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Wang A, Jing Y, Cheng Q, Zhou H, Wang L, Gong W, Kou L, Liu G, Meng X, Chen M, Ma H, Shu X, Yu H, Wu D, Li J. Loss of function of SSIIIa and SSIIIb coordinately confers high RS content in cooked rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220622120. [PMID: 37126676 PMCID: PMC10175802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220622120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The sedentary lifestyle and refined food consumption significantly lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related complications, which have become one of the major threats to global health. This incidence could be potentially reduced by daily foods rich in resistant starch (RS). However, it remains a challenge to breed high-RS rice varieties. Here, we reported a high-RS mutant rs4 with an RS content of ~10.8% in cooked rice. The genetic study revealed that the loss-of-function SSIIIb and SSIIIa together with a strong Wx allele in the background collaboratively contributed to the high-RS phenotype of the rs4 mutant. The increased RS contents in ssIIIa and ssIIIa ssIIIb mutants were associated with the increased amylose and lipid contents. SSIIIb and SSIIIa proteins were functionally redundant, whereas SSIIIb mainly functioned in leaves and SSIIIa largely in endosperm owing to their divergent tissue-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, we found that SSIII experienced duplication in different cereals, of which one SSIII paralog was mainly expressed in leaves and another in the endosperm. SSII but not SSIV showed a similar evolutionary pattern to SSIII. The copies of endosperm-expressed SSIII and SSII were associated with high total starch contents and low RS levels in the seeds of tested cereals, compared with low starch contents and high RS levels in tested dicots. These results provided critical genetic resources for breeding high-RS rice cultivars, and the evolutionary features of these genes may facilitate to generate high-RS varieties in different cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yanhui Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Qiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Hongju Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Wanxin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310029, China
| | - Liquan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Guifu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Mingjiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310029, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Dianxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310029, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- Yazhou Bay Laboratory, Sanya572025, China
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Hu Y, Zhang Y, Yu S, Deng G, Dai G, Bao J. Combined Effects of BEIIb and SSIIa Alleles on Amylose Contents, Starch Fine Structures and Physicochemical Properties of Indica Rice. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010119. [PMID: 36613335 PMCID: PMC9818509 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch branching enzyme IIb (BEIIb) and soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) play important roles in starch biosynthesis in cereals. Deficiency in the BEIIb gene produces the amylose extender (ae) mutant rice strain with increased amylose content (AC) and changes in the amylopectin structure. The SSIIa gene is responsible for the genetic control of gelatinization temperature (GT). The combined effects of BEIIb and SSIIa alleles on the AC, fine structures, and physicochemical properties of starches from 12 rice accessions including 10 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and their two parents were examined in this study. Under the active BEIIb background, starches with the SSIIa-GC allele showed a higher GT than those with the SSIIa-TT allele, resulting from a lower proportion of A chain and a larger proportion of B1 chains in the amylopectin of SSIIa-GC. However, starch with the BEIIb mutant allele (be2b) in combination with any SSIIa genotype displayed more amylose long chains, higher amylose content, B2 and B3 chains, and molecular order, but smaller relative crystallinity and proportion of amylopectin A and B1 chains than those with BEIIb, leading to a higher GT and lower paste viscosities. These results suggest that BEIIb is more important in determining the structural and physicochemical properties than SSIIa. These results provide additional insights into the structure-function relationship in indica rice rather than that in japonica rice and are useful for breeding rice with high amylose content and high resistant starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shouwu Yu
- Institute of Crops and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Gaoxing Dai
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (J.B.); Tel.: +86-571-86971932 (J.B.)
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (J.B.); Tel.: +86-571-86971932 (J.B.)
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Tan LL, Duan WQ, Chen MX, Mei Y, Qi XY, Zhang Y. Naturally cultured high resistant starch rice improved postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1019868. [PMID: 36643977 PMCID: PMC9833119 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1019868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the effect of a novel naturally cultured rice with high resistant starch (RS) on postprandial glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to ordinary rice. Design This study is a randomized, double-blinded controlled trial. Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited, and postprandial glucose levels were measured at 5-time points after the ingestion of one of two types of cooked rice in random order. Paired t-tests were used to compare postprandial blood glucose changes and increment areas under the blood glucose curve between high-RS rice and ordinary rice. Results The increments of the postprandial blood glucose levels for high-RS rice were significantly lower than that for ordinary rice, i.e., 2.80 ± 1.38 mmol/L vs. 3.04 ± 1.50 mmol/L (P = 0.043) and 3.94 ± 2.25 mmol/L vs. 4.25 ± 2.29 mmol/L (P = 0.036) at 30 min and 60 min, respectively. The incremental areas under the blood glucose curve for high-RS rice were also significantly lower than that for ordinary rice, i.e., 42.04 ± 20.65 [mmol/(L·min)] vs. 45.53 ± 22.45 [mmol/(L·min)] (P = 0.043), 143.54 ±69.63 [mmol/(L·min)] vs. 155.15 ± 73.53 [mmol/(L·min)] (P = 0.026), and 354.61 ± 191.96 [mmol/(L·min)] vs. 379.78 ± 195.30 [mmol/(L·min)] (P = 0.042) at 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that postprandial glucose levels were not affected by the test order. Conclusion The novel high-RS rice as a staple food when substituting for widely consumed ordinary rice may provide potential health benefits by lowering blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-li Tan
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-qian Duan
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng-xue Chen
- Department of Health Management, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Mei
- Department of Health Management, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-ya Qi
- Department of Health Management, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Health Management, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Yong Zhang ✉
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4
