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Lugonja N, Marinković V, Pucarević M, Miletić S, Stojić N, Crnković D, Vrvić M. Human Milk-The Biofluid That Nourishes Infants from the First Day of Life. Foods 2024; 13:1298. [PMID: 38731669 PMCID: PMC11083309 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human milk is a biofluid with a unique composition among mammalian milks. Besides this milk's major components, its bioactive compounds, like hormones, immune factors, and oligosaccharides, are unique and important for infant growth and development. The best form of nutrition for term and preterm infants is the mother's own milk. However, in the absence of the mother's own milk, donor milk should be made available. Milk banks support neonatal intensive care units by providing preterm infants with human milk that generally has reasonable nutritive value for this sensitive population. However, neither mother's own milk nor donor milk has sufficient energy content for the growth of preterm babies, so adequate human milk supplementation is crucial for their progress. Due to the different characteristics of human breast milk, as well as ubiquitous environmental pollutants, such as microplastics, new methods are required for monitoring the quality and characteristics of human milk, which will lay a solid foundation for the further development and progress of human milk research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Lugonja
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Marinković
- Institute of Neonatology, Kralja Milutina 50, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Mira Pucarević
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (M.P.); (N.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Srdjan Miletić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nataša Stojić
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (M.P.); (N.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Dragan Crnković
- City Public Health Institute of Belgrade, Blvd. Despot Stefana 54a, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Miroslav Vrvić
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (M.P.); (N.S.); (M.V.)
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2
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Larobina C, Muller A, Templeton I, Sweet L. Community Practices, Published Guidelines, and Evidence Base Surrounding Breast Milk Handling and Storage: A Qualitative Study. Breastfeed Med 2024; 19:187-196. [PMID: 38386986 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Background: Expressed breast milk (EBM) is the best alternative to direct breastfeeding. However, expressing breast milk requires good milk handling and storage practices to preserve EBM safety and integrity. Mothers require handling and storage guidance, and many seek this from the internet and online support groups. Aim: This study aimed at exploring EBM handling and storage practices within an online exclusively expressing community and comparing these with both internet resources and evidence-based research. Methods: A naturalistic observational design was used. Content analysis was undertaken on 10,000 posts from an Australian Facebook peer-support community for women who exclusively express breast milk. Women's questions, reported practices, and advice for EBM handling and storage were analyzed thematically and compared with both guidelines and evidence-based research. Findings: There were 460 posts on EBM handling and storage. Three key themes emerged: "How should I store my EBM?," "How long can I store my EBM?," and "How do I use my EBM?" The greatest consistency and agreement between recommendations and community practices were found for storage methods, whereas the least was found for storage times. EBM handling and storage practices were influenced by factors such as EBM value, convenience, and cost, leading to occasional deviations from consistent practice recommendations. Conclusion: To facilitate safe EBM handling and continuation of expression, guidelines should be updated so they are consistent, align with current evidence, and cater to mothers' cost, convenience, and milk wastage concerns. Health care providers can partner with women to evaluate online information to empower mothers in their decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Larobina
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda Muller
- Flinders University College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Isobel Templeton
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Linda Sweet
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Western Health Partnership, Victoria, Australia
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Petersohn I, Hellinga AH, van Lee L, Keukens N, Bont L, Hettinga KA, Feskens EJM, Brouwer-Brolsma EM. Maternal diet and human milk composition: an updated systematic review. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1320560. [PMID: 38352250 PMCID: PMC10862141 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1320560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months after birth provides infants with the best start for life. A review by Bravi et al. summarized the importance of maternal diet as a determinant of human milk composition based on data up to 2015, but evidence on nutrient intake level was limited. Objective We updated the review by Bravi et al., critically assessed differences in study designs and sampling methods, and graphically visualized trends and associations. Data sources PubMed was systematically searched for articles published between January 2015 and March 2021. Data extraction Article screening, selection, and data extraction was done by two independent researchers, including a risk of bias assessment based on 11 criteria. Articles were eligible when including: quantitative information, commonly used effect estimates, healthy mother-infant dyads. Results Twenty seven observational and five intervention studies were identified (n = 7,138) and combined with results of Bravi et al. Fatty acids were still the most studied human milk components in relation to maternal diet (n = 17 studies) with maternal fish intake being predominantly positively associated with milk ALA (r = 0.28-0.42), DHA (r = 0.24-0.46), and EPA (r = 0.25-0.28) content. PUFAs from diet were generally positively correlated with their concentrations in milk, while SFA intake was negatively associated with several fatty acids in milk. Studies on associations with maternal diet and milk carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals were limited in number and varied in methods and results. Conclusion This updated review shows that evidence on the association between maternal diet and human milk fatty acids is rapidly increasing, but still diversified in methodology and results. Further studies, preferably intervention studies, assessing diet and milk carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals are needed to be able draw conclusions on the importance of maternal diet for human milk composition as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Petersohn
