatty acyl reductase (FAR). In this study, we introduced genes encoding FARs from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtFAR5) and Simmondsia chinensis (ScFAR) into Crambe abyssinica hairy roots via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The efficiency of the transformation ranged between 30 and 45%. The fatty alcohols were only detected in the transgenic hairy root lines expressing ScFAR gene. In all tested lines stearyl alcohol (18:0-OH), arachidyl alcohol (20:0-OH), and behenyl alcohol (22:0-OH) were produced. The content of 18:0-OH varied from 1 to 3% of total fatty acids and fatty alcohols, while the amount of either 20:0-OH and 22:0-OH did not exceed 2%. The transgenic hairy root lines produced from 0.98 to 2.59 nmol of fatty alcohols per mg of dry weight. Very low activity of ScFAR was detected in the microsomal fractions isolated from the selected hairy root lines. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the fatty alcohol production in the hairy root cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1275-1282. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Królicka
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama, Gdańsk, Poland
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Zhang N, Mao Z, Luo L, Wan X, Huang F, Gong Y. Two bifunctional enzymes from the marine protist Thraustochytrium roseum: biochemical characterization of wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity catalyzing wax ester and triacylglycerol synthesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:185. [PMID: 28725265 PMCID: PMC5513132 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triacylglycerols (TAGs) and wax esters (WEs) are important neutral lipids which serve as energy reservoir in some plants and microorganisms. In recent years, these biologically produced neutral lipids have been regarded as potential alternative energy sources for biofuel production because of the increased interest on developing renewable and environmentally benign alternatives for fossil fuels. In bacteria, the final step in TAG and WE biosynthetic pathway is catalyzed by wax ester synthase/acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT). This bifunctional WS/DGAT enzyme is also a key enzyme in biotechnological production of liquid WE via engineering of plants and microorganisms. To date, knowledge about this class of biologically and biotechnologically important enzymes is mainly from biochemical characterization of WS/DGATs from Arabidopsis, jojoba and some bacteria that can synthesize both TAGs and WEs intracellularly, whereas little is known about WS/DGATs from eukaryotic microorganisms. RESULTS Here, we report the identification and characterization of two bifunctional WS/DGAT enzymes (designated TrWSD4 and TrWSD5) from the marine protist Thraustochytrium roseum. Both TrWSD4 and TrWSD5 comprise a WS-like acyl-CoA acyltransferase domain and the recombinant proteins purified from Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) have substantial WS and lower DGAT activity. They exhibit WS activity towards various-chain-length saturated and polyunsaturated acyl-CoAs and fatty alcohols ranging from C10 to C18. TrWSD4 displays WS activity with the lowest Km value of 0.14 μM and the highest kcat/Km value of 1.46 × 105 M-1 s-1 for lauroyl-CoA (C12:0) in the presence of 100 μM hexadecanol, while TrWSD5 exhibits WS activity with the lowest Km value of 0.96 μM and the highest kcat/Km value of 9.83 × 104 M-1 s-1 for decanoyl-CoA (C10:0) under the same reaction condition. Both WS/DGAT enzymes have the highest WS activity at 37 and 47 °C, and WS activity was greatly decreased when temperature exceeds 47 °C. TrWSD4 and TrWSD5 are insensitive to ionic strength and reduced WS activity was observed when salt concentration exceeded 800 mM. The potential of T. roseum WS/DGATs to establish novel process for biotechnological production of WEs was demonstrated by heterologous expression in recombinant yeast. Expression of either TrWSD4 or TrWSD5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae quadruple mutant H1246, which is devoid of storage lipids, resulted in the accumulation of WEs, but not any detectable TAGs, indicating a predominant WS activity in yeast. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates both in vitro WS and DGAT activity of two T. roseum WS/DGATs, which were characterized as unspecific acyltransferases accepting a broad range of acyl-CoAs and fatty alcohols as substrates for WS activity but displaying substrate preference for medium-chain acyl-CoAs. In vivo characterization shows that these two WS/DGATs predominantly function as wax synthase and presents the feasibility for production of WEs by heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Zejing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Ling Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China
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Wenning L, Yu T, David F, Nielsen J, Siewers V. Establishing very long-chain fatty alcohol and wax ester biosynthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:1025-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wenning
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Florian David
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet Lyngby Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
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