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Sahoo B, Roy A. Structure–function relationship of resistant starch formation: Enhancement technologies and need for more viable alternatives for whole rice grains. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijendra Sahoo
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Birla Institute of Technology Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Anupam Roy
- Laboratory of Applied Food Chemistry, Microbiology and Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering Birla Institute of Technology Ranchi Jharkhand India
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Ying Y, Xu F, Zhang Z, Tappiban P, Bao J. Dynamic Change in Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes Complexes during Grain-Filling Stages in BEIIb Active and Deficient Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810714. [PMID: 36142619 PMCID: PMC9501056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the predominant reserve in rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm, which is synthesized by the coordinated efforts of a series of starch biosynthetic-related enzymes in the form of a multiple enzyme complex. Whether the enzyme complex changes during seed development is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the dynamic change in multi-protein complexes in an indica rice variety IR36 (wild type, WT) and its BEIIb-deficient mutant (be2b) at different developmental stages. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Western blotting analysis of soluble protein fractions revealed most of the enzymes except for SSIVb were eluted in smaller molecular weight fractions at the early developing stage and were transferred to higher molecular weight fractions at the later stage in both WT and be2b. Accordingly, protein interactions were enhanced during seed development as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation analysis, suggesting that the enzymes were recruited to form larger protein complexes during starch biosynthesis. The converse elution pattern from GPC of SSIVb may be attributed to its vital role in the initiation step of starch synthesis. The number of protein complexes was markedly decreased in be2b at all development stages. Although SSIVb could partially compensate for the role of BEIIb in protein complex formation, it was hard to form a larger protein complex containing over five proteins in be2b. In addition, other proteins such as PPDKA and PPDKB were possibly present in the multi-enzyme complexes by proteomic analyses of high molecular weight fractions separated from GPC. Two putative protein kinases were found to be potentially associated with starch biosynthetic enzymes. Collectively, our findings unraveled a dynamic change in the protein complex during seed development, and potential roles of BEIIb in starch biosynthesis via various protein complex formations, which enables a deeper understanding of the complex mechanism of starch biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-86971932
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6
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Ying Y, Zhang Z, Tappiban P, Xu F, Deng G, Dai G, Bao J. Starch fine structure and functional properties during seed development in BEIIb active and deficient rice. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Miura S, Narita M, Crofts N, Itoh Y, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Abe M, Takahashi R, Fujita N. Improving Agricultural Traits While Maintaining High Resistant Starch Content in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:28. [PMID: 35662383 PMCID: PMC9167398 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial for human health. Loss of starch branching enzyme IIb (BEIIb) increases the proportion of amylopectin long chains, which greatly elevates the RS content. Although high RS content cereals are desired, an increase in RS content is often accompanied by a decrease in seed weight. To further increase the RS content, genes encoding active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa, which elongates amylopectin branches, and high expression-type granule-bound SSI (GBSSI), which synthesizes amylose, were introduced into the be2b mutant rice. This attempt increased the RS content, but further improvement of agricultural traits was required because of a mixture of indica and japonica rice phonotype, such as different grain sizes, flowering times, and seed shattering traits. In the present study, the high RS lines were backcrossed with an elite rice cultivar, and the starch properties of the resultant high-yielding RS lines were analyzed. RESULTS The seed weight of high RS lines was greatly improved after backcrossing, increasing up to 190% compared with the seed weight before backcrossing. Amylopectin structure, gelatinization temperature, and RS content of high RS lines showed almost no change after backcrossing. High RS lines contained longer amylopectin branch chains than the wild type, and lines with active-type SSIIa contained a higher proportion of long amylopectin chains compared with the lines with less active-SSIIa, and thus showed higher gelatinization temperature. Although the RS content of rice varied with the cooking method, those of high RS lines remained high after backcrossing. The RS contents of cooked rice of high RS lines were high (27-35%), whereas that of the elite parental rice was considerably low (< 0.7%). The RS contents of lines with active-type SSIIa and high-level GBSSI expression in be2b or be2b ss3a background were higher than those of lines with less-active SSIIa. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that backcrossing high RS rice lines with elite rice cultivars could increase the seed weight, without compromising the RS content. It is likely that backcrossing introduced loci enhancing seed length and width as well as loci promoting early flowering for ensuring an optimum temperature during RS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Maiko Narita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuki Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko F. Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Rika Takahashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
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Sreenivasulu N, Zhang C, Tiozon RN, Liu Q. Post-genomics revolution in the design of premium quality rice in a high-yielding background to meet consumer demands in the 21st century. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100271. [PMID: 35576153 PMCID: PMC9251384 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice is critical for determining its economic value in the marketplace and promoting consumer acceptance. It has therefore been of paramount importance in rice breeding programs. Here, we highlight advances in genetic studies of ECQ and discuss prospects for further enhancement of ECQ in rice. Innovations in gene- and genome-editing techniques have enabled improvements in rice ECQ. Significant genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to regulate starch composition, thereby affecting amylose content and thermal and pasting properties. A limited number of genes/QTLs have been identified for other ECQ properties such as protein content and aroma. Marker-assisted breeding has identified rare alleles in diverse genetic resources that are associated with superior ECQ properties. The post-genomics-driven information summarized in this review is relevant for augmenting current breeding strategies to meet consumer preferences and growing population demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines.