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Ausnutria BV, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Anneke H. Hellinga
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Nicole Keukens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Kasper A. Hettinga
- Division of Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edith J. M. Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Gao C, Guo Y, Huang M, He J, Qiu X. Breast Milk Constituents and the Development of Breast Milk Jaundice in Neonates: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102261. [PMID: 37242142 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is tailored for optimal growth in all infants; however, in some infants, it is related to a unique phenomenon referred to as breast milk jaundice (BMJ). BMJ is a type of prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia that is often late onset in otherwise healthy-appearing newborns, and its occurrence might be related to breast milk itself. This review aims to systematically evaluate evidence regarding breast milk composition and the development of BMJ in healthy neonates. PubMed, Scopus and Embase were searched up to 13 February 2023 with key search terms, including neonates, hyperbilirubinemia, and breastfeeding. A total of 678 unique studies were identified and 12 were ultimately included in the systematic review with narrative synthesis. These included studies covered both nutritional compositions (e.g., fats and proteins) and bioactive factors (e.g., enzymes and growth factors) of breast milk and formally assessed the difference in the concentration (or presence) of various endogenous components of breast milk collected from mothers of BMJ infants and healthy infants. The results were inconsistent and inconclusive for most of the substances of interest, and there was only a single study available (e.g., total energy and mineral content, bile salts and cytokines); conflicting or even contradictory results arose when there were two or more studies on the subject matter (e.g., fats and free fatty acids contents and epidermal growth factor). The etiology of BMJ is likely multifactorial, and no single constituent of breast milk could explain all the BMJ cases observed. Further well-designed studies are warranted to investigate the complex interaction between maternal physiology, the breast milk system and infant physiology before this field could be progressed to uncover the etiology of BMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yixin Guo
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Mingxi Huang
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Jianrong He
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Women's Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Clinical Specialty of Women and Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xiu Qiu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Women's Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Clinical Specialty of Women and Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structure Birth Defect Disease and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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5
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Ma Y, Li J, Huang Y, Liu X, Dou N, Zhang X, Hou J, Ma J. Physicochemical stability and in vitro digestibility of goat milk affected by freeze-thaw cycles. Food Chem 2023; 404:134646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kaya Ö, Çınar N. The effects of freezing and thawing on mature human milk's contains: A systematic review. Midwifery 2023; 118:103519. [PMID: 36641969 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2022.103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review on the effects of freezing and thawing mature human milk at -18 to -20°C for different periods of time on the macronutrients, micronutrients and bioactive content of milk. DESIGN Before starting the research, the study protocol was recorded in the 'PROSPERO' database. Eleven databases were searched, and eight studies were included in this review. The articles were published between January 2010 and June 2020. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS Total protein content increased when milk was frozen for 2 days, but this decreased significantly when milk was frozen for >1 week. Total carbohydrate content also increased when milk was frozen for 2 days, and no significant change was observed when milk was frozen for >1 week. Energy content decreased when milk was frozen for >8 weeks. Total fat content decreased as the freezing period of milk increased, and total free fatty acid content increased. Thirty days of freezing led to a non-significant decrease in the vitamin E content of milk. Freezing did not lead to changes in immunological factors in human milk, but decreases in glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant capacity and lactoferrin were observed. KEY CONCLUSIONS In order to maintain the nutritional and immunological properties of human milk after freezing and thawing, families, especially mothers, should be informed about the effects of storing milk this way. After expressing milk, it is recommended that the date should be written on the freezer bag, so that milk is frozen for a shorter period of time before use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Kaya
- Sakarya University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Nursan Çınar
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
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Tran LC, Marousez L, De Lamballerie M, McCulloch S, Hermann E, Gottrand F, Ley D, Lesage J. The metabolome of human milk is altered differentially by Holder pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure processing. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1107054. [PMID: 36891163 PMCID: PMC9987212 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1107054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk metabolome is composed of hundreds of molecules that can impact infant development. In preterm infants, sterilized donor milk (DM) is frequently used for their feeding. We aimed to identify differences in the metabolome of DM after two types of milk sterilization: the Holder pasteurization (HoP) and a high hydrostatic pressure (HP) processing. DM samples were sterilized by HoP (62.5°C for 30 min) or processed by HP (350 MPa at 38°C). 595 milk metabolites were analyzed using an untargeted metabolomic analysis. Both treatments differentially altered several classes of compounds. The major changes noted included decreased levels of free fatty acids, phospholipid metabolites, and sphingomyelins. Decreases were more strongly noted in HP samples rather than in HoP ones. Both HoP and HP treatments increased the levels of ceramides and nucleotide compounds. The sterilization of human milk altered its metabolome especially for lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Chantal Tran
