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Biochemical Characterization and Function of Eight Microbial Type Terpene Synthases from Lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020605. [PMID: 33435353 PMCID: PMC7826640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selaginella moellendorffii is a lycophyte, a member of an ancient vascular plant lineage. Two distinct types of terpene synthase (TPS) genes were identified from this species, including S. moellendorffii TPS genes (SmTPSs) and S. moellendorffii microbial TPS-like genes (SmMTPSLs). The goal of this study was to investigate the biochemical functions of SmMTPSLs. Here, eight full-length SmMTPSL genes (SmMTPSL5, -15, -19, -23, -33, -37, -46, and -47) were functionally characterized from S. moellendorffii. Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant SmMTPSLs were tested for monoterpenes synthase and sesquiterpenes synthase activities. These enzymatic products were typical monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes that have been previous shown to be generated by typical plant TPSs when provided with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as the substrates. Meanwhile, SmMTPSL23, -33, and -37 were up-regulated when induced by alamethicin (ALA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), suggesting a role for these genes in plants response to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, this study pointed out that the terpenoids products of SmMTPSL23, -33, and -37 have an antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Staphylococcus aureus. Taken together, these results provide more information about the catalytic and biochemical function of SmMTPSLs in S. moellendorffii plants.
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Wang PY, Ni R, Zhu TT, Sun CJ, Lou HX, Zhang X, Cheng AX. Isolation and functional characterization of four microbial type terpene synthases from ferns. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:716-724. [PMID: 32862021 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Typical plant terpene synthases (TPSs) are responsible for the production of terpenes, a major class of plant secondary metabolites. However, various nonseed plants also harbor genes encoding microbial terpene synthase-like (MTPSL) enzymes. Here, a scan of 31 ferns transcriptomes revealed 40 sequences putatively encoding MTPSLs. Two groups of sequences were recognized based on the key conserved motifs. Four representative genes were isolated from each of the four species Adiantum capillus-veneris, Cyclosorus parasiticus, Drynaria bonii and Microlepia platyphylla. Following their heterologous expression in E. coli, the recombinant proteins were tested for monoterpene synthase and sesquiterpene synthase activity. These enzymatic products were typical monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes that have been previous shown to be generated by classical plant TPSs when provided with GPP and FPP as substrates. Subcellular localization experiments in the leaf epidermis of Nicotiana benthamiana and onion (Allium cepa) inner epidermal cells indicated that AcMTPSL1 and DbMTPSL were deposited in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas CpMTPSL1 and MpMTPSL were localized in the cytoplasm, chloroplasts and nucleus. AcMTPSL1 was up-regulated in plants exposed to methyl jasmonate treatment, suggesting a role for this gene in host defense. This study provides more information about the catalytic function of MTPSLs in nonseed plants and for the first time, the subcellular localization of MTPSLs was experimentally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chun-Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Cloning, functional characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS5 from Lilium 'Siberia'. Gene 2020; 756:144921. [PMID: 32593719 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lilium 'Siberia' is a perennial herbaceous plant that is commercially significant because of its snowy white floral color and appealing scent which is mainly due to the presence of monoterpenes and benzoids compounds in floral volatile profile. In the current study, LoTPS5 was cloned and functionally characterized. Results revealed that LoTPS5 specifically generates squalene from FPP, whereas no product was produced when it was incubated with GPP or GGPP. The subcellular localization experiment showed that LoTPS5 was located in plastids. Furthermore, LoTPS5 showed its high expression in the leaf followed by petals and sepals of the flower. Moreover, the expression of LoTPS5 gradually increased from the bud stage and peak at the full-bloom stage. Besides, LoTPS5 showed a diurnal circadian rhythmic pattern with a peak in the afternoon (16:00) followed by deep night (24:00) and morning (8:00), respectively. LoTPS5 is highly responsive to mechanical wounding by rapidly elevating its mRNA transcript level. The current study will provide significant information for future studies of terpenoid and squalene biosynthesis in Lilium 'Siberia'.
