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Zhao Q, Li X, Jiao Y, Chen Y, Yan Y, Wang Y, Hamiaux C, Wang Y, Ma F, Atkinson RG, Li P. Identification of two key genes involved in flavonoid catabolism and their different roles in apple resistance to biotic stresses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1238-1256. [PMID: 38426393 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of flavonoid aglycones and glycosides is well established. However, key genes involved in their catabolism are poorly understood, even though the products of hydrolysis and oxidation play important roles in plant resistance to biotic stress. Here, we report on catabolism of dihydrochalcones (DHCs), the most abundant flavonoids in domesticated apple and wild Malus. Two key genes, BGLU13.1 and PPO05, were identified by activity-directed protein purification. BGLU13.1-A hydrolyzed phlorizin, (the most abundant DHC in domesticated apple) to produce phloretin which was then oxidized by PPO05. The process differed in some wild Malus, where trilobatin (a positional isomer of phlorizin) was mainly oxidized by PPO05. The effects of DHC catabolism on apple resistance to biotic stresses was investigated using transgenic plants. Either directly or indirectly, phlorizin hydrolysis affected resistance to the phytophagous pest two-spotted spider mite, while oxidation of trilobatin was involved in resistance to the biotrophic fungus Podosphaera leucotricha. DHC catabolism did not affect apple resistance to necrotrophic pathogens Valsa mali and Erwinia amylovara. These results suggest that different DHC catabolism pathways play different roles in apple resistance to biotic stresses. The role of DHC catabolism on apple resistance appeared closely related to the mode of invasion/damage used by pathogen/pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cyril Hamiaux
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Gaucher M, Juillard A, Nguyen BH, Viller N, Ernenwein C, Marion D, Brisset MN, Bakan B. Formulated hydroxy fatty acids from fruit pomaces reduce apple scab development caused by Venturia inaequalis through a dual mode of action. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1322638. [PMID: 38259942 PMCID: PMC10800985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The outermost hydrophobic layer of plants, i.e. the cuticle, is mainly composed of cutin, a polyester of hydroxy fatty acids with reported eliciting and/or antimicrobial activities for some of them. By-products of the fruit processing industry (fruit pomaces), often strongly enriched in cuticular material, are therefore a potential source of bioactive compounds for crop protection against pathogen attack. We investigated the utilization of tomato and apple pomaces in the development of a cutin-based biocontrol solution against apple scab, a major apple disease caused by Venturia inaequalis. Several cutin monomer extracts obtained through different strategies of depolymerization and purification were first compared for their ability to induce a targeted set of defense genes in apple seedlings after foliar application. After a step of formulation, some extracts were chosen for further investigation in planta and in vitro. Our results show that formulated cutin monomers could trigger a significant transcriptome reprogramming in apple plants and exhibit an antifungal effect on V. inaequalis. Cutin monomers-treated apple seedlings were significantly protected against infection by the apple scab agent. Altogether, our findings suggest that water-dispersed cutin monomers extracted from pomaces are potential new bio-based solutions for the control of apple scab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gaucher
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Anthony Juillard
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bao-Huynh Nguyen
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Noémie Viller
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
| | | | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, Nantes, France SDP Rovensa Company, Laon, France
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Wang Y, Ding Y, Zhao Q, Wu C, Deng CH, Wang J, Wang Y, Yan Y, Zhai R, Yauk YK, Ma F, Atkinson RG, Li P. Dihydrochalcone glycoside biosynthesis in Malus is regulated by two MYB-like transcription factors and is required for seed development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1492-1507. [PMID: 37648286 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrochalcones (DHCs) including phlorizin (phloretin 2'-O-glucoside) and its positional isomer trilobatin (phloretin 4'-O-glucoside) are the most abundant phenylpropanoids in apple (Malus spp.). Transcriptional regulation of DHC production is poorly understood despite their importance in insect- and pathogen-plant interactions in human physiology research and in pharmaceuticals. In this study, segregation in hybrid populations and bulked segregant analysis showed that the synthesis of phlorizin and trilobatin in Malus leaves are both single-gene-controlled traits. Promoter sequences of PGT1 and PGT2, two glycosyltransferase genes involved in DHC glycoside synthesis, were shown to discriminate Malus with different DHC glycoside patterns. Differential PGT1 and PGT2 promoter activities determined DHC glycoside accumulation patterns between genotypes. Two transcription factors containing MYB-like DNA-binding