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Sauviac L, Rémy A, Huault E, Dalmasso M, Kazmierczak T, Jardinaud MF, Legrand L, Moreau C, Ruiz B, Cazalé AC, Valière S, Gourion B, Dupont L, Gruber V, Boncompagni E, Meilhoc E, Frendo P, Frugier F, Bruand C. A dual legume-rhizobium transcriptome of symbiotic nodule senescence reveals coordinated plant and bacterial responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3100-3121. [PMID: 35781677 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Senescence determines plant organ lifespan depending on aging and environmental cues. During the endosymbiotic interaction with rhizobia, legume plants develop a specific organ, the root nodule, which houses nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria. Unlike earlier processes of the legume-rhizobium interaction (nodule formation, N fixation), mechanisms controlling nodule senescence remain poorly understood. To identify nodule senescence-associated genes, we performed a dual plant-bacteria RNA sequencing approach on Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti nodules having initiated senescence either naturally (aging) or following an environmental trigger (nitrate treatment or salt stress). The resulting data allowed the identification of hundreds of plant and bacterial genes differentially regulated during nodule senescence, thus providing an unprecedented comprehensive resource of new candidate genes associated with this process. Remarkably, several plant and bacterial genes related to the cell cycle and stress responses were regulated in senescent nodules, including the rhizobial RpoE2-dependent general stress response. Analysis of selected core nodule senescence plant genes allowed showing that MtNAC969 and MtS40, both homologous to leaf senescence-associated genes, negatively regulate the transition between N fixation and senescence. In contrast, overexpression of a gene involved in the biosynthesis of cytokinins, well-known negative regulators of leaf senescence, may promote the transition from N fixation to senescence in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sauviac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Antoine Rémy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emeline Huault
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Théophile Kazmierczak
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Corentin Moreau
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bryan Ruiz
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Anne-Claire Cazalé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Benjamin Gourion
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Véronique Gruber
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Eliane Meilhoc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Nice, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Paris, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claude Bruand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Pueyo JJ, Quiñones MA, Coba de la Peña T, Fedorova EE, Lucas MM. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Interplay in Lupin Root Nodules and Cluster Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644218. [PMID: 33747024 PMCID: PMC7966414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two major plant nutrients, and their deficiencies often limit plant growth and crop yield. The uptakes of N or P affect each other, and consequently, understanding N-P interactions is fundamental. Their signaling mechanisms have been studied mostly separately, and integrating N-P interactive regulation is becoming the aim of some recent works. Lupins are singular plants, as, under N and P deficiencies, they are capable to develop new organs, the N2-fixing symbiotic nodules, and some species can also transform their root architecture to form cluster roots, hundreds of short rootlets that alter their metabolism to induce a high-affinity P transport system and enhance synthesis and secretion of organic acids, flavonoids, proteases, acid phosphatases, and proton efflux. These modifications lead to mobilization in the soil of, otherwise unavailable, P. White lupin (Lupinus albus) represents a model plant to study cluster roots and for understanding plant acclimation to nutrient deficiency. It tolerates simultaneous P and N deficiencies and also enhances uptake of additional nutrients. Here, we present the structural and functional modifications that occur in conditions of P and N deficiencies and lead to the organogenesis and altered metabolism of nodules and cluster roots. Some known N and P signaling mechanisms include different factors, including phytohormones and miRNAs. The combination of the individual N and P mechanisms uncovers interactive regulation pathways that concur in nodules and cluster roots. L. albus interlinks N and P recycling processes both in the plant itself and in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Pueyo
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena E. Fedorova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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Bruand C, Meilhoc E. Nitric oxide in plants: pro- or anti-senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4419-4427. [PMID: 30868162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a regulated process of tissue degeneration that can affect any plant organ and consists of the degradation and remobilization of molecules to other growing tissues. Senescent organs display changes at the microscopic level as well as modifications to internal cellular structure and differential gene expression. A large number of factors influencing senescence have been described including age, nutrient supply, and environmental interactions. Internal factors such as phytohormones also affect the timing of leaf senescence. A link between the senescence process and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in senescing tissues has been known for many years. Remarkably, this link can be either a positive or a negative correlation depending upon the organ. NO can be both a signaling or a toxic molecule and is known to have multiple roles in plants; this review considers the duality of NO roles in the senescence process of two different plant organs, namely the leaves and root nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bruand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eliane Meilhoc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Goh DM, Cosme M, Kisiala AB, Mulholland S, Said ZMF, Spíchal L, Emery RJN, Declerck S, Guinel FC. A Stimulatory Role for Cytokinin