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Lucie Marousez
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Hermann
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Jeanne de Flandre Children’s Hospital, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Ley
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Jeanne de Flandre Children’s Hospital, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Lesage
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Wu D, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Shi J, Tan CP, Zheng Z, Liu Y. Lipid Profiles of Human Milk and Infant Formulas: A Comparative Lipidomics Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030600. [PMID: 36766129 PMCID: PMC9914114 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formulas (IFs) are prevalent alternatives for human milk (HM), although their comparative lipid profiles have not been fully investigated. We adopted lipidomics to analyze and compare in-depth the lipid patterns of HM and IFs. The results indicated that the distribution of fatty acids (FAs) and the structure of triacylglycerols varied substantially in the analyzed samples. A total number of 425 species were identified during the analysis. HM was abundant in triacylglycerols that contained unsaturated and long-chain FAs (>C13), while triacylglycerols in IFs were mainly comprised of saturated and medium-chain FAs (C8-C13). Higher levels of sphingomyelin were observed in HM. Furthermore, HM and IF1 contained 67 significantly differential lipids (SDLs), and 73 were identified between HM and IF2. These SDLs were closely associated with nine metabolic pathways, of which the most significant was the glycerophospholipid metabolism. The results shed light on the differences between the lipid profiles of human and infant formula milks, and provide support for designing Chinese infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Akhgar CK, Ramos-Garcia V, Nürnberger V, Moreno-Giménez A, Kuligowski J, Rosenberg E, Schwaighofer A, Lendl B. Solvent-Free Lipid Separation and Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy for Fast and Green Fatty Acid Profiling of Human Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233906. [PMID: 36496714 PMCID: PMC9741076 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the first mid-infrared (IR)-based method capable of simultaneously predicting concentrations of individual fatty acids (FAs) and relevant sum parameters in human milk (HM). Representative fat fractions of 50 HM samples were obtained by rapid, two-step centrifugation and subsequently measured with attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy. Partial least squares models were compiled for the acquired IR spectra with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference data. External validation showed good results particularly for the most important FA sum parameters and the following individual FAs: C12:0 (R2P = 0.96), C16:0 (R2P = 0.88), C18:1cis (R2P = 0.92), and C18:2cis (R2P = 0.92). Based on the obtained results, the effect of different clinical parameters on the HM FA profile was investigated, indicating a change of certain sum parameters over the course of lactation. Finally, assessment of the method's greenness revealed clear superiority compared to GC-MS methods. The reported method thus represents a high-throughput, green alternative to resource-intensive established techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Karim Akhgar
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Ramos-Garcia
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanessa Nürnberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Alba Moreno-Giménez
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-58801-15140
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Zielinska-Pukos MA, Bryś J, Wesolowska A, Hamulka J. Breastmilk PUFA strongly associated with maternal dietary intake but not anthropometric parameters and breastmilk carotenoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102505. [PMID: 36279603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the optimal n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio are essential for proper neurodevelopment in infancy. This study aimed to evaluate the association between breastmilk fatty acid intake and maternal dietary intake, anthropometrics and breastmilk carotenoid levels. METHODS This observational, prospective study included 44 women in the first, third, and sixth month of lactation. At each study visit, maternal anthropometric measures were assessed and breastmilk samples were collected and assessed for fatty acids and carotenoids. At the third and sixth month, maternal diet was evaluated by three-day foods record. RESULTS Mean breastmilk docosahexaenoic (DHA) was 0.58%, 0.47%, and 0.49%, respectively at the 1, 3, and 6 month (p ≤ 0.05). Mean DHA intake were higher in month 3 compared to 6: 357 vs. 169 mg/day. Pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with SFA, PUFA, and n-6 PUFA at 1 month, whereas current BMI to SFA at months 1 and 3. DHA was correlated with lycopene, total carotenoids at 1 month and total carotenoids at month 3, whereas n-3 PUFA to lycopene at 1 month. DHA, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA and saturated (SFA) levels were associated with its dietary intake both at months 3 and 6, AA/DHA and LA/ALA ratios only at month 3. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intake of PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were a good predictor of its breastmilk composition, whereas pre-pregnancy and current BMI, as well as breastmilk carotenoids had a limited influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zielinska-Pukos
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Bryś
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska St. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Ahuja JKC, Casavale KO, Li Y, Hopperton KE, Chakrabarti S, Hines EP, Brooks SPJ, Bondy GS, MacFarlane AJ, Weiler HA, Wu X, Borghese MM, Ahluwalia N, Cheung W, Vargas AJ, Arteaga S, Lombo T, Fisher MM, Hayward D, Pehrsson PR. Perspective: Human Milk Composition and Related Data for National Health and Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2098-2114. [PMID: 36084013 PMCID: PMC9776678 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