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rhowell N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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9
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Fujita N, Miura S, Crofts N. Effects of Various Allelic Combinations of Starch Biosynthetic Genes on the Properties of Endosperm Starch in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 35438319 PMCID: PMC9018920 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice endosperm accumulates large amounts of photosynthetic products as insoluble starch within amyloplasts by properly arranging structured, highly branched, large amylopectin molecules, thus avoiding osmotic imbalance. The amount and characteristics of starch directly influence the yield and quality of rice grains, which in turn influence their application and market value. Therefore, understanding how various allelic combinations of starch biosynthetic genes, with different expression levels, affect starch properties is important for the identification of targets for breeding new rice cultivars. Research over the past few decades has revealed the spatiotemporal expression patterns and allelic variants of starch biosynthetic genes, and enhanced our understanding of the specific roles and compensatory functions of individual isozymes of starch biosynthetic enzymes through biochemical analyses of purified enzymes and characterization of japonica rice mutants lacking these enzymes. Furthermore, it has been shown that starch biosynthetic enzymes can mutually and synergistically increase their activities by forming protein complexes. This review focuses on the more recent discoveries made in the last several years. Generation of single and double mutants and/or high-level expression of specific starch synthases (SSs) allowed us to better understand how the starch granule morphology is determined; how the complete absence of SSIIa affects starch structure; why the rice endosperm stores insoluble starch rather than soluble phytoglycogen; how to elevate amylose and resistant starch (RS) content to improve health benefits; and how SS isozymes mutually complement their activities. The introduction of active-type SSIIa and/or high-expression type GBSSI into ss3a ss4b, isa1, be2b, and ss3a be2b japonica rice mutants, with unique starch properties, and analyses of their starch properties are summarized in this review. High-level accumulation of RS is often accompanied by a reduction in grain yield as a trade-off. Backcrossing rice mutants with a high-yielding elite rice cultivar enabled the improvement of agricultural traits, while maintaining high RS levels. Designing starch structures for additional values, breeding and cultivating to increase yield will enable the development of a new type of rice starch that can be used in a wide variety of applications, and that can contribute to food and agricultural industries in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
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10
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Ida T, Crofts N, Miura S, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Starch biosynthetic protein complex formation in rice <i>ss2a be2b (</i>+<i>)</i> double mutant differs from their parental single mutants. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2022; 69:23-33. [PMID: 35891898 PMCID: PMC9276526 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylopectin, which consists of highly branched glucose polymers, is a major component of starch. Biochemical processes that regulate the elongation of glucose polymers and the generation and removal of glucose branches are essential for determining the properties of starch. Starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzyme (BE) mainly form complexes consisting of SSI, SSIIa, and BEIIb during endosperm development. Loss of BEIIb in rice is complemented by BEIIa, but the compensatory effects differ depending on the presence or absence of inactive BEIIb. To better understand these compensatory mechanisms, ss2a be2b (+) double mutant, which possessed truncated inactive SSIIa and inactive BEIIb, were analyzed. Soluble proteins separated by gel filtration chromatography showed that SSIIa and BEIIb proteins in the wild-type exhibited a broad range of elution patterns and only small amounts were detected in high molecular mass fractions. In contrast, most of truncated inactive SSIIa and inactive BEIIb from ss2a be2b (+) were found in high molecular mass fractions, and the SSI-SSIIa-BEIIb trimeric protein complex found in the wild-type was likely absent in ss2a be2b (+). Those SSIIa and BEIIb proteins in high molecular mass fractions in ss2a be2b (+) were also identified by mass spectrometry. Parental ss2a single mutant had negligible amounts of SSIIa suggesting that the truncated inactive SSIIa was recruited to high-molecular mass complexes in the presence of inactive BEIIb in ss2a be2b (+) double mutant. In addition, SSIVb might be involved in the formation of alternative protein complexes with < 300 kDa in ss2a be2b (+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Ida
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Satoko Miura
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University
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11
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Tappiban P, Hu Y, Deng J, Zhao J, Ying Y, Zhang Z, Xu F, Bao J. Relative importance of branching enzyme isoforms in determining starch fine structure and physicochemical properties of indica rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:399-412. [PMID: 34750721 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Down-regulation of starch branching enzymes alters fine structure and starch properties, especially the B-type crystalline pattern and extremely high amylose content identified in the BEIIb-deficiency mutant in the indica rice. The relative importance of the starch branching enzymes in determining the molecular fine structure and starch functional properties were uncovered in this study. An indica rice, Guangluai 4 with high amylose content (AC) and high gelatinization temperature (GT) was used to generate the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein-9 (Cas9) knockout lines. Five mutant lines were identified including be1-1, be1-2, be2a-1, be2a-2 and be2b-1, and analysis of western blot showed the CRISPR/Cas9 system was successful in inducing mutations in the targeted genes. AC of be2b-1 (34.1%) was greater than that of wild type (WT) (27.4%) and other mutants. Mutations of either BEI or BEIIa did not alter the starch crystallite pattern (A-type). The BEIIb deficiency caused an opaque endosperm phenotype, changed the crystallite pattern from A- to B-type, and dramatically increased the degree of ordered structure, the relative proportion of amylose chains and intermediate to long amylopectin chains, average chain length of amylopectin molecules as well as GT. The BEIIa deficiency had no effect on the proportion of amylose chains, the length of amylopectin intermediate-long chains, conclusion temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization. Down-regulation of BEI increased the proportion of shortest amylopectin chains (fa) but decreased the proportion of long amylopectin chains (fb2 and fb3), leading to a lower GT. It is concluded that the relative importance in determining starch fine structures and functionality was in the order of BEIIb > BEI > BEIIa. Our results provide new information for utilizations of BE-deficient mutants in rice quality breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piengtawan Tappiban
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiaming Deng
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yining Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, China.
