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Griss S, Knific T, Buzzell A, Carmo LP, Schüpbach-Regula G, Meylan M, Ocepek M, Thomann B. A scoping review on associations between paratuberculosis and productivity in cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1352623. [PMID: 38756521 PMCID: PMC11097669 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1352623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB), or Johne's disease, is a disease with worldwide distribution caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that leads to chronic enteritis, primarily in ruminants. Even subclinical infection significantly reduces the animals' performance, and consequences of the disease lead to high economic losses for the cattle industry. To estimate the economic burden of bovine PTB and to evaluate the benefits of a potential control program, accurate estimates of the production effects associated with the disease are required. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review was to provide a comprehensive overview of associations between MAP infection and production parameters in cattle. The studies were collected from three electronic databases. Of the total 1,605 identified studies, 1,432 did not meet the set criteria in the title and abstract screening and a further 106 were excluded during full-text review. Finally, data on 34 different production parameters were extracted from 67 publications. Results show that the magnitude of reported performance losses varies depending on several factors, such as the type of diagnostic test applied, disease status or number of lactations. Studies reported a reduction in milk yield, changes in milk quality (e.g., higher somatic cell count, lower amount of produced milk fat and protein), reduced fertility (e.g., prolonged calving interval and service period, higher abortion rate and calving difficulties), reduced weaning weight, slaughter weight and slaughter value, or a higher risk for mastitis. Results from the studies included in our review show a median decrease of milk yield per infected cow of -452 kg/lactation for raw and -405 kg/lactation for modeled data. Similarly, the amount of produced milk protein fell by a median of -14.41 kg/lactation for modeled data and the amount of produced milk fat by a median of -13.13 kg/lactation. The reviewed studies revealed a prolonged calving interval by around 30 days and a 1.5 to 3 times higher likeliness of culling per lactation in PTB positive animals. Results from this scoping review provide evidence-based inputs for the development of economic models aiming at the estimation of the costs and benefits associated with different disease control scenarios for PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Griss
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Knific
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anne Buzzell
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Beat Thomann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Reynolds JA, Bradley AJ, Sherwin VE, Remnant JG, Hudson CD. Associations between Johne's disease and fertility in UK dairy herds. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106015. [PMID: 37479055 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to quantify associations between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody status and a variety of fertility outcomes, in UK dairy cattle. Longitudinal milk recording, fertility and MAP antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) milk test data were collated retrospectively from 121,762 lactations in 78 herds. Datasets were structured into appropriate units to suit outcomes and enable temporal association between current and future MAP status, and fertility measures. Current MAP status was categorised according to most recent status within 180 days, with time-related future MAP status assigned based on MAP antibody ELISA milk test data for each cow. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between MAP status and 21-day pregnancy and submission rate and conception risk. Posterior predictions and cross-validation techniques were used to assess model fit and check model building assumptions. A negative association was found between risk of insemination (Odds Ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% Credible Interval [CI], 0.66-0.92) and conception occurring (OR, 0.65; CI, 0.5-0.84) and transition from negative to non-negative MAP test status in the next 30-90 days. A positive association was observed between risk of insemination (OR, 1.34; CI, 1.16-1.52) and conception occurring (OR, 1.26; CI, 1.11-1.43) and transition from negative to non-negative MAP test status in the next 90-180 days. Current positive MAP test status was negatively and positively associated with insemination (OR, 0.59; CI, 0.49-0.70) and conception risk (OR, 1.12; CI, 0.96-1.30), respectively. Herd managers will have had access to test results, declaring cows with past recent or multiple positive MAP antibody ELISA results not to be bred, negatively influencing insemination risk. Overall, these results demonstrate the temporal association between a positive MAP antibody ELISA result and dairy cow fertility outcomes, with particular variability prior to a positive MAP antibody ELISA result.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Reynolds
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - A J Bradley
- Quality Milk Management Services, Cedar Barn, Easton Hill, Wells, BA5 1DU, UK
| | - V E Sherwin
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J G Remnant
