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Gao Q, Yu R, Ma X, Wuriyanghan H, Yan F. Transcriptome Analysis for Salt-Responsive Genes in Two Different Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) Cultivars and Functional Analysis of MsHPCA1. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1073. [PMID: 38674482 PMCID: PMC11054072 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage legume and soil salinization seriously affects its growth and yield. In a previous study, we identified a salt-tolerant variety 'Gongnong NO.1' and a salt-sensitive variety 'Sibeide'. To unravel the molecular mechanism involved in salt stress, we conducted transcriptomic analysis on these two cultivars grown under 0 and 250 mM NaCl treatments for 0, 12, and 24 h. Totals of 336, and 548 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to NaCl were, respectively, identified in the 'Gongnong NO.1' and 'Sibeide' varieties. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were classified in carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, transcription factor, and stress-associated pathway. Expression of MsHPCA1, encoding a putative H2O2 receptor, was responsive to both NaCl and H2O2 treatment. MsHPCA1 was localized in cell membrane and overexpression of MsHPCA1 in alfalfa increased salt tolerance and H2O2 content. This study will provide new gene resources for the improvement in salt tolerance in alfalfa and legume crops, which has important theoretical significance and potential application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qican Gao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (Q.G.); (R.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Ruonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (Q.G.); (R.Y.); (X.M.)
- Crop Cultivation and Genetic Improvement Research Center, College of Agricultural, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China
| | - Xuesong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (Q.G.); (R.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Hada Wuriyanghan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (Q.G.); (R.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Fang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; (Q.G.); (R.Y.); (X.M.)
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Kang JW, Lee SK, Shim SH, Shin D, Cho JH, Lee JY, Ko JM, Ji H, Park HM, Ahn EK, Lee JH, Jeon JS. Dry-milled flour rice 'Seolgaeng' harbors a mutated fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1231914. [PMID: 37636104 PMCID: PMC10449481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1231914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
'Seolgaeng', an opaque-endosperm rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, is used to prepare high-quality dry-milled rice flour. The mutation causing its opaque-endosperm phenotype was unknown. Map-based cloning identified a missense mutation in the gene FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE 2-KINASE/FRUCTOSE-2,6-BISPHOSPHATASE 2 (OsF2KP2) in Seolgaeng. Transfer DNA insertion and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9)-induced f2kp2 mutants exhibited opaque endosperm. Rice harbors another F2KP gene, OsF2KP1. CRISPR/Cas9-induced double mutants of OsF2KP1 and OsF2KP2 (f2kp-d) possessed more opaque endosperm compared to f2kp2 single mutants, whereas the endosperm of the f2kp1 single mutant was normal. Grain hardness and damaged starch content were significantly reduced in f2kp2 mutants compared to the wild type and f2kp1. Amylose content was lower than normal in f2kp2 mutants but not f2kp1. Grain hardness and amylose content were much lower in f2kp-d than in f2kp2. Starch polymerization analysis revealed altered amylopectin structure in f2kp2 and f2kp-d mutants. F2KP activity was lower in f2kp2 and much lower in the double mutants when compared to the wild types, but f2kp1 showed no significant difference. In coleoptiles, hypoxia induced OsF2KP2 expression but downregulated OsF2KP1. These results suggest that OsF2KP2 functions as the main F2KP isoform in endosperm experiencing hypoxia, but OsF2KP1 may partially compensate for the absence of OsF2KP2. We propose that F2KP has a crucial role in inorganic pyrophosphate-utilizing energy metabolism for starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kang
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin,
Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju,
Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Shim
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin,
Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Shin
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang,
Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang,
Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang,
Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-min Ko
- Extension Service Bureau, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju,
Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonso Ji
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju,
Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Eok-Keun Ahn
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang,
Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin,
Republic of Korea