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Crofts N, Domon A, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Itoh A, Noge K, Fujita N. Starch synthases SSIIa and GBSSI control starch structure but do not determine starch granule morphology in the absence of SSIIIa and SSIVb. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:379-398. [PMID: 34671919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High levels of two major starch synthases, SSIIa and GBSSI, in ss3a ss4b double mutant rice alter the starch structure but fail to recover the polygonal starch granule morphology. The endosperm starch granule is polygonal in wild-type rice but spherical in double mutant japonica rice lacking genes encoding two of the five major Starch synthase (SS) isozymes expressed in endosperm, SSIIIa and SSIVb. Japonica rice naturally has low levels of SSIIa and Granule-bound SSI (GBSSI). Therefore, introduction of active SSIIa allele and/or high-expressing GBSSI allele from indica rice into the japonica rice mutant lacking SS isozymes can help elucidate the compensatory roles of SS isozymes in starch biosynthesis. In this study, we crossed the ss3a ss4a double mutant japonica rice with the indica rice to generate three new rice lines with high and/or low SSIIa and GBSSI levels, and examined their starch structure, physicochemical properties, and levels of other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Lines with high SSIIa levels showed more SSI and SSIIa bound to starch granule, reduced levels of short amylopectin chains (7 ≤ DP ≤ 12), increased levels of amylopectin chains with DP > 13, and consequently higher gelatinization temperature. Lines with high GBSSI levels showed an increase in amylose content. The ADP-glucose content of the crude extract was high in lines with low or high SSIIa and low GBSSI levels, but was low in lines with high GBSSI. Addition of high SSIIa and GBSSI altered the starch structure and physicochemical properties but did not affect the starch granule morphology, confirming that SSIIIa and SSIVb are key enzymes affecting starch granule morphology in rice. The relationship among SS isozymes and its effect on the amount of substrate (ADP-glucose) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Asaka Domon
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayaka Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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Crofts N, Satoh Y, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa from indica rice partially complements the sugary-1 phenotype in japonica rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:325-342. [PMID: 34287741 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of higher SSIIa activity to mild-type isa1 mutant by crossing results in restoration of crystallinity, starch granule structure, and production of plump seeds. Isoamylase 1 (ISA1) removes improper α-1, 6 glycosidic branches of amylopectin generated by starch branching enzymes and is essential for the formation of proper amylopectin structure. Rice isa1 (sug-1) mutants in japonica cultivar with less-active starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) and low granule-bound SSI (GBSSI) expression display wrinkled seed phenotype by accumulating water-soluble phytoglycogen instead of insoluble amylopectin. Expression of active SSIIa in transgenic rice produced with a severe-type isa1 mutant accumulated some insoluble glucan with weak B-type crystallinity at the periphery of seeds but their seeds remained wrinkled. To see whether introduction of high levels of SSIIa and/or GBSSI can restore the grain filling of the mild-type sug-1 mutant (EM653), new rice lines (SS2a gbss1L isa1, ss2aL GBSS1 isa1, and SS2a GBSS1 isa1) were generated by crossing japonica isa1 mutant (ss2aL gbss1L isa1) with wild type indica rice (SS2a GBSS1 ISA1). The results showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 lines generated chalky plump seeds accumulating insoluble amylopectin-like glucans with an increase in DP 13-35, while ss2aL GBSS1 isa1 generated wrinkly seeds and accumulated soluble glucans enriched with DP < 13. Scanning electron microscopic observation of cross-section of the seeds showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 produced wild type-like polygonal starch granules. These starches showed the A-type crystallinity comparable to the wild type, while the japonica isa1 mutant and the transgenic rice do not show any or little crystallinity, respectively. These results indicate that introduction of higher SSIIa activity can mostly complements the mild-type sug-1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Satoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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Nagamatsu S, Wada T, Matsushima R, Fujita N, Miura S, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Yamaguchi O, Kumamaru T. Mutation in BEIIb mitigates the negative effect of the mutation in ISA1 on grain filling and amyloplast formation in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:497-512. [PMID: 35083581 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the BEIIb gene in an isa1 mutant background mitigates the negative effect of the ISA1 mutation on grain filling, and facilitates recovery of amyloplast formation in rice endosperm. In this study, the effect of branching enzyme IIb and isoamylase 1 deficiency on starch properties was demonstrated using high resistant starch rice lines, Chikushi-kona 85 and EM129. Both lines harbored a mutation in the BEIIb and ISA1 genes and showed no BEIIb and ISA1 activity, implying that both lines are beIIb isa1 double mutants. The amylopectin long chain and apparent amylose content of both mutant lines were higher than those of the wild-type. While both mutants contained loosely packed, round starch grains, a trait specific to beIIb mutants, they also showed collapsed starch grains at the center of the endosperm, a property specific to isa1 mutants. Furthermore, beIIb isa1 double mutant F2 lines derived from a cross between Chikushi-kona 85 and Nishihomare (wild-type cultivar) showed significantly heavier seed weight than the beIIb and isa1 single mutant lines. These results suggest that co-occurrence of beIIb and isa1 mutant alleles in a single genetic background mitigates the negative effect of the isa1 allele on grain filling, and contributes to recovery of the amyloplast formation defect in the isa1 single mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Nagamatsu
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan.
| | - Takuya Wada
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Mining of Potential Gene Resources for Breeding Nutritionally Improved Maize. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050627. [PMID: 35270097 PMCID: PMC8912576 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maize is one of the leading food crops and its kernel is rich in starch, lipids, protein and other energy substances. In addition, maize kernels also contain many trace elements that are potentially beneficial to human health, such as vitamins, minerals and other secondary metabolites. However, gene resources that could be applied for nutrient improvement are limited in maize. In this review, we summarized 107 genes that are associated with nutrient content from different plant species and identified 246 orthologs from the maize genome. In addition, we constructed physical maps and performed a detailed expression pattern analysis for the 246 maize potential gene resources. Combining expression profiles and their potential roles in maize nutrient improvement, genetic engineering by editing or ectopic expression of these genes in maize are expected to improve resistant starch, oil, essential amino acids, vitamins, iron, zinc and anthocyanin levels of maize grains. Thus, this review provides valuable gene resources for maize nutrient improvement.