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - C D Hudson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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Scarpellini R, Giacometti F, Savini F, Arrigoni N, Garbarino CA, Carnevale G, Mondo E, Piva S. Bovine paratuberculosis: results of a control plan in 64 dairy farms in a 4-year period. Prev Vet Med 2023; 215:105923. [PMID: 37099999 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is considered one of the most economically devastating infectious diseases of domestic livestock, and the most effective control strategy is a combination of 'test-and-cull' and on-farm biosecurity measures. In Italy, a Voluntary National Control Plan (VNCP) and guidelines have been introduced to reduce the impact of the disease, and farmers can voluntarily enroll in the control plan. The main aims of this study were: i) the description of the trend over a 4-year period on total, within-herd (WH) and between herd (BH) apparent seroprevalences observed in 64 dairy herds members of a mutual company located in Italy after the introduction of a proposed "Customized Control Plan" (CCP); ii) the evaluation of its effectiveness in terms of percentage of participating farms that decided to join the VNCP. Analyses on serum samples were performed with Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method and revealed a general decrease in both total, WH and BH apparent seroprevalence. Total average apparent seroprevalence decreased from 2.39% in 2017 to 1% in 2020. Negative herds raised from 51.9% in 2017 to 71.1% in 2020, while farms with WH apparent seroprevalence > 5% decreased from 17.3% in 2017 to 4.4% in 2020. BH apparent seroprevalence decreased from 51.2% in 2017 to 29.2% in 2020. Among the 52 out of 64 herds that accepted to continue the proposed CCP after the first year, 41 (78.8%) joined in 2020 the VNCP, that assessed the health ranking of the herds. The results provide evidence that a control plan based on a farm-specific strategy and a subsidized testing process can effectively reduce the impact of paratuberculosis in dairy herds, especially in convincing farmers to continue in paratuberculosis control by joining the VNCP, including them in a National context and increasing their awareness of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Scarpellini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, "Bruno Ubertini", Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Anna Garbarino
- National Reference Centre and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Paratuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, "Bruno Ubertini", Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carnevale
- ASSO.LA.C Cooperative Company, Ciparsia district, Castrovillari (CS) 87012, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Bologna 40064, Italy
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Umanets A, Dinkla A, Vastenhouw S, Ravesloot L, Koets AP. Classification and prediction of Mycobacterium Avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) shedding severity in cattle based on young stock heifer faecal microbiota composition using random forest algorithms. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:78. [PMID: 34776001 PMCID: PMC8591832 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine paratuberculosis is a devastating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The development of the paratuberculosis in cattle can take up to a few years and vastly differs between individuals in severity of the clinical symptoms and shedding of the pathogen. Timely identification of high shedding animals is essential for paratuberculosis control and minimization of economic losses. Widely used methods for detection and quantification of MAP, such as culturing and PCR based techniques rely on direct presence of the pathogen in a sample and have little to no predictive value concerning the disease development. In the current study, we investigated the possibility of predicting MAP shedding severity in cattle based on the faecal microbiota composition. Twenty calves were experimentally infected with MAP and faecal samples were collected biweekly up to four years of age. All collected samples were subjected to culturing on selective media to obtain data about shedding severity. Faecal microbiota was profiled in a subset of samples (n = 264). Using faecal microbiota composition and shedding intensity data a random forest classifier was built for prediction of the shedding status of the individual animals. RESULTS The results indicate that machine learning approaches applied to microbial composition can be used to classify cows into groups by severity of MAP shedding. The classification accuracy correlates with the age of the animals and use of samples from older individuals resulted in a higher classification precision. The classification model based on samples from the first 12 months of life showed an AUC between 0.78 and 0.79 (95% CI), while the model based on samples from animals older than 24 months showed an AUC between 0.91 and 0.92 (95% CI). Prediction for samples from animals between 12 and 24 month of age showed intermediate accuracy [AUC between 0.86 and 0.87 (95% CI)]. In addition, the results indicate that a limited number of microbial taxa were important for classification and could be considered as biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence for the link between microbiota composition and severity of MAP infection and shedding, as well as lays ground for the development of predictive diagnostic tools based on the faecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Umanets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Chair Group Youth Food and Health, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University Campus Venlo, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Dinkla