in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis of Pea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30915091 PMCID: PMC6423060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis between terrestrial plants and AM fungi is regulated by plant hormones. For most of these, a role has been clearly assigned in this mutualistic interaction; however, there are still contradictory reports for cytokinin (CK). Here, pea plants, the wild type (WT) cv. Sparkle and its mutant E151 (Pssym15), were inoculated with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. E151 has previously been characterized as possessing high CK levels in non-mycorrhizal (myc-) roots and exhibiting high number of fungal structures in mycorrhizal (myc+) roots. Myc- and myc+ plants were treated 7, 9, and 11 days after inoculation (DAI) with synthetic compounds known to alter CK status. WT plants were treated with a synthetic CK [6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)] or the CK degradation inhibitor INCYDE, whereas E151 plants were treated with the CK receptor antagonist PI-55. At 13 DAI, plant CK content was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of the synthetic compounds on AM colonization were assessed at 28 (WT) or 35 (E151) DAI via a modified magnified intersections method. The only noticeable difference seen between myc- and myc+ plants in terms of CK content was in the levels of nucleotides (NTs). Whereas WT plants responded to fungi by lowering their NT levels, E151 plants did not. Since NTs are thought to be converted into active CK forms, this result suggests that active CKs were synthesized more effectively in WT than in E151. In general, myc+ and myc- WT plants responded similarly to INCYDE by lowering significantly their NT levels and increasing slightly their active CK levels; these responses were less obvious in BAP-treated WT plants. In contrast, the response of E151 plants to PI-55 depended on the plant mycorrhizal status. Whereas treated myc- plants exhibited high NT and low active CK levels, treated myc+ plants displayed low levels of both NTs and active CKs. Moreover, treated WT plants were more colonized than treated E151 plants. We concluded that CKs have a stimulatory role in AM colonization because increased active CK levels were paralleled with increased AM colonization while decreased CK levels corresponded to reduced AM colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane M. Goh
- Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Cosme
- Mycology, Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Stéphane Declerck
- Mycology, Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Heyl A, Riefler M, Romanov GA, Schmülling T. Properties, functions and evolution of cytokinin receptors. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:246-56. [PMID: 21561682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana ten years ago was a milestone in plant hormone research. Since then, research has yielded insights into the biochemical properties and functions of these sensor histidine kinases. Their affinities to both trans-zeatin and isopentenyladenine are in the low nM range. Cytokinin ribosides, cis-zeatin and thidiazuron were established as compounds with genuine cytokinin activity and the first cytokinin antagonists were identified. Numerous functions of cytokinin receptors in plant development, as well as in the plant's responses to the environment, have been elucidated and are summarized. Finally, we address the question how the receptors have evolved during plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heyl
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Cytokinin signaling during root development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 276:1-48. [PMID: 19584010 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)76001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytokinin class of phytohormones regulates division and differentiation of plant cells. They are perceived and signaled by a phosphorelay mechanism similar to those observed in prokaryotes. Research into the components of phosphorelay had previously been marred by genetic redundancy. However, recent studies have addressed this with the creation of high-order mutants. In addition, several new elements regulating cytokinin signaling have been identified. This has uncovered many roles in diverse developmental and physiological processes. In this review, we look at these processes specifically in the context of root development. We focus on the formation and maintenance of the root apical meristem, primary and secondary vascular development, lateral root emergence and development, and root nodulation. We believe that the root is an ideal organ with which to investigate cytokinin signaling in a wider context.
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Coba de la Peña T, Cárcamo CB, Lucas MM, Pueyo JJ. Multiple roles for cytokinin receptors and cross-talk of signaling pathways. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:791-794. [PMID: 19704559 PMCID: PMC2634374 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.10.5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin receptors (CRs) are hybrid-type histidine kinases, membrane proteins with a cytokinin-binding extracellular domain. CRs initiate and propagate cytokinin signaling by means of phosphorylation and phosphotransfer to downstream proteins. In legumes, some members of the CR multigenic family are essential for nodulation. In two recent works, we investigated the involvement of two new CRs, MsHK1 from Medicago sativa, and LaHK1 from Lupinus albus, in nodule morphogenesis, senescence and stress response. LaHK1 expression increased during the first stages of lupin nodule development, while MsHK1 expression was localized in the meristem and the invasion zone of alfalfa nodules pointing to a role for CRs in nodule cell proliferation and differentiation. Both CRs were also induced during nodule senescence. MsHK1 expression increased under osmotic stress and both genes were induced following dark stress, indicating that CRs are also likely to play a significant role in the response to stress. We propose multiple roles for CRs which, when analyzed jointly with recent results from other authors, suggest coordinated cross-talk of different signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Department of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Instituto de Recursos Naturales; Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales; CSIC; Madrid Spain
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