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16
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Zhang Z, Tappiban P, Ying Y, Hu Y, Bao J. Functional Interactions between Enzymes Involved in Amylose and Amylopectin Biosynthesis in Rice Based on Mathematical Models. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1443-1452. [PMID: 35143725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis is controlled by multiple enzymes, including granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), soluble starch synthases (SSs), branching enzymes (BEs), and debranching enzymes (DBEs). Although the role of individual isoforms has been primarily elucidated, the precise information about how they work together in the synthesis of specific amylose and amylopectin chains is still unclear. In this study, starch molecular chain-length distributions (CLDs) of five rice varieties with different amylose contents were measured by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography and fitted with two mathematical models, and the protein abundance of 11 starch synthesis-related enzymes was measured by western blotting. The correlation between model fitting parameters of amylose and amylopectin CLDs demonstrated that amylose and amylopectin syntheses are closely dependent. GBSSI could interact with BEI, BEIIb, SSIIa, SSIVb, ISA1, PUL, and PHO1 to synthesize the amylopectin intermediate and long chains as well as amylose chains. In addition, the interaction among SSIVb and SSI, SSIIa, BEI, BEIIb, ISA1, and PUL possibly suggests that SSIVb assists them to synthesize the amylopectin chains. The results can help understand the mechanisms about the functional interaction of different enzyme isoforms in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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You H, Liang C, Zhang O, Xu H, Xu L, Chen Y, Xiang X. Variation of resistant starch content in different processing types and their starch granules properties in rice. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118742. [PMID: 34823776 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-nine lines from recombinant inbred lines were selected to investigate the effects of starch synthesis-related genes on resistant starch (RS) content in different proceeding types. RS in raw milled rice (RSm), hot cooked rice (RSc), and retrogradation rice (RSr) showed a wide variation among the lines, especially RSm arrived at 10.61%. Divergent variability of RSm, RSc and RSr indicated that there were different regulation mechanisms for them. Waxy wildtype allele (Wxa) could elevate RSm, RSc and RSr, but Soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) only played a vital role in regulating RSm. Wxa-indica SSIIa could increase RSm, and Wxa-japonica SSIIa (SSIIaj) could elevate RSc and RSr. The mean diameter of Wxa-SSIIaj was significantly bigger than others. The bigger starch granules, the higher RSc and RSr. Starch granules morphology with high-RSm would have a higher percentage in polyhedral and angular shape. The results provide new information for rice breeding with high-RS content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui You
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Ouling Zhang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Haoyang Xu
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Xunchao Xiang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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18
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Zeng Y, Ali MK, Du J, Li X, Yang X, Yang J, Pu X, Yang L, Hong J, Mou B, Li L, Zhou Y. Resistant Starch in Rice: Its Biosynthesis and Mechanism of Action Against Diabetes-Related Diseases. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2024221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zeng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Muhammad Kazim Ali
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Juan Du
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Li
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, China
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoying Pu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li’E Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jingan Hong
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Mou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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Ida T, Crofts N, Miura S, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Structure and Properties of Starch in Rice Double Mutants Lacking Starch Synthase (SS) IIa and Starch Branching Enzyme (BE) IIb. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:31-39. [PMID: 34429697 PMCID: PMC8367641 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch biosynthetic enzymes form multi-protein complexes consisting of starch synthase (SS) I, SSIIa, and starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb, which synthesize amylopectin clusters. This study analyzed the starch properties in two double mutant rice lines lacking SSIIa and BEIIb, one of which expressed an inactive BEIIb protein. The ss2a be2b lines showed similar or greater seed weight than the be2b lines, and plant growth was not affected. The ss2a line showed increased short amylopectin chains resulting in a lower gelatinization temperature. Starch granule morphology and A-type crystallinity were similar between the ss2a line and the wild type, except for a mild chalky seed phenotype in the ss2a line. However, the starch phenotype of the ss2a be2b lines, which was similar to that of be2b but not ss2a, was characterized by increased long amylopectin chains, abnormal starch granules, and B-type crystallinity. The similarity in phenotype between the ss2a be2b and be2b lines may be attributed to the inability of the be2b mutants to generate short amylopectin branches, which serve as primers for SSIIa. Therefore, the presence or absence of SSIIa hardly affected the amylopectin structure under the be2b background. The amylose content was significantly higher in the ss2a be2b lines than in the be2b lines. Starch crystallinity was greater in ss2a be2b lines than in be2b lines, despite the fact that starch crystallinity is generally negatively correlated with amylose content. This suggests that the formation of a double helix between long amylopectin chains and amylose affects starch crystallinity in the ss2a be2b mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Ida
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Crofts
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Satoko Miura
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- 2 Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
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Liu ZD, Wang J, Li L, Wu P. Mechanistic insights into the role of starch multi-level structures in functional properties of high-amylose rice cultivars. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Miura S, Koyama N, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Generation and Starch Characterization of Non-Transgenic BEI and BEIIb Double Mutant Rice (Oryza sativa) with Ultra-High Level of Resistant Starch. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 33409744 PMCID: PMC7788159 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereals high in resistant starch (RS) are gaining popularity, as their intake is thought to help manage diabetes and prediabetes. Number of patients suffering from diabetes is also increasing in Asian countries where people consume rice as a staple food, hence generation of practically growable high RS rice line has been anticipated. It is known that suppression of starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb increases RS content in cereals. To further increase RS content and for more practical use, we generated a non-transgenic be1 be2b double mutant rice (Oryza sativa) line, which completely lacked both proteins, by crossing a be1 mutant with a be2b mutant. RESULTS The be1 be2b mutant showed a decrease in intermediate amylopectin chains and an increase in long amylopectin chains compared with be2b. The amylose content of be1 be2b mutant (51.7%) was the highest among all pre-existing non-transgenic rice lines. To understand the effects of chewing cooked rice and cooking rice flour on RS content, RS content of mashed and un-mashed cooked rice as well as raw and gelatinized rice flour were measured using be1 be2b and its parent mutant lines. The RS contents of mashed cooked rice and raw rice flour of be1 be2b mutant (28.4% and 35.1%, respectively) were 3-fold higher than those of be2b mutant. Gel-filtration analyses of starch treated with digestive enzymes showed that the RS in be1 be2b mutant was composed of the degradation products of amylose and long amylopectin chains. Seed weight of be1 be2b mutant was approximately 60% of the wild type and rather heavier than that of be2b mutant. CONCLUSIONS The endosperm starch in be1 be2b double mutant rice were enriched with long amylopectin chains. This led to a great increase in RS content in cooked rice grains and rice flour in be1 be2b compared with be2b single mutant. be1 be2b generated in this study must serve as a good material for an ultra-high RS rice cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Nana Koyama