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Lu L, Yang H, Xu Y, Zhang L, Wu J, Yi H. Laser capture microdissection-based spatiotemporal transcriptomes uncover regulatory networks during seed abortion in seedless Ponkan (Citrus reticulata). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:642-661. [PMID: 37077034 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed abortion is an important process in the formation of seedless characteristics in citrus fruits. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying citrus seed abortion is poorly understood. Laser capture microdissection-based RNA-seq combined with Pacbio-seq was used to profile seed development in the Ponkan cultivars 'Huagan No. 4' (seedless Ponkan) (Citrus reticulata) and 'E'gan No. 1' (seeded Ponkan) (C. reticulata) in two types of seed tissue across three developmental stages. Through comparative transcriptome and dynamic phytohormone analyses, plant hormone signal, cell division and nutrient metabolism-related processes were revealed to play critical roles in the seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4'. Moreover, several genes may play indispensable roles in seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4', such as CrWRKY74, CrWRKY48 and CrMYB3R4. Overexpression of CrWRKY74 in Arabidopsis resulted in severe seed abortion. By analyzing the downstream regulatory network, we further determined that CrWRKY74 participated in seed abortion regulation by inducing abnormal programmed cell death. Of particular importance is that a preliminary model was proposed to depict the regulatory networks underlying seed abortion in citrus. The results of this study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism across citrus seed development, and reveal the master role of CrWRKY74 in seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Haijian Yang
- Fruit Tree Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Juxun Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hualin Yi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
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Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi M, Torabi S, Tulpan D, Rajcan I, Eskandari M. Application of SVR-Mediated GWAS for Identification of Durable Genetic Regions Associated with Soybean Seed Quality Traits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2659. [PMID: 37514272 PMCID: PMC10383196 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important food-grade strategic crop worldwide because of its high seed protein and oil contents. Due to the negative correlation between seed protein and oil percentage, there is a dire need to detect reliable quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying these traits in order to be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is one of the most common genetic approaches that is regularly used for detecting QTL associated with quantitative traits. However, the current approaches are mainly focused on estimating the main effects of QTL, and, therefore, a substantial statistical improvement in GWAS is required to detect associated QTL considering their interactions with other QTL as well. This study aimed to compare the support vector regression (SVR) algorithm as a common machine learning method to fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU), a common conventional GWAS method in detecting relevant QTL associated with soybean seed quality traits such as protein, oil, and 100-seed weight using 227 soybean genotypes. The results showed a significant negative correlation between soybean seed protein and oil concentrations, with heritability values of 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. In addition, SVR-mediated GWAS was able to identify more relevant QTL underlying the target traits than the FarmCPU method. Our findings demonstrate the potential use of machine learning algorithms in GWAS to detect durable QTL associated with soybean seed quality traits suitable for genomic-based breeding approaches. This study provides new insights into improving the accuracy and efficiency of GWAS and highlights the significance of using advanced computational methods in crop breeding research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sepideh Torabi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dan Tulpan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Milad Eskandari
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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5
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Qiu Q, Tian X, Wu G, Wu J, Fan X, Yuan D. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during single-seed formation of Castanea henryi: regulation of starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:90. [PMID: 36782110 PMCID: PMC9926639 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In seed plants, the ovule is the precursor to the seed. The process of ovule development and differentiation is regulated by multiple factors, including starch metabolism and endogenous hormones. Castanea henryi produces nuts with high nutritional value. However, the high proportion of empty buds restricts the commercial use of the tree. Previous studies have shown that the empty bud phenotype is closely related to ovule abortion. If none of the ovules in the ovary expand rapidly and develop in 7-8 weeks after pollination, an empty bud will form. Therefore, we studied the development and molecular mechanisms underlying single seed formation in C. henryi. RESULTS We found that 49 days after pollination (DAP) is a critical period for the formation of fertile and abortive ovules. The morphology and starch distribution of the fertile and abortive ovules differed significantly at 49 DAP. The fertile ovules were smooth and round in appearance, with a large amount of starch. In contrast, abortive ovules were smaller with only a small amount of starch. The embryo sac of the abortive ovule proceeded to develop abnormally, and the entire ovule lacked starch. We identified 37 candidate genes involved in metabolism with potential roles in the regulation of starch levels. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, one granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene, and two beta-amylase genes could affect starch accumulation. The levels of auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and jasmonic acid in fertile ovules were higher than those in abortive ovules. In addition, the levels of endogenous abscisic acid and salicylic acid in abortive ovules were higher than those in fertile ovules of the same age, consistent with the expression patterns of genes related to the synthesis of abscisic and salicylic acid and signal transduction. We identified and mapped the differentially expressed genes associated with hormone synthesis and signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS These results improve our general understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying single seed development in C. henryi and the phenomenon of empty buds, providing directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | | | - Guolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Juntao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Key Lab of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