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Vastenhouw
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Ravesloot
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ad P. Koets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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McFarlane WJ, Winder CB, Duffield TF, Kelton DF, Bauman CA, Croyle SL, Renaud DL. Factors influencing how Canadian dairy producers respond to a downer cow scenario. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:684-694. [PMID: 34756443 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how downer cattle are managed allows for the evaluation of strengths and weaknesses in these practices, which is an important step toward improving the care these animals receive. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to analyze factors associated with the care and management of downer cattle by Canadian dairy producers. Data were obtained from the 2015 National Dairy Study, and analysis was limited to the 371 respondents completing the downer cow scenario. The scenario described a downer cow that the producer wanted to keep in their herd but must be moved, and was followed by questions addressing the cow's care and management. Using multivariable logistic regression models, associations between respondent demographics and farm characteristics, and the presence of downer cow protocols, we assessed decisions regarding euthanasia and use of behavioral prognostic indicators. Written downer cow protocols were reported by 18.2% of respondents, 67% indicated that they had a nonwritten protocol, and 14.8% reported that they did not have a protocol (either written or nonwritten). Respondents from western provinces were more likely to have a written protocol than those from Ontario. Nineteen percent of the respondents with a written or unwritten protocol reported veterinary involvement in developing their downer cow protocol, which occurred more commonly on farms with more frequent herd health visits and a good producer-veterinarian relationship. An area to move a downer cow to was present on 88% of farms, with respondents who were farm staff being less likely to report having knowledge of a designated area than respondents who were the farm owner. In addition, approximately half (45%) of respondents reported moving downer cattle with hip lifters as their most common method. Behavioral prognostic indicators chosen by respondents were associated with the respondent's geographic region, age, farm size, and education. Most notably, older respondents were more likely to use appetite, and less likely to use attitude, as a prognostic indicator compared with younger respondents. Using perceived pain as a prognostic indicator was more common among respondents from western and Atlantic provinces compared with respondents from Ontario, and more common among respondents with a college or university education. These results highlighted herd and farmer demographics that were associated with how Canadian dairy producers managed downer cattle in 2015 and could be used as a benchmark for evaluating how these management practices compare with those currently implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J McFarlane
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - C B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T F Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - C A Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S L Croyle
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Ugochukwu AI, Phillips PWB, Ochieng’ BJ. Driving Adoption and Commercialization of Subunit Vaccines for Bovine Tuberculosis and Johne's Disease: Policy Choices and Implications for Food Security. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040667. [PMID: 33182334 PMCID: PMC7711889 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious animal diseases, such as Johne's disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis, have been a challenge to the livestock industry globally, impacting negatively on animal, human and environmental health, and overall food security. Despite several industry-led and government initiatives and programs aimed at preventing and reducing losses associated with JD and bTB outbreaks, JD has remained endemic in many parts of the world while there have been incidental outbreaks of bTB. While several studies focus on sustainable intensification of food (crop) production as a critical solution to food insecurity, following the existential interconnection between animals, humans and the environment recognized by one health, we frame food security through the lens of animal disease prevention and control, given the importance of livestock products to human health and livelihood. Vaccination has been a popular strategy successfully used in controlling other infectious diseases. The paper focuses on an alternate strategy of two subunit vaccines with companion diagnostics targeted at individual pathogens to attain satisfactory immunological responses for JD and bTB. We examine gaps in vaccine policies, commercialization, and potential strategies that would strengthen animal disease prevention and enhance food security. The potential of public-private partnership in strengthening private sector participation in effective animal disease control and health delivery and the implications for global food security are discussed.