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
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23
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Zhang C, Yang Y, Chen Z, Chen F, Pan L, Lu Y, Li Q, Fan X, Sun Z, Liu Q. Characteristics of Grain Physicochemical Properties and the Starch Structure in Rice Carrying a Mutated ALK/SSIIa Gene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13950-13959. [PMID: 33140950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The gelatinization temperature (GT) of endosperm starch influences rice eating and the cooking quality (ECQ). ALK encoding soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) is the major gene determining grain GT in rice. Herein, we identified a spontaneous ALK mutant named ALKd, which resulted from a G/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 1 of the ALKc allele from the high-GT indica rice cultivar. Compared with grains from the ALKc near-isogenic line (NIL), NIL(ALKd) grains exhibited a high GT (2.3 °C) and improved retrogradation properties. The NIL(ALKd) grain starch contained an increased proportion of amylopectin intermediate chains (DP 13-24) at the expense of short chains (DP < 12), resulting in enhancements in both the crystallinity and the lamellar peak intensity compared with low-GT rice grains. Moreover, both NIL(ALKd) and NIL(ALKc) grains also featured a significantly lower apparent amylose content (AAC), harder gel consistency (GC), higher pasting curve, and poorer taste values in comparison to Nip(ALKa) grains. Taken together, this work provides novel insights underlying the allelic variation of the ALK gene in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lixu Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhizhong Sun
- Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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24
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Luo J, Butardo VM, Yang Q, Konik-Rose C, Colgrave ML, Millar A, Jobling SA, Li Z. The impact of the indica rice SSIIa allele on the apparent high amylose starch from rice grain with downregulated japonica SBEIIb. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2961-2974. [PMID: 32651668 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically active indica SSIIa allele in high amylose rice with down-regulated japonica SBEIIb can increase starch content and modify the starch structure and properties without changing its amylose content. Rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes with inactive starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) with recessive variants of starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) exhibit a range of alterations in grain phenotype, starch granule morphology, starch granule bound proteins, starch structure, and functional properties. However, the interactions between the two enzymes have not been thoroughly investigated yet. We analysed recombinant rice lines having down-regulated SBEIIb expression (SBEIIbDR) with either indica or japonica type SSIIa (SSIIaind or SSIIajap). In SBEIIbDR rice starch granules, the increased abundance of two protein bands (SSI and SSIIa) was found with eight additional protein bands not generally associated with starch granules. The amount of SSIIa was higher in SSIIaindSBEIIbDR than SSIIajapSBEIIbDR, which indicated that indica type SSIIa, possibly in the monomer form, was extensively involved in starch biosynthesis in the SBEIIbDR endosperm. Furthermore, SSIIaindSBEIIbDR grains had higher total starch content and higher starch swelling power than SSIIajapSBEIIbDR lines, but the amylopectin gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy and the apparent amylose content remained similar. In summary, this work suggests that SSIIaind can partly compensate for the alteration of starch synthesis resulting from the SBEIIb down-regulation in japonica background without reducing its amylose content. The study provides insight into the starch structural and textural improvements of high amylose starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Vito M Butardo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Qiang Yang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | - Anthony Millar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Stephen A Jobling
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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25
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Gu F, Li C, Hamaker BR, Gilbert RG, Zhang X. Fecal microbiota responses to rice RS3 are specific to amylose molecular structure. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Parween S, Anonuevo JJ, Butardo VM, Misra G, Anacleto R, Llorente C, Kosik O, Romero MV, Bandonill EH, Mendioro MS, Lovegrove A, Fernie AR, Brotman Y, Sreenivasulu N. Balancing the double-edged sword effect of increased resistant starch content and its impact on rice texture: its genetics and molecular physiological mechanisms. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1763-1777. [PMID: 31945237 PMCID: PMC7336377 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is the portion of starch that escapes gastrointestinal digestion and acts as a substrate for fermentation of probiotic bacteria in the gut. Aside from enhancing gut health, RS contributes to a lower glycemic index. A genome-wide association study coupled with targeted gene association studies was conducted utilizing a diverse panel of 281 resequenced Indica rice lines comprising of ~2.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Low-to-intermediate RS phenotypic variations were identified in the rice diversity panel, resulting in novel associations of RS to several genes associated with amylopectin biosynthesis and degradation. Selected rice lines encoding superior alleles of SSIIa with medium RS and inferior alleles with low RS groups were subjected to detailed transcriptomic, metabolomic, non-starch dietary fibre (DF), starch structural and textural attributes. The gene regulatory networks highlighted the importance of a protein phosphatase alongside multiple genes of starch metabolism. Metabolomics analyses resulted in the identification of several metabolite hubs (carboxylic acid, sugars and polyamines) in the medium RS group. Among DF, mannose and galactose from the water-insoluble fraction were found to be highly associated with low and medium RS lines, respectively. Starch structural analyses revealed that a moderate increase in RS is also linked to an elevation of amylose 1 and amylose 2 fractions. Although rice lines with medium RS content negatively affected textural and viscosity properties in comparison to low RS, the textural property of medium RS lines was in the same acceptable range as IR64, a rice mega variety popular in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Parween
- International Rice Research InstituteMetro ManilaPhilippines
| | | | - Vito M. Butardo
- International Rice Research InstituteMetro ManilaPhilippines
- Present address:
Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyFaculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gopal Misra
- International Rice Research InstituteMetro ManilaPhilippines
| | - Roslen Anacleto
- International Rice Research InstituteMetro ManilaPhilippines
| | - Cindy Llorente
- International Rice Research InstituteMetro ManilaPhilippines
| | - Ondrej Kosik
- Department of Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | - Marissa V. Romero
- Philippine Rice Research InstituteMaligayaScience City of MuñozPhilippines
| | | | - Merlyn S. Mendioro
- Institute of Biological SciencesCollege of Arts and ScienceUniversity of PhilippinesLos BanosPhilippines
| | | | | | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeershebaIsrael
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27