National health and nutrition monitoring is an important federal effort in the United States and Canada, and the basis for many of their nutrition and health policies. Understanding of child exposures through human milk (HM) remains out of reach due to lack of current and representative data on HM's composition and intake volume. This article provides an overview of the current national health and nutrition monitoring activities for HM-fed children, HM composition (HMC) and volume data used for exposure assessment, categories of potential measures in HM, and associated variability factors. In this Perspective, we advocate for a framework for collection and reporting of HMC data for national health and nutrition monitoring and programmatic needs, including a shared vision for a publicly available Human Milk Composition Data Repository (HMCD-R) to include essential metadata associated with HMC. HMCD-R can provide a central, integrated platform for researchers and public health officials for compiling, evaluating, and sharing HMC data. The compiled compositional and metadata in HMCD-R would provide pertinent measures of central tendency and variability and allow use of modeling techniques to approximate compositional profiles for subgroups, providing more accurate exposure assessments for purposes of monitoring and surveillance. HMC and related metadata could facilitate understanding the complexity and variability of HM composition, provide crucial data for assessment of infant and maternal nutritional needs, and inform public health policies, food and nutrition programs, and clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K C Ahuja
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Kellie O Casavale
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhadeep Chakrabarti
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin P Hines
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen P J Brooks
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Genevieve S Bondy
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J MacFarlane
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hope A Weiler
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xianli Wu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael M Borghese
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Namanjeet Ahluwalia
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Winnie Cheung
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley J Vargas
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonia Arteaga
- Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tania Lombo
- Maternal Adolescent Pediatric Research Branch, Prevention Science Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mandy M Fisher
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Hayward
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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12
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Ten-Doménech I, Ramos-Garcia V, Moreno-Torres M, Parra-Llorca A, Gormaz M, Vento M, Kuligowski J, Quintás G. The effect of Holder pasteurization on the lipid and metabolite composition of human milk. Food Chem 2022; 384:132581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Advancement of omics techniques for chemical profile analysis and authentication of milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Kouhsari F, Saberi F, Kowalczewski PŁ, Lorenzo JM, Kieliszek M. Effect of the various fats on the structural characteristics of the hard dough biscuit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Çınar N, Karakaya Suzan Ö, Kaya Ö, Karataş H, Duken ME. Investigation of the Effect of Human Milk Expression Techniques on Milk Content: A Systematic Review. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6490899. [PMID: 34971400 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND If the mother and infant cannot meet after birth, it is recommended to express milk and give it to the infant. There was evidence indicating that there might be decrease in essential nutrient values in human milk content depending on the expression technique in literature. The goal of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of human milk expression techniques on the macronutrient milk content and establish an evidence base for future studies. METHODS Studies investigating the effect of human milk expression techniques on milk content were reviewed without year limitations. A literature review was conducted in six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL and Cochrane) until 30 May 2021, using the keywords of breast milk expression techniques, milk content and breast milk pumping. RESULTS From 258 articles initially screened, we included 6 articles in the systematic review. The fat, protein and lactose content of human milk was analyzed in the studies reviewed. It was concluded that there was no significant effect on the protein (9.7-9.8 g/dl and 2.1-2.1 g/dl, respectively) and lactose (6.50-6.53% and 6.1-6.1 g/dl, respectively) content of milk. However, the fat (58.30, 48.81g/l; 2.6-2.2 g/dl) content was affected. CONCLUSIONS This study investigated the effect of milk expression techniques on the macronutrient content of human milk, and it was concluded that there was no significant effect on the protein and carbohydrate content of milk. However, the fat content was affected. Limitation of this study is that some factors that might affect the content of human milk were not standardized sufficiently in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursan Çınar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Esentepe Campus, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - Özge Karakaya Suzan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Esentepe Campus, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - Özge Kaya
- Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Health Care Vocational School, Department of Anesthesia, Topkapi Campus, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Hülya Karataş
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Harran University, Urfa 63300, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Duken
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Harran University, Urfa 63300, Turkey
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16
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Hopperton KE, Pitino MA, Chouinard-Watkins R, Shama S, Sammut N, Bando N, Williams BA, Walton K, Kiss A, Unger SL, Bazinet RP, O'Connor DL. Determinants of fatty acid content and composition of human milk fed to infants born weighing <1250 g. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1523-1534. [PMID: 34254983 PMCID: PMC8488876 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants born at very low birth weight (VLBW) are vulnerable to deficits in fatty acids (FAs) but little is known of factors that influence the intakes or composition of their human milk feeds. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify sources of variability in the fat composition of human milk fed to VLBW infants and examine the impact of milk source (mother's own or donor) on fat and FA intakes. METHODS Serial samples of mother's milk (n = 476) and donor milk (n = 53) fed to infants born weighing <1250 g (n = 114 infants from 100 mothers) were collected [Optimizing Mothers' Milk for Preterm Infants (OptiMoM) randomized clinical trial]. Fat and FA were analyzed using a mid-infrared human milk analyzer and GC with flame ionization detection. RESULTS At full enteral feeding, donor milk is estimated to provide 1.3 g · kg-1 · d-1 less total fat than mature mother's milk (recommended intake: 4.8 g · kg-1 · d-1), and 5-9 mg · kg-1 · d-1 less DHA (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) (estimated average requirement: 55-60 and 35-45 mg · kg-1 · d-1, respectively) than colostrum or transitional milk. Similar deficits were observed in measured intakes of a subset of OptiMoM infants. In multivariable-adjusted models, maternal ethnicity had medium to large [≥0.5 SD score (SDS)] effects on DHA, SFAs, and MUFAs. Mothers with prepregnancy BMI in overweight and obese categories had higher milk total fat (β: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.61 and β: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.77 SDS, respectively). Those with BMI ≥30 in addition had higher proportions of SFAs (β: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.89 SDS) and lower DHA (β: -0.54; 95% CI: -0.89, -0.20 SDS). Other factors, such as gestational age and income, were also associated with FA composition. CONCLUSIONS The fat and FA content of human milk fed to VLBW infants is variable. Care must be taken to ensure fat and FA intakes meet recommendations, particularly when feeding a high proportion of donor milk.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02137473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Hopperton
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Pitino
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sara Shama
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Sammut
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Bando
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brock A Williams
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathryn Walton
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Evaluative and Clinical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and the Institute of Health Policy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon L Unger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Escuder-Vieco D, Rodríguez JM, Espinosa-Martos I, Corzo N, Montilla A, García-Serrano A, Calvo MV, Fontecha J, Serrano J, Fernández L, Pallás-Alonso CR. High-Temperature Short-Time and Holder Pasteurization of Donor Milk: Impact on Milk Composition. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020114. [PMID: 33546253 PMCID: PMC7913308 DOI: 10.3390/life11020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Holder pasteurization (HoP; 62.5 °C, 30 min) is commonly used to ensure the microbiological safety of donor human milk (DHM) but diminishes its nutritional properties. A high-temperature short-time (HTST) system was designed as an alternative for human milk banks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this HTST system on different nutrients and the bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity of DHM. DHM was processed in the HTST system and by standard HoP. Macronutrients were measured with a mid-infrared analyzer. Lactose, glucose, myo-inositol, vitamins and lipids were assayed using chromatographic techniques. BSSL activity was determined using a kit. The duration of HTST treatment had a greater influence on the nutrient composition of DHM than did the tested temperature. The lactose concentration and the percentage of phospholipids and PUFAs were higher in HTST-treated than in raw DHM, while the fat concentration and the percentage of monoacylglycerides and SFAs were lower. Other nutrients did not change after HTST processing. The retained BSSL activity was higher after short HTST treatment than that following HoP. Overall, HTST treatment resulted in better preservation of the nutritional quality of DHM than HoP because relevant thermosensitive components (phospholipids, PUFAs, and BSSL) were less affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.E.-V.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +34-913-908-811 (D.E.-V.); +34-913-943-745 (L.F.)
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Nieves Corzo
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Alba García-Serrano
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - M. Visitación Calvo
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.); (A.M.); (A.G.-S.); (M.V.C.); (J.F.)
| | - José Serrano
- Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.E.-V.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +34-913-908-811 (D.E.-V.); +34-913-943-745 (L.F.)
| | - Carmen Rosa Pallás-Alonso
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
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18
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Friend LL, Perrin MT. Methods of mixing donor human milk during bottling results in fat differences between samples within a pool. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5256-5264. [PMID: 33516556 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of milk-banking processes on nutrients in donor human milk (DHM) is largely unknown. Previous studies have measured nutrients between pools of DHM, but within-pool nutrient differences (between bottles from the same pool) have yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the effect of different mixing characteristics on the distribution of fat, protein, IgA, and lysozyme in bottled, raw DHM. Pools of DHM were created in a laboratory setting according to published human milk-banking guidelines and assigned to a mixing treatment (mixing during bottling method, pooling container material, and refrigerated hold time). Four mixing protocols using glass pooling containers and a 1-h refrigerated hold time were tested: control (no mixing during bottling); manual-A (Man-A, hand swirl after pouring 3 bottles); manual-B (Man-B, hand swirl after pouring every bottle); and mechanical-G (Mech-G, continuous stirring with a magnet). As secondary objectives, we compared the effect of a glass and a plastic pooling container with mechanical mixing (mechanical-P, Mech-P), and compared refrigerated delays of 1 and 24 h before bottling with manual mixing (manual-A24, Man-A24). To control for differences in nutrient content, comparisons between treatments were made using absolute percent difference from the treatment-specific mean; and comparisons within a treatment were made using the ratio of fat content in a bottle to fat content in the first bottle of the same pool. We did not observe differences in nutrient distribution between Man-A, Man-B, and Mech-G in pools held for 1 h, but all were significantly different from the control for fat. There were no differences between glass or plastic pooling containers when mechanical mixing was used. Holding a pool in the refrigerator for 24 h before bottling created significantly greater fat distribution than holding a pool for 1 h. Outcomes were the result of controlled experiments. In summary, manual and mechanical mixing of 1,700-mL DHM pools produces similar fat and protein distributions when DHM is pooled and bottled after a 1-h hold time. When DHM is held for 24 h before bottling, more research is needed to determine the duration of initial mixing needed to reduce fat variability between bottles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Friend
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro 27412
| | - Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro 27412.