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The Effect of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis Infection on the Productivity of Cows in Two Dairy Herds with a Low Seroprevalence of Paratuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030490. [PMID: 32183458 PMCID: PMC7143445 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paratuberculosis is a chronic, progressive enteritis of ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the productivity of infected dairy cows, causing a reduction in the daily milk yield and basic milk components. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis on the productivity of dairy cows in naturally infected herds with different seroprevalences of paratuberculosis. A decrease in milk yield was observed in cows in herds with a higher seroprevalence. The largest decrease in milk yield and basic milk components was observed in older animals. Abstract Paratuberculosis is a chronic, progressive enteritis of ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the productivity of infected dairy cows, causing a reduction in the daily milk yield and basic milk components. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis on the productivity of dairy cows in two herds. The research materials were serum and milk samples taken from cows from two naturally infected dairy herds. All serum samples were serologically tested using the Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Antibody ELISA Kit by IDEXX—Screening and Verification. Seroprevalence differed between the herds (5.7% and 11.3%). Seroprevalence varied also between the groups of lactation. The highest seroprevalence was found in the first lactation group in both herds. The milk yield evaluation and analysis of the basic milk components’ content (protein and fat total solids) were tested once a month during one lactation period. The content of the basic milk components varied depending on the lactation group, as well as the serological status of the cows. A decrease in milk yield was observed in cows in herds with a higher seroprevalence (>11%). The largest decrease in milk yield and basic milk components was observed in older animals (>three lactations).
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Kanankege KST, Machado G, Zhang L, Dokkebakken B, Schumann V, Wells SJ, Perez AM, Alvarez J. Use of a voluntary testing program to study the spatial epidemiology of Johne's disease affecting dairy herds in Minnesota: a cross sectional study. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:429. [PMID: 31791320 PMCID: PMC6889654 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the key steps in the management of chronic diseases in animals including Johne’s disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is the ability to track disease incidence over space and time. JD surveillance in the U.S. dairy cattle is challenging due to lack of regulatory requirements, imperfect diagnostic tests, and associated expenses, including time and labor. An alternative approach is to use voluntary testing programs. Here, data from a voluntary JD testing program, conducted by the Minnesota Dairy Herd Improvement Association, were used to: a) explore whether such a program provides representative information on JD-prevalence in Minnesota dairy herds, b) estimate JD distribution, and, c) identify herd and environmental factors associated with finding JD-positive cows. Milk samples (n = 70,809) collected from 54,652 unique cows from 600 Minnesota dairy herds between November 2014 and April 2017 were tested using a MAP antibody ELISA. Participant representativeness was assessed by comparing the number of JD-tested herds with the number of herds required to estimate the true disease prevalence per county based on official statistics from the National Agricultural Statistical Services. Multivariable logistic regression models, with and without spatial dependence between observations, were then used to investigate the association between herd status to JD (positive/negative), as indicated by milk ELISA results, and available covariates at the herd level. Results Within the study population, at least one test-positive cow was found in 414 of 600 (69%) herds. Results indicated that large herds that test frequently and herds located in loamy or silt soils are more likely to have at least one MAP test-positive cow. After adjusting for herd size, testing frequency, and soil type, there was no spatial dependence in JD risk between neighboring dairies within 5 to 20 km. Furthermore, the importance of collecting data on herd management, feed, and biosecurity for insightful interpretations was recognized. The study suggested that, although limited, the voluntary testing database may support monitoring JD status. Conclusions Results presented here help elucidate the spatial characteristics of JD in Minnesota and the study may ultimately contribute to the design and implementation of surveillance programs for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S T Kanankege
- Department of Population Medicine, College of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Minnesota, 1365, Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - G Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - B Dokkebakken
- Minnesota Dairy Herd Improvement Association, Buffalo, USA
| | - V Schumann
- Minnesota Dairy Herd Improvement Association, Buffalo, USA
| | - S J Wells
- Department of Population Medicine, College of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Minnesota, 1365, Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - A M Perez