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Chen X, Ji Y, Zhao W, Niu H, Yang X, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Lei J, Yang H, Chen R, Gu C, Xu H, Dong H, Duan E, Teng X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wan J. Fructose-6-phosphate-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase regulates energy metabolism and synthesis of storage products in developing rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111503. [PMID: 36270512 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Starch accounts for about 80-85 % of the dry weight of grains and determines yield by impact on grain weight. And, the content and composition of starch also determine appearance, eating, cooking and nutritional quality of rice. By coordinating crucial reactions of the primary carbohydrate metabolism in all eukaryotes, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) is a traffic signal in metabolism. However, the metabolic regulation of starch in plant sink tissues by Fru-2,6-P2 remains unclear. Here we isolated rice mutant floury endosperm23 (flo23) which has opaque endosperm and anomalous compound starch grains (SGs). flo23 mutant grains had reduced contents of starch, lipids and proteins. Map-based cloning and genetic complementation experiments showed that FLO23 encodes a cytoplasmic Fructose-6-phosphate-2-kinase/Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (F2KP). Mutation of OsF2KP2 decreased Fru-2,6-P2 content in endosperm cells, leading to drastically reduced phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate contents and disordered glycolysis and energy metabolism. The results imply that OsF2KP2 participates in the glycolytic pathway by providing precursors and energy for synthesis of grain storage compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Huanying Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Rongbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Chuanwei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hongyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Lee SK, Lee J, Jo M, Jeon JS. Exploration of Sugar and Starch Metabolic Pathway Crucial for Pollen Fertility in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214091. [PMID: 36430574 PMCID: PMC9695277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the primary storage carbohydrate in mature pollen grains in many crop plants, including rice. Impaired starch accumulation causes male sterility because of the shortage of energy and building blocks for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Thus, starch-defective pollen is applicable for inducing male sterility and hybrid rice production. Despite the importance of pollen starch, the details of the starch biosynthesis and breakdown pathway in pollen are still largely unknown. As pollen is isolated from the maternal tissue, photoassimilate transported from leaves must pass through the apoplastic space from the anther to the filial pollen, where it is stored as starch. Several sugar transporters and enzymes are involved in this process, but many are still unknown. Thus, the current review provides possible scenarios for sucrose transport and metabolic pathways that lead to starch biosynthesis and breakdown in rice pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
| | - Juho Lee
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Jo
- Division of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.)
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Ambros S, Kotewitsch M, Wittig PR, Bammer B, Mustroph A. Transcriptional Response of Two Brassica napus Cultivars to Short-Term Hypoxia in the Root Zone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:897673. [PMID: 35574097 PMCID: PMC9100894 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.897673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging is one major stress for crops and causes multiple problems for plants, for example low gas diffusion, changes in redox potential and accumulation of toxic metabolites. Brassica napus is an important oil crop with high waterlogging sensitivity, which may cause severe yield losses. Its reactions to the stress are not fully understood. In this work the transcriptional response of rapeseed to one aspect of waterlogging, hypoxia in the root zone, was analyzed by RNAseq, including two rapeseed cultivars from different origin, Avatar from Europe and Zhongshuang 9 from Asia. Both cultivars showed a high number of differentially expressed genes in roots after 4 and 24 h of hypoxia. The response included many well-known hypoxia-induced genes such as genes coding for glycolytic and fermentative enzymes, and strongly resembled the hypoxia response of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The carbohydrate status of roots, however, was minimally affected by root hypoxia, with a tendency of carbohydrate accumulation rather than a carbon starvation. Leaves did not respond to the root stress after a 24-h treatment. In agreement with the gene expression data, subsequent experiments with soil waterlogging for up to 14 days revealed no differences in response or tolerance to waterlogging between the two genotypes used in this study. Interestingly, using a 0.1% starch solution for waterlogging, which caused a lowered soil redox potential, resulted in much stronger effects of the stress treatment than using pure water suggesting a new screening method for rapeseed cultivars in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Angelika Mustroph
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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9