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19
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Friend LL, Gutierrez Dos Santos B, El-Khouri KG, Perrin MT. Method for Removing Thawed Human Milk From a Plastic Storage Bag Impacts Fat Retention. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:306-310. [PMID: 32826801 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine how thaw stage and bag manipulation (folding and squeezing) influence the retention of fat and number of aerobic bacteria colony-forming units when decanting human milk (HM) from plastic storage bags. METHODS Lactating women (n = 40) in the Greensboro, North Carolina area were recruited to provide fresh HM. Samples were equally divided and frozen in storage bags for 2 months. Two thaw stages (ice/liquid) and the use of bag manipulation (yes/no) were assessed. Fat was measured using ether extraction and bacteria were measured using plate enumeration. Paired t tests were used to compare the effects of thaw stage and bag manipulation on post-thaw fat content. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effect of bag manipulation on pre- and post-thaw bacteria. RESULTS Fat retention was not significantly different when thawing to liquid versus ice (mean difference = 0.10 g/dL; n = 17 paired samples; P = 0.07). Decanting with bag manipulation retained more fat than decanting without manipulation, but only when HM was thawed to liquid (mean difference = 0.13 g/dL; n = 11 paired samples; P = 0.005), not when HM was thawed to ice (P = 0.47). Bag manipulation did not increase total aerobic bacteria for either thaw stage (P = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS Fat retention is influenced by the method of removing previously frozen HM from plastic storage bags. Folding and squeezing the storage bag when decanting HM thawed to a liquid state increases fat recovery without increasing bacterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Friend
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
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20
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Azad MB, Nickel NC, Bode L, Brockway M, Brown A, Chambers C, Goldhammer C, Hinde K, McGuire M, Munblit D, Patel AL, Pérez-Escamilla R, Rasmussen KM, Shenker N, Young BE, Zuccolo L. Breastfeeding and the origins of health: Interdisciplinary perspectives and priorities. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 17:e13109. [PMID: 33210456 PMCID: PMC7988860 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk (HM) are critically important to maternal, infant and population health. This paper summarizes the proceedings of a workshop that convened a multidisciplinary panel of researchers to identify key priorities and anticipated breakthroughs in breastfeeding and HM research, discuss perceived barriers and challenges to achieving these breakthroughs and propose a constructive action plan to maximize the impact of future research in this field. Priority research areas identified were as follows: (1) addressing low breastfeeding rates and inequities using mixed methods, community partnerships and implementation science approaches; (2) improving awareness of evidence-based benefits, challenges and complexities of breastfeeding and HM among health practitioners and the public; (3) identifying differential impacts of alternative modes of HM feeding including expressed/pumped milk, donor milk and shared milk; and (4) developing a mechanistic understanding of the health effects of breastfeeding and the contributors to HM composition and variability. Key barriers and challenges included (1) overcoming methodological limitations of epidemiological breastfeeding research and mechanistic HM research; (2) counteracting 'breastfeeding denialism' arising from negative personal breastfeeding experiences; (3) distinguishing and aligning research and advocacy efforts; and (4) managing real and perceived conflicts of interest. To advance research on breastfeeding and HM and maximize the reach and impact of this research, larger investments are needed, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential, and the scientific community must engage families and other stakeholders in research planning and knowledge translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Human Capital & Economic Opportunity Global Working Group, Center for the Economics of Human Development, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan C Nickel
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences and Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Meredith Brockway
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Amy Brown
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Social Sciences and Centre for Lactation, Infant Feeding and Translation, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Christina Chambers
- Mommy's Milk Human Milk Research Biorepository, Center for Better Beginnings, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Katie Hinde
- Center of Evolution and Medicine and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michelle McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Daniel Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,inVIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aloka L Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Rush University Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Natalie Shenker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Human Milk Foundation, Harpenden, UK
| | - Bridget E Young
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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21
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Gao C, Miller J, McPhee A, Rumbold A, Gibson R. Free Fatty Acid Concentration in Expressed Breast Milk Used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Breastfeed Med 2020; 15:718-723. [PMID: 32856941 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Preterm and sick term infants are commonly fed with expressed breast milk (EBM) that has been subjected to various storage and handling conditions before feeding that may cause lipase-mediated elevation of free fatty acids (FFA). This study was designed to describe the variation, between mothers' and within the same mother over time, in the concentration of FFA in EBM used in an Australian neonatal unit. A total of 256 EBM samples, 149 freshly expressed in the unit cot-side and 87 expressed at home and brought in to the unit, were collected from 32 mothers with an infant admitted to the neonatal intensive and/or special care units at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide. Among the fresh EBM samples collected cot-side, the average total fat content was 29.78 ± 9.28 mg/mL, and the FFA concentration was 1.70% of total fats (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.17-2.37%). Among the 10 mothers who provided fresh EBM at different stages of lactation, the concentration of FFA remained low overall, with some day-to-day variation (min 0.58% and max 5.0% of total fats within the same mother). The average total fat content of home collected EBM was similar to the cot-side collected samples, at 27.37 ± 8.23 mg/mL, and the FFA concentration was slightly higher at 2.49% of total fats (IQR: 1.74-3.29%). Overall, the FFA concentration of breast milk in the neonatal unit before and even after a short period of cold storage and handling is universally low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, Australia.,Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition and Dietetic, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew McPhee
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alice Rumbold
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Gibson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, Australia.,Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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22
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Effect of Freezing Time on Tissue Factor Activity and Macronutrients of Human Milk. Protein J 2020; 39:591-597. [PMID: 32989648 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human milk proteins are known as vital molecules for infant development and growth. Tissue factor is one of these human milk proteins that its role in human milk has not been cleared yet. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to detect the tissue factor activity of human milk and also was to investigate the effect of extended freezer storage on the milk tissue factor activity. The relationship between the tissue factor activity and macronutrient content and pH of milk was also investigated in this study. Under this aim, mature human milk samples were obtained from 8 healthy women. Collected human milk samples were pooled and divided into aliquots that were stored at - 20 °C until the day to be analyzed. Milk tissue factor activity, protein, fat, lactose, energy, water, density, and pH levels were determined for up to six months. By two months from the freezing, tissue factor activity did not significantly change but significantly decreased at the end of the six months. From the first month to six months from freezing, lactose, protein, fat, and energy levels showed a significant decline. Milk pH did not change with freezing at the end of 6 months. In conclusion, TF activity maintained its first-day activity until the second month after being pumped. The increased interest in breast milk leads us to believe that the gap existing in the knowledge of breast milk bioactive components like TF will be complemented with new research data.