- Department of Population Medicine, College of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Minnesota, 1365, Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - J Alvarez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Li L, Bannantine JP, Campo JJ, Randall A, Grohn YT, Schilling MA, Katani R, Radzio-Basu J, Easterling L, Kapur V. Identification of Sero-Diagnostic Antigens for the Early Diagnosis of Johne's Disease using MAP Protein Microarrays. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17573. [PMID: 31772281 PMCID: PMC6879513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable effort has been directed toward controlling Johne’s disease (JD), a chronic granulomatous intestinal inflammatory disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle and other ruminants. However, progress in controlling the spread of MAP infection has been impeded by the lack of reliable diagnostic tests that can identify animals early in the infection process and help break the transmission chain. To identify reliable antigens for early diagnosis of MAP infection, we constructed a MAP protein array with 868 purified recombinant MAP proteins, and screened a total of 180 well-characterized serum samples from cows assigned to 4 groups based on previous serological and fecal test results: negative low exposure (NL, n = 30); negative high exposure (NH, n = 30); fecal-positive, ELISA-negative (F + E−, n = 60); and both fecal- and ELISA-positive (F + E+, n = 60). The analyses identified a total of 49 candidate antigens in the NH, F + E−, and F + E+ with reactivity compared with the NL group (p < 0.01), a majority of which have not been previously identified. While some of the antigens were identified as reactive in only one of the groups, others showed reactivity in multiple groups, including NH (n = 28), F + E− (n = 26), and F + E+ (n = 17) groups. Using combinations of top reactive antigens in each group, the results reveal sensitivities of 60.0%, 73.3%, and 81.7% in the NH, F + E−, and F + E+, respectively at 90% specificity, suggesting that early detection of infection in animals may be possible and enable better opportunities to reduce within herd transmission that may be otherwise missed by traditional serological assays that are biased towards more heavily infected animals. Together, the results suggest that several of the novel candidate antigens identified in this study, particularly those that were reactive in the NH and F + E− groups, have potential utility for the early sero-diagnosis of MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.,Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Joseph J Campo
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Arlo Randall
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Yrjo T Grohn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Megan A Schilling
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.,Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Robab Katani
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.,Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.,Applied Biological and Biosafety Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Radzio-Basu
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.,Applied Biological and Biosafety Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Laurel Easterling
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.,Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America. .,Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America. .,Applied Biological and Biosafety Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.
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10
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Charlton GL, Bleach ECL, Rutter SM. Cows with paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) alter their lying behavior around peak lactation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11328-11336. [PMID: 31606209 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD) is a fatal chronic enteritis that causes detrimental effects on production and health and significantly reduces the welfare of cattle. Control of JD is highly desirable, but single milk ELISA testing may not be sensitive enough to identify all affected animals, particularly in the early stages of the disease. The objective of this study was to compare the activity of JD-positive (JD5) to JD-negative (JD0) cows from calving until wk 20 of lactation. The study was conducted at Harper Adams University, United Kingdom, using 42 multiparous [3.1 ± 0.22 (mean ± standard error of the mean); range: 2-7 lactations] Holstein Friesian cows, fitted with an IceQube accelerometer (IceRobotics Ltd., Edinburgh, UK) on the back left leg. The sensors recorded data on lying and standing time, steps, and motion index with a granularity of 15 min. In addition, start and stop times for lying bouts, and exact lying bout durations were recorded, which permits calculation of the number of lying bouts. Every 3 mo the cows were milk sampled and subsequently tested for JD using an ELISA. Cows in the infection group JD0 were classed as JD negative and cows in the infection group JD5 were classed as JD positive. Johne's-positive cows [JD5; n = 21 (repeat ELISA positive)] were matched to negative cows [JD0; n = 21 (repeat ELISA negative)] based on lactation number and age. Around peak lactation we found differences in lying behavior. The JD5 cows spend less time lying/d during wk 7 to 11 of lactation. The largest difference observed was around wk 8 of lactation, with JD5 cows spending, on average, 2 h/d less time lying down than JD0 cows (9.3 ± 0.33 vs. 11.3 ± 0.61 h/d, respectively). The JD5 cows also had fewer lying bouts per day from wk 7 to 15 of lactation (excluding wk 13), and during wk 11 and 12 average lying bout duration was longer for JD5 cows compared with JD0 cows. No differences were observed in steps per day, milk yield, BCS, and mobility score between JD5 and JD0 cows from calving to wk 20 of lactation. As far as we are aware, this is the first study to show changes in activity of JD-positive cows. The results show that activity data from leg-mounted accelerometers has the potential to help identify JD-positive cows, although more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Charlton
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom TF10 8NB.