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Fu J, Liu G, Yang M, Wang X, Chen X, Chen F, Yang Y. Isolation and functional analysis of squalene synthase gene in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:53-58. [PMID: 31272035 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea contains high quantities and diverse types of triterpenoids, particularly in the form of saponins. However, little is yet known about the molecular basis of triterpenoid biosynthesis in tea plant. Here we report on isolation and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) gene from tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis), which controls the biosynthesis of triterpenoids precursor. First, a full-length cDNA of squalene synthase, designated CsSQS, was isolated from tea plant. The protein is highly homologous to SQSs from other plants. Using CsSQS-reporter assays, CsSQS was demonstrated to be endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound. The coding region of CsSQS excluding transmemberane sequence was expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant CsSQS catalyzed the formation of squalene using farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP) as substrate with NADPH and Mg2+. In tea plant leaves, CsSQS expression was significantly induced by both herbivore and mechanical damages. Consistent with the stronger induction of CsSQS expression by mechanical damage than herbivory, tea plants injured mechanically released squalene as a volatile compound, which however was not detected from herbivore-damaged tea plants. Furthermore, it was found that the flowers of another tea plant cultivar Camellia sinensis var. assamica contain higher concentrations of squalene than the cultivar sinensis, indicating variations among tea plant varieties. With the identification and molecular characterization of squalene synthase in tea plant, next, we can ask the questions about the roles of squalene as a volatile product as well as a precursor for triterpenoids, which may promote product development from diverse tea materials and mining of excellent tea germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guanhua Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Liu G, Fu J. Squalene synthase cloning and functional identification in wintersweet plant (Chimonanthus zhejiangensis). BOTANICAL STUDIES 2018; 59:30. [PMID: 30539325 PMCID: PMC6289936 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-018-0246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three species of wintersweets: Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu, Chimonanthus zhejiangensis M. C. Liu and Chimonanthus grammalus M. C. Liu are widely distributed in China. The three wintersweets belonging to the genus of Chimonanthus that can synthesize abundant terpenoids that are beneficial to human health. Their buds and leaves are traditional Chinese herb applied by the 'She' ethnic minority in southeast of China. Squalene is a multi-functional and ubiquitous triterpene in plants, which is biosynthesized by squalene synthase (SQS) using farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) as the substrate. The synthesis of squalene in wintersweet was not clearly. This work would provide us much help to further understand the terpene metabolism in wintersweet and its health function to people at phytochemistry and molecular levels. RESULTS In this study, we identified squalene component in the extractions of leaves of three wintersweets and isolated SQS genes from leaf transcriptomes. The three SQSs were highly conservative, so CzSQS from C. zhejiangensis was just determined the enzymatic activity. The in vitro expressed CzSQS that deleted two transmembrane domains could catalyze FPP to generate squalene with the presence of NADPH and Mg2+. CONCLUSIONS The squalene was one of wintersweet leaves phytochemicals. The squalene synthases of three wintersweet plants were highly conserved. The CzSQS was capable to catalyze two FPP molecules to squalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang D, Rong Q, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Shen Y, Guo J, Yang Y, Zha L, Wu H, Huang L, Liu C. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SS) in Panax notoginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 95:658-666. [PMID: 27884675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which is a used traditional Chinese medicine known as Sanqi or Tianqi in China, is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the triterpene saponins. Squalene synthase (SS: EC 2.5.1.21) catalyzes the first enzymatic step from the central isoprenoid pathway toward sterol and triterpenoid biosynthesis. In this study, SS from P. notoginseng was cloned and investigated followed by its recombinant expression and preliminary enzyme activity. The nucleotide sequence of the ORF contains 1 248 nucleotides and encodes 415 amino acid residues with molecular weight of 47.16kDa and pI of 6.50. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the deduced PnSS protein had a high similarity with other plant squalene synthases. To obtain soluble recombinant enzymes, 29 hydrophobic amino acids were deleted from the carboxy terminus and expressed as GST-Tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Approximately 66.46kDa recombinant protein was checked on SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis. Preliminary activity of the resultant bacterial crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The identification and function of PnSS is important for further studies of the triterpene saponins biosynthesis in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qixian Rong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huixiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Rong Q, Jiang D, Chen Y, Shen Y, Yuan Q, Lin H, Zha L, Zhang Y, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of Squalene Synthase 2(SQS2) in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1274. [PMID: 27605932 PMCID: PMC4996051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which is also known as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the diterpene quinone Tanshinones. In addition to producing a variety of diterpene quinone, S. miltiorrhiza Bunge also accumulates sterol, brassinosteroid and triterpenoids. During their biosynthesis, squalene synthase (SQS, EC 2.5.1.21) converts two molecules of the hydrophilic substrate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into a hydrophobic product, squalene. In the present study, cloning and characterization of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge squalene synthase 2 (SmSQS2, Genbank Accession Number: KM408605) cDNA was investigated subsequently followed by its recombinant expression and preliminary enzyme activity. The full-length cDNA of SmSQS2 was 1 597 bp in length, with an open reading frame of 1 245 bp encoding 414 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of SmSQS2 shared high similarity with those of SQSs from other plants. To obtain soluble recombinant enzymes, the truncated SmSQS2 in which 28 amino acids were deleted from the carboxy terminus was expressed as GST-Tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis, and the resultant bacterial crude extract was incubated with FPP and NADPH. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis showed that squalene was detected in the in vitro reaction mixture. The gene expression level was analyzed through Quantitative real-time PCR, and was found to be higher in roots as compared to the leaves, and was up-regulated upon YE+ Ag(+) treatment. These results could serve as an important to understand the function of the SQS family. In addition, the identification of SmSQS2 is important for further studies of terpenoid and sterol biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza Bunge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Rong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchang, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huixin Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Luqi Huang,
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