domains were then shown to control DHC glycoside patterns in different tissues, with PRR2L mainly expressed in leaf, fruit, flower, stem, and seed while MYB8L mainly expressed in stem and root. Further hybridizations between specific genotypes demonstrated an absolute requirement for DHC glycoside production in Malus during seed development which explains why no Malus spp. with a null DHC chemotype have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuduan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chen Wu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia H Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yufan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yar-Khing Yauk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Gaucher M, Righetti L, Aubourg S, Dugé de Bernonville T, Brisset MN, Chevreau E, Vergne E. An Erwinia amylovora inducible promoter for improvement of apple fire blight resistance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1499-1513. [PMID: 35385991 PMCID: PMC9270298 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
pPPO16, the first Ea-inducible promoter cloned from apple, can be a useful component of intragenic strategies to create fire blight resistant apple genotypes. Intragenesis is an important alternative to transgenesis to produce modified plants containing native DNA only. A key point to develop such a strategy is the availability of regulatory sequences controlling the expression of the gene of interest. With the aim of finding apple gene promoters either inducible by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora (Ea) or moderately constitutive, we focused on polyphenoloxidase genes (PPO). These genes encode oxidative enzymes involved in many physiological processes and have been previously shown to be upregulated during the Ea infection process. We found ten PPO and two PPO-like sequences in the apple genome and characterized the promoters of MdPPO16 (pPPO16) and MdKFDV02 PPO-like (pKFDV02) for their potential as Ea-inducible and low-constitutive regulatory sequences, respectively. Expression levels of reporter genes fused to these promoters and transiently or stably expressed in apple were quantified after various treatments. Unlike pKFDV02 which displayed a variable activity, pPPO16 allowed a fast and strong expression of transgenes in apple following Ea infection in a Type 3 Secretion System dependent manner. Altogether our results does not confirmed pKFDV02 as a constitutive and weak promoter whereas pPPO16, the first Ea-inducible promoter cloned from apple, can be a useful component of intragenic strategies to create fire blight resistant apple genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gaucher
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Laura Righetti
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université François Rabelais, 31 avenue Monge, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Chevreau
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vergne
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000, Angers, France.
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Chavonet E, Gaucher M, Warneys R, Bodelot A, Heintz C, Juillard A, Cournol R, Widmalm G, Bowen JK, Hamiaux C, Brisset MN, Degrave A. Search for host defense markers uncovers an apple agglutination factor corresponding with fire blight resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1350-1368. [PMID: 34904175 PMCID: PMC8825249 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathenogenesis-related (PR) proteins are extensively used as molecular markers to dissect the signaling cascades leading to plant defense responses. However, studies focusing on the biochemical or biological properties of these proteins remain rare. Here, we identify and characterize a class of apple (Malus domestica) PR proteins, named M. domestica AGGLUTININS (MdAGGs), belonging to the amaranthin-like lectin family. By combining molecular and biochemical approaches, we show that abundant production of MdAGGs in leaf tissues corresponds with enhanced resistance to the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the disease fire blight. We also show that E. amylovora represses the expression of MdAGG genes by injecting the type 3 effector DspA/E into host cells and by secreting bacterial exopolysaccharides. Using a purified recombinant MdAGG, we show that the protein agglutinates E. amylovora cells in vitro and binds bacterial lipopolysaccharides at low pH, conditions reminiscent of the intercellular pH occurring in planta upon E. amylovora infection. We finally provide evidence that negatively charged polysaccharides, such as the free exopolysaccharide amylovoran progressively released by the bacteria, act as decoys relying on charge-charge interaction with the MdAGG to inhibit agglutination. Overall, our results suggest that the production of this particular class of PR proteins may contribute to apple innate immunity mechanisms active against E. amylovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Chavonet
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Matthieu Gaucher
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Romain Warneys
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Antoine Bodelot
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Christelle Heintz
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Anthony Juillard
