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Cho YB, Stutz SS, Jones SI, Wang Y, Pelech EA, Ort DR. Impact of pod and seed photosynthesis on seed filling and canopy carbon gain in soybean. Plant Physiol 2023; 193:966-979. [PMID: 37265110 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a limited understanding of the carbon assimilation capacity of nonfoliar green tissues and its impact on yield and seed quality since most photosynthesis research focuses on leaf photosynthesis. In this study, we investigate the photosynthetic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max) pods and seeds in a field setting and evaluate its effect on mature seed weight and composition. We demonstrate that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes 13% to 14% of the mature seed weight. Carbon assimilation by soybean pod and seed photosynthesis can compensate for 81% of carbon loss through the respiration of the same tissues, and our model predicts that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes up to 9% of the total daily carbon gain of the canopy. Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) shows that the operating efficiency of photosystem II in immature soybean seeds peaks at the 10 to 100 mg seed weight stage, while that of immature pods peaks at the 75 to 100 mg stage. This study provides quantitative information about the efficiency of soybean pod and seed photosynthesis during tissue development and its impact on yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young B Cho
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Samantha S Stutz
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sarah I Jones
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Elena A Pelech
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Zhuo J, Wang K, Wang N, Xing C, Peng D, Wang X, Qu G, Kang C, Ye X, Li Y, Yan Y, Li X. Pericarp starch metabolism is associated with caryopsis development and endosperm starch accumulation in common wheat. Plant Sci 2023; 330:111622. [PMID: 36731749 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The wheat pericarp is the main component of the caryopsis at the early development stage and ultimately converts into a tissue that covers the mature caryopsis. A large number of starch granules are accumulated in the pericarp, but the production of and the role of starch granules in caryopsis development remain- elusive. In the present study, the relationship between accumulated starch granules and starch metabolism-related genes in wheat pericarp was investigated using paraffin section observations, expression analysis, and mutant analysis. Starch synthesis is initiated before anthesis and is dependent on a sucrose uptake and conversion system similar to that in the endosperm. TaPTST2 is required to initiate the production of pericarp starch granules. Pericarp starch granules gradually disappeared at the filling stage with high expression levels of genes encoding β-amylase, sucrose-phosphate synthase, and sucrose-phosphate phosphatase. As a maternal tissue adjacent to the endosperm and embryo, the pericarp plays a temporary reservoir for excess nutrients delivered into the caryopsis during the early development stage and exported at the filling stage. The pericarp contributes to the development of the endosperm and embryo as well as the accumulation of endosperm starch. The metabolism of pericarp starch may affect the weight of the wheat caryopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Da Peng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Caiyun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingguo Ye
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yueming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Bernal L, Luján‐Soto E, Fajardo‐Hernández CA, Coello P, Figueroa M, Martínez‐Barajas E. Starch degradation in the bean fruit pericarp is characterized by an increase in maltose metabolism. Physiol Plant 2022; 174:e13836. [PMID: 36453084 PMCID: PMC10107891 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bean fruit pericarp accumulates a significant amount of starch, which starts to be degraded 20 days after anthesis (DAA) when seed growth becomes exponential. This period is also characterized by the progressive senescence of the fruit pericarp. However, the chloroplasts maintained their integrity, indicating that starch degradation is a compartmentalized process. The process coincided with a transient increase in maltose and sucrose levels, suggesting that β-amylase is responsible for starch degradation. Starch degradation in the bean fruit pericarp is also characterized by a large increase in starch phosphorylation, as well as in the activities of cytosolic disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2, EC 2.4.1.25) and glucan phosphorylase (PHO2, EC 2.4.1.1). This suggests that the rate of starch degradation in the bean fruit pericarp 20 DAA is dependent on the transformation of starch to a better substrate for β-amylase and the increase in the rate of cytosolic metabolism of maltose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Eduardo Luján‐Soto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | | | - Patricia Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Eleazar Martínez‐Barajas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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Chavez Mendoza K, Peña-Valdivia CB, Hernández Rodríguez M, Vázquez Sánchez M, Morales Elías NC, Jiménez Galindo JC, García Esteva A, Padilla Chacón D. Phenotypic, Anatomical, and Diel Variation in Sugar Concentration Linked to Cell Wall Invertases in Common Bean Pod Racemes under Water Restriction. Plants 2022; 11:plants11131622. [PMID: 35807573 PMCID: PMC9268661 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod wall is essential for seed formation and to protect seeds. To address the effect of water restriction on sugar metabolism in fruits differing in sink strength under light–dark cycles, we used plants of cv. OTI at 100% field capacity (FC) and at 50% FC over 10 days at the beginning of pod filling. Water restriction intensified the symptoms of leaf senescence. However, pods maintained a green color for several days longer than leaves did. In addition, the functionality of pods of the same raceme was anatomically demonstrated, and no differences were observed between water regimes. The glucose and starch concentrations were lower than those of sucrose, independent of pod wall size. Remarkably, the fructose concentration decreased only under water restriction. The cell wall invertase activity was twofold higher in the walls of small pods than in those of large ones in both water regimes; similar differences were not evident for cytosolic or vacuolar invertase. Using bioinformatics tools, six sequences of invertase genes were identified in the P. vulgaris genome. The PvINVCW4 protein sequence contains substitutions for conserved residues in the sucrose-binding site, while qPCR showed that transcript levels were induced in the walls of small pods under stress. The findings support a promising strategy for addressing sink strength under water restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Chavez Mendoza
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Cecilia Beatriz Peña-Valdivia
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Martha Hernández Rodríguez
- Postgrado en Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Genética, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico;
| | - Monserrat Vázquez Sánchez
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Norma Cecilia Morales Elías
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | | | - Antonio García Esteva
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Daniel Padilla Chacón
- CONACYT-Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-595-952-0200 (ext. 1344)
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