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Raw plant-based biorefinery: A new paradigm shift towards biotechnological approach to sustainable manufacturing of HMF. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Viana VE, Pegoraro C, Busanello C, Costa de Oliveira A. Mutagenesis in Rice: The Basis for Breeding a New Super Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1326. [PMID: 31781133 PMCID: PMC6857675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The high selection pressure applied in rice breeding since its domestication thousands of years ago has caused a narrowing in its genetic variability. Obtaining new rice cultivars therefore becomes a major challenge for breeders and developing strategies to increase the genetic variability has demanded the attention of several research groups. Understanding mutations and their applications have paved the way for advances in the elucidation of a genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis of rice traits. Creating variability through mutations has therefore grown to be among the most important tools to improve rice. The small genome size of rice has enabled a faster release of higher quality sequence drafts as compared to other crops. The move from structural to functional genomics is possible due to an array of mutant databases, highlighting mutagenesis as an important player in this progress. Furthermore, due to the synteny among the Poaceae, other grasses can also benefit from these findings. Successful gene modifications have been obtained by random and targeted mutations. Furthermore, following mutation induction pathways, techniques have been applied to identify mutations and the molecular control of DNA damage repair mechanisms in the rice genome. This review highlights findings in generating rice genome resources showing strategies applied for variability increasing, detection and genetic mechanisms of DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio Costa de Oliveira
- Centro de Genômica e Fitomelhoramento, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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29
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Khatun A, Waters DLE, Liu L. A Review of Rice Starch Digestibility: Effect of Composition and Heat‐Moisture Processing. STARCH-STARKE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khatun
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross UniversityLismoreNSW2480Australia
| | - Daniel L. E. Waters
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross UniversityLismoreNSW2480Australia
- ARC ITTC for Functional Grains, Charles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNSW2650Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross UniversityLismoreNSW2480Australia
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30
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Pan T, Lin L, Zhang L, Zhang C, Liu Q, Wei C. Changes in kernel properties,
in situ
gelatinization, and physicochemical properties of waxy rice with inhibition of starch branching enzyme during cooking. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Lingshang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Cunxu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri‐Product Safety of the Ministry of Education Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China
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31
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Crofts N, Iizuka Y, Abe N, Miura S, Kikuchi K, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Rice Mutants Lacking Starch Synthase I or Branching Enzyme IIb Activity Altered Starch Biosynthetic Protein Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1817. [PMID: 30581451 PMCID: PMC6292963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin, the major component of starch, is synthesized by synergistic activity of multiple isozymes of starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzymes (BEs). The frequency and length of amylopectin branches determine the functionality of starch. In the rice endosperm, BEIIb generates short side chains of amylopectin and SSI elongates those branches, which can be further elongated by SSIIa. Absence of these enzymes greatly affects amylopectin structure. SSI, SSIIa, and BEIIb associate with each other and with other starch biosynthetic enzymes although SSIIa is low activity in japonica rice. The aim of the current study was to understand how the activity of starch biosynthetic enzyme complexes is compensated in the absence of SSI or BEIIb, and whether the compensatory effects are different in the absence of BEIIb or in the presence of inactive BEIIb. Interactions between starch biosynthetic enzymes were analyzed using one ss1 null mutant and two be2b japonica rice mutants (a mutant producing inactive BEIIb and a mutant that did not produce BEIIb). Soluble proteins extracted from the developing rice seeds were separated by gel filtration chromatography. In the absence of BEIIb activity, BEIIa was eluted in a broad molecular weight range (60-700 kDa). BEIIa in the wild-type was eluted with a mass below 300 kDa. Further, majority of inactive BEIIb co-eluted with SSI, SSIIa, and BEI, in a mass fraction over 700 kDa, whereas only small amounts of these isozymes were found in the wild-type. Compared with the be2b lines, the ss1 mutant showed subtle differences in protein profiles, but the amounts of SSIIa, SSIVb, and BEI in the over-700-kDa fraction were elevated. Immunoprecipitation revealed reduced association of SSIIa and BEIIb in the ss1 mutant, while the association of BEIIb with SSI, SSIIa, SSIVb, BEI, and BEIIa were more pronounced in the be2b mutant that produced inactive BEIIb enzyme. Mass spectrometry and western blotting revealed that SSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIa, starch phosphorylase 1, and pullulanase were bound to the starch granules in the be2b mutants, but not in the wild-type and ss1 mutant. These results will aid the understanding of the mechanism of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iizuka
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Kana Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
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32
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Poulhazan A, Arnold AA, Warschawski DE, Marcotte I. Unambiguous Ex Situ and in Cell 2D 13C Solid-State NMR Characterization of Starch and Its Constituents. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3817. [PMID: 30513587 PMCID: PMC6320826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant energy storage molecule in plants and is an essential part of the human diet. This glucose polymer is composed of amorphous and crystalline domains in different forms (A and B types) with specific physicochemical properties that determine its bioavailability for an organism, as well as its value in the food industry. Using two-dimensional (2D) high resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS-NMR) on 13C-labelled starches that were obtained from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii microalgae, we established a complete and unambiguous assignment for starch and its constituents (amylopectin and amylose) in the two crystalline forms and in the amorphous state. We also assigned so far unreported non-reducing end groups and assessed starch chain length, crystallinity and amylose content. Starch was then characterized in situ, i.e., by 13C solid-state NMR of intact microalgal cells. Our in-cell methodology also enabled the identification of the effect of nitrogen starvation on starch metabolism. This work shows how solid-state NMR can enable the identification of starch structure, chemical modifications and biosynthesis in situ in intact microorganisms, eliminating time consuming and potentially altering purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 8888, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Alexandre A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 8888, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Dror E Warschawski
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 8888, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot and IBPC, 13 rue Pierre et Marie-Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 8888, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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33