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Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Parra-Llorca A, Ten-Doménech I, Gormaz M, Ramón-Beltrán A, Cernada M, Quintás G, Collado MC, Kuligowski J, Vento M. Effect of donor human milk on host-gut microbiota and metabolic interactions in preterm infants. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1296-1309. [PMID: 32863061 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition. Preterm infants whose mothers are unable to provide sufficient own mother's milk (OMM), receive pasteurized donor human milk (DHM). We studied metabolic signatures of OMM and DHM and their effect on the interplay of the developing microbiota and infant's metabolism. METHODS Metabolic fingerprinting of OMM and DHM as well as infant's urine was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the infant's stool microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Significant differences in the galactose and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways when comparing OMM and DHM, and alterations of the steroid hormone synthesis and pyrimidine metabolism pathways in urine were observed depending on the type of feeding. Differences in the gut-microbiota composition were also identified. CONCLUSION The composition of DHM differs from OMM and feeding of DHM has a significant impact on the metabolic phenotype and microbiota of preterm infants. Our data help to understand the origin of the observed changes generating new hypothesis: i) steroid hormones present in HM have a significant influence in the activity of the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway in preterm infants; ii) the pyrimidine metabolism is modulated in preterm infants by the activity of gut-microbiota. Short- and long-term implications of the observed changes for preterm infants need to be assessed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Piñeiro-Ramos
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Parra-Llorca
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Ten-Doménech
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Gormaz
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Ramón-Beltrán
- Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Cernada
- Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quintás
- Health and Biomedicine, Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació, 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain; Analytical Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avda Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
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24
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Gao C, Liu G, McPhee AJ, Miller J, Gibson RA. A simple system for measuring the level of free fatty acids in human milk collected as dried milk spot. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 158:102035. [PMID: 31757711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk dried on filter paper is a useful collection device for the study of breast milk because it avoids the costs associated with cold-chain storage and transportation. Although the fatty acid profile of breast milks as dried spots is stable, changes to the composition of lipid classes of breast milk due to lipase activity have been reported and are best reflected by its free fatty acid (FFA) concentration. This study aimed to develop a robust dried milk spot (DMS) system where fats in the breast milk are stable at room temperature, and the FFA concentration of the milk can be accurately measured without interference by the high level of triglyceride, which normally constitutes around 98% of the fats in fresh milk. Our system involves applying a small amount breast milk (20 µL) on silica gel impregnated filter paper and microwaving at high power to denature lipases. At the time of analysis, the milk fats are eluted with acetone, re-constituted in heptane and injected directly into a gas chromatograph equipped with an acid modified polyethylene glycol column. This DMS method was validated against the conventional TLC method across a range of FFA concentrations. The breast milk fats collected using this DMS system are stable at room temperature for at least eight weeks which allows for transportation by post and has the potential for use in multi-centred international clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, SA 5065, Australia; Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Ge Liu
- Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Andrew J McPhee
- Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Jaqueline Miller
- Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Nutrition and Dietetics, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Robert A Gibson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, SA 5065, Australia; Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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25
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Friend LL, Perrin MT. Fat and Protein Variability in Donor Human Milk and Associations with Milk Banking Processes. Breastfeed Med 2020; 15:370-376. [PMID: 32311292 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The impact of milk banking processes on macronutrient variability in donor human milk (DHM) is largely unknown. Objective: To gain a better understanding of fat and protein composition in DHM and assess potential relationships with modifiable milk bank processes. Methods: Samples of raw, pooled DHM were collected from 20 milk banks (n = 300) along with the following processing attributes: if macronutrient analysis was used to select donors for pooling (target pooling; yes/no), number of donors per pool, pooling container material (glass/plastic/other), and method for mixing during bottling (manual/mechanical). Fat and protein were assessed. Homoscedasticity was assessed and magnitude of the spread was quantified. Results: Fat ranged from 1.9 to 6.1 g/dL (n = 298) and protein ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 g/dL (n = 300). Variability in fat was significantly lower in samples that had been target pooled (p = 0.04), contained more donors per pool (p < 0.001), and had been mixed mechanically (p < 0.001). Variability in protein was significantly lower in samples that contained more donors per pool (p = 0.001). In a stratified analysis, increasing the number of donors per pool only reduced nutrient variability in samples that were not target pooled. Conclusion: For milk banks that do not target pool, using a greater number of donors in a pool may reduce fat and protein variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Friend