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Raphaël Cournol
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Hamiaux
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Noëlle Brisset
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Alexandre Degrave
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
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Huang Y, Yu C, Sun C, Saleem M, Li P, Li B, Wang C. β-Glucosidase VmGlu2 Contributes to the Virulence of Valsa mali in Apple Tree. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695112. [PMID: 34394036 PMCID: PMC8361449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apple tree canker is caused by Valsa mali, which produces major pathogenic factors involving multiple cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins. The β-glucosidases are among the main CWDEs, and thus, they play important roles in the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens. However, the specific roles of β-glucosidases in the virulence of V. mlai remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a β-glucosidase gene, VmGlu2, which was upregulated during the V. mali infection. We found that VmGlu2 protein had high enzyme activity of β-glucosidase using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as a substrate, while the VmGlu2 could convert phloridzin to phloretin with the release of glucose. The deletion and overexpression of VmGlu2 showed no effect on vegetative growth, but gene deletion mutants of V. mlai showed significantly reduced pycnidia formation. The gene deletion mutants had lower β-glucosidase activities and toxin levels as compared to the wild-type strain. Therefore, these mutants showed a reduced virulence. Moreover, the overexpression of VmGlu2 did not affect toxin levels, but it significantly enhanced β-glucosidase activities, which resulted in an increased pathogenicity. Thus, we conclude that VmGlu2 is required for the full virulence of V. mali. These results provide valuable evidence to the complex role of CWDEs in the fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Pingliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Gao L, Gou N, Yuan E, Ren J. Bioactivity-Oriented Purification of Polyphenols from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. with Anti-Proliferation Effects on Colorectal Cancer Cells. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:561-568. [PMID: 32816145 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamomum cassia Presl. (CCP) is a popular natural spice possessing various pharmacological properties. We obtained polyphenol-rich fraction (CCP-P) from CCP by bioactivity-oriented purification method and evaluated its Wnt signaling inhibition activity. Firstly, the phenolic components were identified as the main bioactive compounds with anti-colorectal cancer activity. Then, we compared the anti-colorectal cancer activity of CCP extract obtained from different solvent by cell morphology alteration and EdU assay. Ethanol extract showed higher antiproliferative activity compared to water extract on HCT116 cells, with proliferating cells reducing to 41.12 and 21.83% at 156.00 μg GAE/mL, respectively. Next, separation and enrichment of polyphenols from ethanol extract was performed on AB-8 macroporous resins under optimal conditions. Further evaluation of the CCP-P bioactivity revealed that it exerted more potent antiproliferative activity on RKO and HCT116 cells, showing higher selectivity for Wnt-dependent colorectal cancer cells (CRCs). Ten major polyphenols were identified in the CCP-P by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In summary, this study presents evidence that CCP-derived polyphenols are promising potential candidates as functional food ingredients against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Gou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Erdong Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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Dare AP, Tomes S, McGhie TK, van Klink JW, Sandanayaka M, Hallett IC, Atkinson RG. Overexpression of chalcone isomerase in apple reduces phloridzin accumulation and increases susceptibility to herbivory by two-spotted mites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:293-307. [PMID: 32096261 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Apples (Malus spp.) accumulate significant quantities of the dihydrochalcone glycoside, phloridzin, whilst pears (Pyrus spp.) do not. To explain this difference, we hypothesized that a metabolic bottleneck in the phenylpropanoid pathway might exist in apple. Expression analysis indicated that transcript levels of early phenylpropanoid pathway genes in apple and pear leaves were similar, except for chalcone isomerase (CHI), which was much lower in apple. Apples also showed very low CHI activity compared with pear. To relieve the bottleneck at CHI, transgenic apple plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis AtCHI gene were produced. Unlike other transgenic apples where phenylpropanoid flux was manipulated, AtCHI overexpression (CHIox) plants were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type, except for an increase in red pigmentation in expanding leaves. CHIox plants accumulated slightly increased levels of flavanols and flavan-3-ols in the leaves, but the major change was a 2.8- to 19-fold drop in phloridzin concentrations compared with wild-type. The impact of these phytochemical changes on insect preference was studied using a two-choice leaf assay with the polyphagous apple pest, the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Transgenic CHIox leaves were more susceptible to herbivory, an effect that could be reversed (complemented) by application of phloridzin to transgenic leaves. Taken together, these findings shed new light on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in apple and suggest a new physiological role for phloridzin as an antifeedant in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - John W van Klink