| | - Emma C L Bleach
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom TF10 8NB
| | - S Mark Rutter
- Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom TF10 8NB
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11
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Rani S, Beaver A, Schukken YH, Pradhan AK. Modeling the effects of infection status and hygiene practices on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis contamination in bulk tank milk. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Verteramo Chiu LJ, Tauer LW, Gröhn YT, Smith RL. Mastitis risk effect on the economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217888. [PMID: 31557171 PMCID: PMC6762148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits and efficacy of control programs for herds infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have been investigated under various contexts. However, most previous research investigated paratuberculosis control programs in isolation, without modeling the potential association with other dairy diseases. This paper evaluated the benefits of MAP control programs when the herd is also affected by mastitis, a common disease causing the largest losses in dairy production. The effect of typically suggested MAP controls were estimated under the assumption that MAP infection increased the rate of clinical mastitis. We evaluated one hundred twenty three control strategies comprising various combinations of testing, culling, and hygiene, and found that the association of paratuberculosis with mastitis alters the ranking of specific MAP control programs, but only slightly alters the cost-benefit difference of particular MAP control components, as measured by the distribution of net present value of a representative U.S. dairy operation. In particular, although testing and culling for MAP resulted in a reduction in MAP incidence, that control led to lower net present value (NPV) per cow. When testing was used, ELISA was more economically beneficial than alternative testing regimes, especially if mastitis was explicitly modeled as more likely in MAP-infected animals, but ELISA testing was only significantly associated with higher NPV if mastitis was not included in the model at all. Additional hygiene was associated with a lower NPV per cow, although it lowered MAP prevalence. Overall, the addition of an increased risk of mastitis in MAP-infected animals did not change model recommendations as much as failing to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J. Verteramo Chiu
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Loren W. Tauer
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell SC Johnson Business College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yrjo T. Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Whittington R, Donat K, Weber MF, Kelton D, Nielsen SS, Eisenberg S, Arrigoni N, Juste R, Sáez JL, Dhand N, Santi A, Michel A, Barkema H, Kralik P, Kostoulas P, Citer L, Griffin F, Barwell R, Moreira MAS, Slana I, Koehler H, Singh SV, Yoo HS, Chávez-Gris G, Goodridge A, Ocepek M, Garrido J, Stevenson K, Collins M, Alonso B, Cirone K, Paolicchi F, Gavey L, Rahman MT, de Marchin E, Van Praet W, Bauman C, Fecteau G, McKenna S, Salgado M, Fernández-Silva J, Dziedzinska R, Echeverría G, Seppänen J, Thibault V, Fridriksdottir V, Derakhshandeh A, Haghkhah M, Ruocco L, Kawaji S, Momotani E, Heuer C, Norton S, Cadmus S, Agdestein A, Kampen A, Szteyn J, Frössling J, Schwan E, Caldow G, Strain S, Carter M, Wells S, Munyeme M, Wolf R, Gurung R, Verdugo C, Fourichon C, Yamamoto T, Thapaliya S, Di Labio E, Ekgatat M, Gil A, Alesandre AN, Piaggio J, Suanes A, de Waard JH. Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:198. [PMID: 31196162 PMCID: PMC6567393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Ramon Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sáez
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment, ES-28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Navneet Dhand
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Anita Michel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Herman Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lorna Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank Griffin
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, 9092 New Zealand
| | - Rob Barwell
- Animal Health Australia, Turner, ACT 2612 Australia
| | | | - Iva Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Koehler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Deparment of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 406 India
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Gilberto Chávez-Gris
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, 76750 Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Amador Goodridge
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103 Panama
| | - Matjaz Ocepek
- National Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Instituto Vasco de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agrario-NEIKER, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Mike Collins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1102 USA
| | | | - Karina Cirone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Lawrence Gavey
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350 Australia
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Cathy Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Quebec, J2S 6Z9 Canada
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández-Silva
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia 050034076 Colombia
| | | | - Gustavo Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 17-03-100 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaana Seppänen
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginie Thibault
- ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort and GDS France, CS 28440, 79024 Niort Cedex, France
| | - Vala Fridriksdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Masoud Haghkhah
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-69155 Iran