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Nessel I, De Rooy L, Khashu M, Murphy JL, Dyall SC. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Lipid Peroxidation Products in Donor Human Milk in the United Kingdom: Results From the LIMIT 2-Centre Cross-Sectional Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44:1501-1509. [PMID: 32048312 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor human milk (DHM) is used as alternative to maternal milk to feed preterm infants; however, it may provide less long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and more oxidized lipids, which may be detrimental to preterm infant health and development. Levels have not been reported for DHM in the United Kingdom. METHODS DHM (n = 19) from 2 neonatal units, preterm milk from a neonatal unit (n = 10), and term milk from the community (n = 11) were analyzed for fatty acids, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and hexanal. STUDY REGISTRATION NCT03573531. RESULTS DHM had significantly lower absolute LCPUFA content than term (P < .001) and significantly lower ω-3 PUFAs than preterm milk (P < .05), although relative LCPUFA composition did not differ. Exclusive DHM feeding leads to significantly lower fat (3.7 vs 6.7 g/d) and LCPUFA (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]: 10.6 vs 16.8 mg/d; arachidonic acid [ARA]: 17.4 vs 25.2 mg/d) intake than recommended by the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and provides 17.3% and 43.1% of the in utero accreted ARA and DHA. DHM had the highest proportion of lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that DHM in the United Kingdom has insufficient LCPUFAs for preterm infants. It demonstrates for the first time that DHM has the highest level of lipid peroxidation, compared with preterm or term milk. This has important implications for preterm infant nutrition, as exclusive DHM feeding might not be suitable long term and may contribute to the development of major preterm neonatal morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Nessel
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Laura De Rooy
- Neonatal Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Minesh Khashu
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.,Neonatal Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK
| | - Jane L Murphy
- Ageing and Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Simon C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Moukarzel S, Wiedeman AM, Soberanes LS, Dyer RA, Innis SM, Lamers Y. Variability of Water-Soluble Forms of Choline Concentrations in Human Milk during Storage, after Pasteurization, and among Women. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123024. [PMID: 31835736 PMCID: PMC6949891 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline is critical for infant development and mother’s milk is the sole source of choline for fully breastfed infants until six months of age. Human milk choline consists to 85% of water-soluble forms of choline including free choline (FC), phosphocholine (PhosC), and glycerophosphocholine (GPC). Donor milk requires safe handling procedures such as cold storage and pasteurization. However, the stability of water-soluble forms of choline during these processes is not known. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of storage and pasteurization on milk choline concentration, and the diurnal intra- and inter-individual variability of water-soluble choline forms. Milk samples were collected from healthy women who were fully breastfeeding a full-term, singleton infant <6 months. Milk total water-soluble forms of choline, PhosC, and GPC concentrations did not change during storage at room temperature for up to 4 h. Individual and total water-soluble forms of choline concentrations did not change after storage for 24 h in the refrigerator or for up to one week in the household freezer. Holder pasteurization decreased PhosC and GPC, and thereby total water-soluble choline form concentrations by <5%. We did not observe diurnal variations in PhosC and total water-soluble forms of choline concentrations, but significant differences in FC and GPC concentrations across five sampling time points throughout one day. In conclusion, these outcomes contribute new knowledge for the derivation of evidence-informed guidelines for the handling and storage of expressed human milk as well as the development of optimized milk collection and storage protocols for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moukarzel
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Alejandra M. Wiedeman
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (A.M.W.); (L.S.S.); (R.A.D.); (S.M.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Lynda S. Soberanes
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (A.M.W.); (L.S.S.); (R.A.D.); (S.M.I.)
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Roger A. Dyer
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (A.M.W.); (L.S.S.); (R.A.D.); (S.M.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sheila M. Innis
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (A.M.W.); (L.S.S.); (R.A.D.); (S.M.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Yvonne Lamers
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (A.M.W.); (L.S.S.); (R.A.D.); (S.M.I.)
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-827-1776
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28
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Lipid Profile, Lipase Bioactivity, and Lipophilic Antioxidant Content in High Pressure Processed Donor Human Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091972. [PMID: 31438647 PMCID: PMC6770840 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk fat plays an essential role as the source of energy and cell function regulator; therefore, the preservation of unique human milk donors’ lipid composition is of fundamental importance. To compare the effects of high pressure processing (HPP) and holder pasteurization on lipidome, human milk was processed at 62.5 °C for 30 min and at five variants of HPP from 450 MPa to 600 MPa, respectively. Lipase activity was estimated with QuantiChrom™ assay. Fatty acid composition was determined with the gas chromatographic technique, and free fatty acids content by titration with 0.1 M KOH. The positional distribution of fatty acid in triacylglycerols was performed. The oxidative induction time was obtained from the pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Carotenoids in human milk were measured by liquid chromatography. Bile salt stimulated lipase was completely eliminated by holder pasteurization, decreased at 600 MPa, and remained intact at 200 + 400 MPa; 450 MPa. The fatty acid composition and structure of human milk fat triacylglycerols were unchanged. The lipids of human milk after holder pasteurization had the lowest content of free fatty acids and the shortest induction time compared with samples after HPP. HPP slightly changed the β-carotene and lycopene levels, whereas the lutein level was decreased by 40.0% up to 60.2%, compared with 15.8% after the holder pasteurization.
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