- PFR Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Manoharie Sandanayaka
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Fire Blight Disease Detection for Apple Trees: Hyperspectral Analysis of Healthy, Infected and Dry Leaves. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12132101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effective and rapid detection of Fire Blight, an important bacterial disease caused by the quarantine pest E.amylovora, is crucial for today’s horticulture. This study explored the application of non-invasive proximal hyperspectral remote sensing (RS) in order to differentiate the healthy (H), infected (I) and dry (D) leaves of apple trees. Analysis of variance was employed in order to determine which hyperspectral narrow spectral bands exhibited the most significant differences. Spectral signatures for the range of 400–2500 nm were acquired with Thermo Scientific Evolution 220 and iS50NIR spectrometers. The selected spectral bands were then used to evaluate several RS indices, including ARI (Anthocyanin Reflectance Index), RDVI (Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index), MSR (Modified Simple Ratio) and NRI (Nitrogen Reflectance Index), for Fire Blight detection in apple tree leaves. Furthermore, a new index was proposed, namely QFI. The spectral indices were tested on apple trees infected by Fire Blight in a quarantine greenhouse. Results indicated that the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) band located at 1450 nm was able to distinguish (I) and (H) leaves, while the SWIR band at 1900 nm differentiated all three leaf types. Moreover, tests using the Pearson correlation indicated that ARI, MSR and QFI exhibited the highest correlations with the infection progress. Our results prove that our hyperspectral remote sensing technique is able to differentiate (H), (I) and (D) leaves of apple trees for the reliable and precise detection of Fire Blight.
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10
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Jain A, Sarsaiya S, Wu Q, Lu Y, Shi J. A review of plant leaf fungal diseases and its environment speciation. Bioengineered 2020; 10:409-424. [PMID: 31502497 PMCID: PMC6779379 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1649520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing difficulty in identifying new plant leaf diseases as a result of environmental change. There is a need to identify the factors influencing the emergence and the increasing incidences of these diseases. Here, we present emerging fungal plant leaf diseases and describe their environmental speciation. We considered the factors controlling for local adaptation associated with environmental speciation. We determined that the advent of emergent fungal leaf diseases is closely connected to environmental speciation. Fungal pathogens targeting the leaves may adversely affect the entire plant body. To mitigate the injury caused by these pathogens, it is necessary to be able to detect and identify them early in the infection process. In this way, their distribution, virulence, incidence, and severity could be attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Jain
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou , China.,Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Yuanfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , Guizhou , China
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Zhou K, Hu L, Li P, Gong X, Ma F. Genome-wide identification of glycosyltransferases converting phloretin to phloridzin in Malus species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 265:131-145. [PMID: 29223335 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phloridzin (phloretin 2'-O-glucoside) is the most abundant phenolic compound in Malus species, accounting for up to 18% of the dry weight in leaves. Glycosylation of phloretin at the 2' position is the last and key step in phloridzin biosynthesis. It is catalyzed by a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose:phloretin 2'-O-glucosyltransferase (P2'GT), which directly determines the concentration of phloridzin. However, this process is poorly understood. We conducted a large-scale investigation of phloridzin accumulations in leaves from 64 Malus species and cultivars. To identify the responsible P2'GT, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the expression patterns of UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase genes (UGTs). Two candidates were screened preliminarily in Malus spp. cv. Adams (North American Begonia). Results from further qRT-PCR analyses of the genotypes showed a divergence in phloridzin production. Our assays of enzyme activity also suggested that MdUGT88F4 and MdUGT88F1 regulate the conversion of phloretin to phloridzin in Malus plants. Finally, when they were silenced in 'GL-3' ('Royal Gala'), the concentrations of phloridzin and phloretin (and trilobatin) were significantly reduced and increased, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Dare AP, Yauk YK, Tomes S, McGhie TK, Rebstock RS, Cooney JM, Atkinson RG. Silencing a phloretin-specific glycosyltransferase perturbs both general phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:237-250. [PMID: 28370633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The polyphenol profile of apple (Malus × domestica) is dominated by the dihydrochalcone glycoside phloridzin, but its physiological role is yet to be elucidated. Biosynthesis of phloridzin occurs as a side branch of the main phenylpropanoid pathway, with the final step mediated by the phloretin-specific glycosyltransferase UGT88F1. Unexpectedly, given that UGTs are sometimes viewed as 'decorating enzymes', UGT88F1 knockdown lines were severely dwarfed, with greatly reduced internode lengths, narrow lanceolate leaves, and changes in leaf and fruit cellular morphology. These changes suggested that auxin transport had been altered in the knockdown lines, which was confirmed in assays showing that auxin flux from the shoot apex was increased in the transgenic lines. Metabolite analysis revealed no accumulation of the phloretin aglycone, as well as decreases in many non-target phenylpropanoid compounds. This decreased accumulation of metabolites appeared to be mediated by the repression of the phenylpropanoid pathway via a reduction in key transcript levels (e.g. phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL) and enzyme activities (PAL and chalcone synthase). Application of exogenous phloridzin to the UGT88F1 knockdown lines in tissue culture enhanced axial leaf growth and partially restored some aspects of 'normal' apple leaf growth. Together, our results strongly implicate dihydrochalcones as critical compounds in modulating phenylpropanoid pathway flux and establishing auxin patterning early in apple development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yar-Khing Yauk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ria S Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Hutabarat OS, Flachowsky H, Regos I, Miosic S, Kaufmann C, Faramarzi S, Alam MZ, Gosch C, Peil A, Richter K, Hanke MV, Treutter D, Stich K, Halbwirth H. Transgenic apple plants overexpressing the chalcone 3-hydroxylase gene of Cosmos sulphureus show increased levels of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and reduced susceptibility to apple scab and fire blight. PLANTA 2016; 243:1213-24. [PMID: 26895335 PMCID: PMC4837221 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Overexpression of chalcone-3-hydroxylase provokes increased accumulation of 3-hydroxyphloridzin in Malus . Decreased flavonoid concentrations but unchanged flavonoid class composition were observed. The increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents correlate well with reduced susceptibility to fire blight and scab. The involvement of dihydrochalcones in the apple defence mechanism against pathogens is discussed but unknown biosynthetic steps in their formation hamper studies on their physiological relevance. The formation of 3-hydroxyphloretin is one of the gaps in the pathway. Polyphenol oxidases and cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes could be involved. Hydroxylation of phloretin in position 3 has high similarity to the B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids catalysed by the well-known flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H). Using recombinant F3'H and chalcone 3-hydroxylase (CH3H) from Cosmos sulphureus we show that F3'H and CH3H accept phloretin to some extent but higher conversion rates are obtained with CH3H. To test whether CH3H catalyzes the hydroxylation of dihydrochalcones in planta and if this could be of physiological relevance, we created transgenic apple trees harbouring CH3H from C. sulphureus. The three transgenic lines obtained showed lower polyphenol concentrations but no shift between the main polyphenol classes dihydrochalcones, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavan 3-ols. Increase of 3-hydroxyphloridzin within the dihydrochalcones and of epicatechin/catechin within soluble flavan 3-ols were observed. Decreased activity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase could partially explain the lower polyphenol concentrations. In comparison to the parent line, the transgenic CH3H-lines showed a lower disease susceptibility to fire blight and apple scab that correlated with the increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olly Sanny Hutabarat
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ionela Regos
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Silvija Miosic
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Kaufmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shadab Faramarzi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammed Zobayer Alam
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gosch
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peil
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn-Institut, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Treutter
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Karl Stich
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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