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Yang X, Yin X, Liu J, Niu Z, Yang J, Shen B. Essential role of pyrophosphate homeostasis mediated by the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase in Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010293. [PMID: 35104280 PMCID: PMC8836295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biosynthetic pathways produce pyrophosphate (PPi) as a by-product, which is cytotoxic if accumulated at high levels. Pyrophosphatases play pivotal roles in PPi detoxification by converting PPi to inorganic phosphate. A number of apicomplexan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum, express a PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) that consumes PPi to power the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate. However, the physiological roles of PPi-PFKs in these organisms are not known. Here, we report that Toxoplasma expresses both ATP- and PPi-dependent phosphofructokinases in the cytoplasm. Nonetheless, only PPi-PFK was indispensable for parasite growth, whereas the deletion of ATP-PFK did not affect parasite proliferation or virulence. The conditional depletion of PPi-PFK completely arrested parasite growth, but it did not affect the ATP level and only modestly reduced the flux of central carbon metabolism. However, PPi-PFK depletion caused a significant increase in cellular PPi and decreased the rates of nascent protein synthesis. The expression of a cytosolic pyrophosphatase in the PPi-PFK depletion mutant reduced its PPi level and increased the protein synthesis rate, therefore partially rescuing its growth. These results suggest that PPi-PFK has a major role in maintaining pyrophosphate homeostasis in T. gondii. This role may allow PPi-PFK to fine-tune the balance of catabolism and anabolism and maximize the utilization efficiency for carbon nutrients derived from host cells, increasing the success of parasitism. Moreover, PPi-PFK is essential for parasite propagation and virulence in vivo but it is not present in human hosts, making it a potential drug target to combat toxoplasmosis. Different from classic ATP-dependent phosphofructokinases, PPi-PFKs use pyrophosphate consumption to power the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, the committed step of glycolysis. PPi-PFK is found in diverse organisms including archaea, bacteria, protists and plants. However, half a century after its first discovery, the physiological functions of PPi-PFK are still not well defined. Using the Toxoplasma gondii parasite as a model, here we show that PPi-PFK has a coordinator function to assure matched activities of anabolism and catabolism. This is achieved by maintaining the homeostasis of PPi, which is a byproduct, as well as an inhibitor of many biosynthetic reactions. PPi-PFK hydrolyzes PPi to promote anabolism, meanwhile being a glycolytic enzyme involved in catabolism. As such, it gauges the anabolic and catabolic activities in parasites to maximize the utilization efficiency of acquired nutrients. This work provides important insights to understand the physiological significance of PPi-PFK in Toxoplasma and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhipeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jichao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Wakabayashi Y, Morita R, Aoki N. Metabolic factors restricting sink strength in superior and inferior spikelets in high-yielding rice cultivars. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153536. [PMID: 34619558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many high-yielding rice cultivars with large sink size (total number of spikelet per unit area × mean grain weight) have been developed, but some japonica cultivars developed in Japan often fail to attain the expected high yield due to low sink strength of spikelets. Although there is natural variation in sink strength of spikelets among high-yielding cultivars, metabolic factors involved in the natural variation and relationships of sink strength in spikelets with final percentage of filled spikelets are not fully understood. In the present study, we examined cultivar differences in sink strength for superior and inferior spikelets (i.e. earlier fertilizing spikelets with faster growth and later fertilizing ones with slower growth, respectively) in a panicle, using each spikelet at 10 d after the onset of development (10 DAD) when starch accumulation in endosperm was actively proceeding. Nine high-yielding cultivars were used: five japonica-dominant and four indica-dominant cultivars. Cultivar differences were observed in starch contents at 10 DAD in each spikelet type, and indica cultivars had higher starch contents than japonica cultivars in both superior and inferior spikelets. In addition, starch contents at 10 DAD were closely related to percentage of filled grains at maturity in both spikelet types. The activities of sucrose synthase (SUS) and uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), and the protein levels of phosphorylase 1 (Pho1), were higher in indica than japonica cultivars, and were positively correlated with starch contents at 10 DAD for both superior and inferior spikelets; although metabolic states, revealed from relations between intermediate metabolites and starch contents, differed among spikelet types. Consequently, it was considered that SUS and UGP at the step from sucrose cleavage to adenosine diphosphoglucose synthesis, and Pho1 at the starch biosynthesis step, were key metabolic factors involved in cultivar differences of sink strength (ability to synthesize starch).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Morita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naohiro Aoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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11
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Bhattarai S, Fu YB, Coulman B, Tanino K, Karunakaran C, Biligetu B. Transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes in leaves and roots of two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars with different salt tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:446. [PMID: 34610811 PMCID: PMC8491396 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production decreases under salt stress. Identification of genes associated with salt tolerance in alfalfa is essential for the development of molecular markers used for breeding and genetic improvement. RESULT An RNA-Seq technique was applied to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with salt stress in two alfalfa cultivars: salt tolerant 'Halo' and salt intolerant 'Vernal'. Leaf and root tissues were sampled for RNA extraction at 0 h, 3 h, and 27 h under 12 dS m- 1 salt stress maintained by NaCl. The sequencing generated a total of 381 million clean sequence reads and 84.8% were mapped on to the alfalfa reference genome. A total of 237 DEGs were identified in leaves and 295 DEGs in roots of the two alfalfa cultivars. In leaf tissue, the two cultivars had a similar number of DEGs at 3 h and 27 h of salt stress, with 31 and 49 DEGs for 'Halo', 34 and 50 for 'Vernal', respectively. In root tissue, 'Halo' maintained 55 and 56 DEGs at 3 h and 27 h, respectively, while the number of DEGs decreased from 42 to 10 for 'Vernal'. This differential expression pattern highlights different genetic responses of the two cultivars to salt stress at different time points. Interestingly, 28 (leaf) and 31 (root) salt responsive candidate genes were highly expressed in 'Halo' compared to 'Vernal' under salt stress, of which 13 candidate genes were common for leaf and root tissues. About 60% of DEGs were assigned to known gene ontology (GO) categories. The genes were involved in transmembrane protein function, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, defense against oxidative damage, cell wall modification and protection against lipid peroxidation. Ion binding was found to be a key molecular activity for salt tolerance in alfalfa under salt stress. CONCLUSION The identified DEGs are significant for understanding the genetic basis of salt tolerance in alfalfa. The generated genomic information is useful for molecular marker development for alfalfa genetic improvement for salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Bhattarai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Bruce Coulman
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Karen Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Chithra Karunakaran
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Bill Biligetu
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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12
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Pyrophosphate as an alternative energy currency in plants. Biochem J 2021; 478:1515-1524. [PMID: 33881486 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the conditions of [Mg2+] elevation that occur, in particular, under low oxygen stress and are the consequence of the decrease in [ATP] and increase in [ADP] and [AMP], pyrophosphate (PPi) can function as an alternative energy currency in plant cells. In addition to its production by various metabolic pathways, PPi can be synthesized in the combined reactions of pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (PPDK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) by so-called PK/PPDK substrate cycle, and in the reverse reaction of membrane-bound H+-pyrophosphatase, which uses the energy of electrochemical gradients generated on tonoplast and plasma membrane. The PPi can then be consumed in its active forms of MgPPi and Mg2PPi by PPi-utilizing enzymes, which require an elevated [Mg2+]. This ensures a continuous operation of glycolysis in the conditions of suppressed ATP synthesis, keeping metabolism energy efficient and less dependent on ATP.
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13
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Okamura M, Hirai MY, Sawada Y, Okamoto M, Oikawa A, Sasaki R, Arai-Sanoh Y, Mukouyama T, Adachi S, Kondo M. Analysis of carbon flow at the metabolite level reveals that starch synthesis from hexose is a limiting factor in a high-yielding rice cultivar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2570-2583. [PMID: 33481019 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the limiting factors of grain filling is essential for the further improvement of grain yields in rice (Oryza sativa). The relatively slow grain growth of the high-yielding cultivar 'Momiroman' is not improved by increasing carbon supply, and hence low sink activity (i.e. the metabolic activity of assimilate consumption/storage in sink organs) may be a limiting factor for grain filling. However, there is no metabolic evidence to corroborate this hypothesis, partly because there is no consensus on how to define and quantify sink activity. In this study, we investigated the carbon flow at a metabolite level from photosynthesis in leaves to starch synthesis in grains of three high-yielding cultivars using the stable isotope 13C. We found that a large amount of newly fixed carbon assimilates in Momiroman was stored as hexose instead of being converted to starch. In addition, the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and the expression of AGPS2b, which encodes a subunit of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase enzyme, were both lower in Momiroman than in the other two cultivars in grains in superior positions on panicle branches. Hence, slower starch synthesis from hexose, which is partly explained by the low expression level of AGPS2b, may be the primary metabolic reason for the lower sink activity observed in Momiroman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okamura
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 1-2-1, Inada, Joetsu, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mami Okamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sasaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Arai-Sanoh
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takehiro Mukouyama
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Yamanashi Prefectural Agritechnology Center 1100, Shimoimai, Kai, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Adachi
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1, Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Motohiko Kondo
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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