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicines, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Satoko Kawaji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Eiichi Momotani
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856 Japan
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4441 New Zealand
| | | | - Simeon Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Joanna Szteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Ebba Schwan
- Swedish Farm and Animal Health, 62254 Romakloster, Sweden
| | | | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon Enterprise Centre, Dungannon, BT71 6JT UK
| | - Mike Carter
- USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA
| | - Scott Wells
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Wolf
- Fachabteilung Gesundheit und Pflegemanagement, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ratna Gurung
- National Centre for Animal Health, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | - Cristobal Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christine Fourichon
- Oniris – INRA, Department Farm Animal Health and Public Health, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Sharada Thapaliya
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Elena Di Labio
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monaya Ekgatat
- National Institute of Animal Health, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Andres Gil
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - José Piaggio
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Suanes
- Ministry of Livestock Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- Servicio Autonomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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14
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Smith J, van Winden S. Risk of Lameness in Dairy Cows with Paratuberculosis Infection. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060339. [PMID: 31185685 PMCID: PMC6617085 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Johne’s disease (JD) is an important disease affecting cows in the UK dairy industry, as is lameness, and both cause milk production losses and cows losing weight. The aim of this work was to see if cows with JD were more likely to be lame and if so, what the order of occurrence of these two events is. We looked at the JD and lameness records of two farms and paired 98 JD cows (half of them with a high response to the test for JD) and compared them with herd mates. We evaluated the timing and the proportion of lameness in JD-positive cows compared to their controls and proportion of lameness before and after the first JD-positive test. JD cows turn lame on average three months earlier and are lame 2.7 times more often than non-JD cows. Further, high positive cows were 2.8 times more likely to develop lameness after JD diagnosis compared to medium positive cows. Results of this study suggest that there is a link between JD and lameness and that JD precedes lameness. The underlying mechanisms for this association remain unknown and were not the scope of this study. Abstract Johne’s disease (JD) is an important disease affecting the UK dairy industry, as is cattle lameness. An association between JD and lameness has been suggested; however, little evidence exists to support this. The purpose of this study was to determine if cows affected by JD were more likely to be lame and if so, what the temporal association is. Retrospective dairy cow mobility and JD status (based on milk ELISA) data were obtained from two farms of 98 JD cows (49 high and 49 medium positive) and their matched controls. We evaluated the timing and the proportion of (chronic) lameness in JD-positive cows versus controls and proportion of lameness before and after the first ELISA positive test. Compared to their controls, JD cows are lame more often (Odds Ratio = 2.7 (95% Confidence Interval = 1.2–6.0) p = 0.017) and became lame on average three months earlier (p = 0.010). High positive cows were more likely to develop lameness after seroconversion (OR = 2.8 (95% CI = 1.1–7.5), p = 0.038) versus medium positive cows. Results of this study suggest that there is a link between JD and lameness and that JD precedes lameness. The underlying mechanisms for this association remain unknown and were not the scope of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Smith
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Steven van Winden
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
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15
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McAloon CG, Roche S, Ritter C, Barkema HW, Whyte P, More SJ, O'Grady L, Green MJ, Doherty ML. A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds - Part 1: Epidemiology. Vet J 2019; 246:59-65. [PMID: 30902190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This is the first in a two-part review of the epidemiology and control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Paratuberculosis was originally described in 1895 and is now considered endemic among farmed cattle worldwide. MAP has been isolated from a wide range of non-ruminant wildlife as well as humans and non-human primates. In dairy herds, MAP is assumed to be introduced predominantly through the purchase of infected stock with additional factors modulating the risk of persistence or fade-out once an infected animal is introduced. Faecal shedding may vary widely between individuals and recent modelling work has shed some light on the role of super-shedding animals in the transmission of MAP within herds. Recent experimental work has revisited many of the assumptions around age susceptibility, faecal shedding in calves and calf-to-calf transmission. Further efforts to elucidate the relative contributions of different transmission routes to the dissemination of infection in endemic herds will aid in the prioritisation of efforts for control on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Steven Roche
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Barratt AS, Arnoult MH, Ahmadi BV, