Multi-layered polymerized high internal phase emulsions with controllable porosity and strong interfaces

Hierarchy Reproduction: Multiphasic Strategies for Tendon/Ligament-Bone Junction Repair

Tendon/ligament-bone junctions (T/LBJs) are susceptible to damage during exercise, resulting in anterior cruciate ligament rupture or rotator cuff tear; however, their intricate hierarchical structure hinders self-regeneration. Multiphasic strategies have been explored to fuel heterogeneous tissue regeneration and integration. This review summarizes current multiphasic approaches for rejuvenating functional gradients in T/LBJ healing. Synthetic, natural, and organism-derived materials are available for in vivo validation. Both discrete and gradient layouts serve as sources of inspiration for organizing specific cues, based on the theories of biomaterial topology, biochemistry, mechanobiology, and in situ delivery therapy, which form interconnected network within the design. Novel engineering can be constructed by electrospinning, 3-dimensional printing, bioprinting, textiling, and other techniques. Despite these efforts being limited at present stage, multiphasic scaffolds show great potential for precise reproduction of native T/LBJs and offer promising solutions for clinical dilemmas.

Polydimethylsiloxane Polymerized Emulsions for Acoustic Materials Prepared Using Reactive Triblock Copolymer Surfactants

Porous polymers have interesting acoustic properties including wave dampening and acoustic impedance matching and may be used in numerous acoustic applications, e.g., waveguiding or acoustic cloaking. These materials can be prepared by the inclusion of gas-filled voids, or pores, within an elastic polymer network; therefore, porous polymers that have controlled porosity values and a wide range of possible mechanical properties are needed, as these are key factors that impact the sound-dampening properties. Here, the synthesis of acoustic materials with varying porosities and mechanical properties that could be controlled independent of the pore morphology using emulsion-templated polymerizations is described. Polydimethylsiloxane-based ABA triblock copolymer surfactants were prepared using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations to control the emulsion template and act as an additional cross-linker in the polymerization. Acoustic materials prepared with reactive surfactants possessed a storage modulus of ∼300 kPa at a total porosity of 71% compared to materials prepared using analogous nonreactive surfactants that possessed storage modulus values of ∼150 kPa at similar porosities. These materials display very low longitudinal sound speeds of ∼35 m/s at ultrasonic frequencies, making them excellent candidates in the preparation of acoustic devices such as metasurfaces or lenses.

Synthesis and Applications of Elastomeric Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsions (PolyHIPEs)

Polymer foams (PFs) are among the most industrially produced polymeric materials, and they are found in applications including aerospace, packaging, textiles, and biomaterials. PFs are predominantly prepared using gas-blowing techniques, but PFs can also be prepared from templating techniques such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPEs have many experimental design variables which control the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the resulting PFs. Both rigid and elastic polyHIPEs can be prepared, but while elastomeric polyHIPEs are less commonly reported than hard polyHIPEs, elastomeric polyHIPEs are instrumental in the realization of new materials in applications including flexible separation membranes, energy storage in soft robotics, and 3D-printed soft tissue engineering scaffolds. Furthermore, there are few limitations to the types of polymers and polymerization methods that have been used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs due to the wide range of polymerization conditions that are compatible with the polyHIPE method. In this review, an overview of the chemistry used to prepare elastic polyHIPEs from early reports to modern polymerization methods is provided, focusing on the applications that flexible polyHIPEs are used in. The review consists of four sections organized around polymer classes used in the preparation of polyHIPEs: (meth)acrylics and (meth)acrylamides, silicones, polyesters and polyurethanes, and naturally occurring polymers. Within each section, the common properties, current challenges, and an outlook is suggested on where elastomeric polyHIPEs can be expected to continue to make broad, positive impacts on materials and technology for the future.

Synthesis of patterned polyHIPE-hydrogel composite materials using thiol-ene chemistry

Elastomeric materials combining multiple properties within a single composite are highly desired in applications including biomaterials interfaces, actuators, and soft robotics. High spatial resolution is required to impart different properties across the composite for the intended application, but many techniques used to prepare these composites rely on multistep and complex methods. There is a need for the development of simple and efficient platforms to design layered composite materials. Here, we report the synthesis of horizontally- and vertically-patterned composites consisting of PDMS-based polymerized high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) porous elastomers and PDMS/PEG hydrogels. Composites with defined interfaces that were mechanically robust were prepared, and rheological analysis of the polyHIPE and hydrogel layers showed storage moduli values of ∼ 35 kPa and 45 kPa respectively. The compressive Young's Modulus and maximum strain of the polyHIPEs were dependent on the thiol to ene ratio in the formulation and obtained values ranging from 6 to 25 kPa and 50-65% respectively. The mechanical properties, total porosity of the polyHIPE, and swelling ratio of the hydrogel were unaffected by the patterning technique compared to non-patterned controls. PolyHIPE-hydrogel composite materials having up to 7-different horizontally pattered layers could be prepared that could expand and contract up hydration and drying.