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu F, Li S, Tan L. Structural characterization of starches from Chinese jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam). Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Miura S, Crofts N, Saito Y, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Watanabe T, Kumamaru T, Fujita N. Starch Synthase IIa-Deficient Mutant Rice Line Produces Endosperm Starch With Lower Gelatinization Temperature Than Japonica Rice Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:645. [PMID: 29868097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00645.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The gelatinization temperature of endosperm starch in most japonica rice cultivars is significantly lower than that in most indica rice cultivars. This is because three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Starch synthase (SS) IIa gene in japonica rice cultivars (SSIIaJ ) significantly reduce SSIIa activity, resulting in an increase in amylopectin short chains with degree of polymerization (DP) ≤ 12 compared to indica rice cultivars (SSIIaI ). SSIIa forms a trimeric complex with SSI and starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb in maize and japonica rice, which is likely important for the biosynthesis of short and intermediate amylopectin chains (DP ≤ 24) within the amylopectin cluster. It was unknown whether the complete absence of SSIIa further increases amylopectin short chains and reduces gelatinization temperature and/or forms altered protein complexes due to the lack of a suitable mutant. Here, we identify the SSIIa-deficient mutant rice line EM204 (ss2a) from a screen of ca. 1,500 plants of the rice cultivar Kinmaze (japonica) that were subjected to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. The SSIIa gene in EM204 was mutated at the boundary between intron 5 and exon 6, which generated a guanine to adenine mutation and resulted in deletion of exon 6 in the mRNA transcript. SSIIa activity and SSIIa protein in developing endosperm of EM204 were not detected by native-PAGE/SS activity staining and native-PAGE/immunoblotting, respectively. SSIIa protein was completely absent in mature seeds. Gel filtration chromatography of soluble protein extracted from developing seeds showed that the SSI elution pattern in EM204 was altered and more SSI was eluted around 300 kDa, which corresponds with the molecular weight of trimeric complexes in wild type. The apparent amylose content of EM204 rice grains was higher than that in its parent Kinmaze. EM204 also had higher content of amylopectin short chains (DP ≤ 12) than Kinmaze, which reduced the gelatinization temperature of EM204 starch by 5.6°C compared to Kinmaze. These results indicate that EM204 starch will be suitable for making foods and food additives that easily gelatinize and slowly retrograde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Yuhi Saito
- Rice Research Center, Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
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35
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Miura S, Crofts N, Saito Y, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Watanabe T, Kumamaru T, Fujita N. Starch Synthase IIa-Deficient Mutant Rice Line Produces Endosperm Starch With Lower Gelatinization Temperature Than Japonica Rice Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:645. [PMID: 29868097 PMCID: PMC5962810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The gelatinization temperature of endosperm starch in most japonica rice cultivars is significantly lower than that in most indica rice cultivars. This is because three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Starch synthase (SS) IIa gene in japonica rice cultivars (SSIIaJ ) significantly reduce SSIIa activity, resulting in an increase in amylopectin short chains with degree of polymerization (DP) ≤ 12 compared to indica rice cultivars (SSIIaI ). SSIIa forms a trimeric complex with SSI and starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb in maize and japonica rice, which is likely important for the biosynthesis of short and intermediate amylopectin chains (DP ≤ 24) within the amylopectin cluster. It was unknown whether the complete absence of SSIIa further increases amylopectin short chains and reduces gelatinization temperature and/or forms altered protein complexes due to the lack of a suitable mutant. Here, we identify the SSIIa-deficient mutant rice line EM204 (ss2a) from a screen of ca. 1,500 plants of the rice cultivar Kinmaze (japonica) that were subjected to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. The SSIIa gene in EM204 was mutated at the boundary between intron 5 and exon 6, which generated a guanine to adenine mutation and resulted in deletion of exon 6 in the mRNA transcript. SSIIa activity and SSIIa protein in developing endosperm of EM204 were not detected by native-PAGE/SS activity staining and native-PAGE/immunoblotting, respectively. SSIIa protein was completely absent in mature seeds. Gel filtration chromatography of soluble protein extracted from developing seeds showed that the SSI elution pattern in EM204 was altered and more SSI was eluted around 300 kDa, which corresponds with the molecular weight of trimeric complexes in wild type. The apparent amylose content of EM204 rice grains was higher than that in its parent Kinmaze. EM204 also had higher content of amylopectin short chains (DP ≤ 12) than Kinmaze, which reduced the gelatinization temperature of EM204 starch by 5.6°C compared to Kinmaze. These results indicate that EM204 starch will be suitable for making foods and food additives that easily gelatinize and slowly retrograde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Yuhi Saito
- Rice Research Center, Kameda Seika Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | - Naoko F. Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Plant Genetic Resources, Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan
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36
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Shen X, Shang W, Strappe P, Chen L, Li X, Zhou Z, Blanchard C. Manipulation of the internal structure of high amylose maize starch by high pressure treatment and its diverse influence on digestion. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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37
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Wada T, Yamaguchi O, Miyazaki M, Miyahara K, Ishibashi M, Aihara T, Shibuta T, Inoue T, Tsubone M, Toyosawa Y, Satoh H, Akaishi R, Yoshii Y, Ohtsubo K. Development and characterization of a new rice cultivar, 'Chikushi-kona 85', derived from a starch-branching enzyme IIb-deficient mutant line. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:278-283. [PMID: 29875612 PMCID: PMC5982178 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new super-hard rice cultivar, 'Chikushi-kona 85', which was derived from a cross between 'Fukei 2032' and 'EM129', was developed via bulk method breeding. 'Chikushi-kona 85' showed a higher content of resistant starch than the normal non-glutinous rice cultivar, 'Nishihomare', and a higher grain yield than the first super-hard rice cultivar, 'EM10'. The amylopectin chain length of 'Chikushi-kona 85' and its progenitor line 'EM129' was longer than that of 'Nishihomare', and was similar to that of 'EM10'. This suggests that the starch property of 'Chikushi-kona 85' was inherited from 'EM129', which is a mutant line deficient in a starch branching enzyme similar to 'EM10'. Genetic analysis of 'Chikushi-kona 85' crossed with 'Nishihomare' also showed that the starch property of 'Chikushi-kona 85' was regulated by a single recessive gene. Consumption of processed cookies made from 'Chikushi-kona 85' flour showed a distinctive effect in controlling blood sugar levels in comparison to the normal non-glutinous rice cultivar 'Hinohikari'. These results show that 'Chikushi-kona 85' is a novel genetic source to develop new products made of rice, which could reduce calorie intake and contribute to additional health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Wada
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyazaki
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Katsunori Miyahara
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Masafumi Ishibashi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Takeshi Aihara
- Department of Research and Development, Torigoe Company Limited,
6-8-8 HakozakiFuto, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-0051,
Japan
| | - Takanobu Shibuta
- Department of Research and Development, Torigoe Company Limited,
6-8-8 HakozakiFuto, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-0051,
Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Masao Tsubone
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Yoshiko Toyosawa
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University,
6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581,
Japan
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University,
6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581,
Japan
| | - Ryuuichirou Akaishi
- Niigata Agricultural Research Institute,
2-25 Shin’ei-cho, Kamo-shi, Niigata 959-1381,
Japan
| | - Youichi Yoshii
- Niigata Agricultural Research Institute,
2-25 Shin’ei-cho, Kamo-shi, Niigata 959-1381,
Japan
| | - Ken’ichi Ohtsubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University,
8050 Ikarashi-ninocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181,
Japan
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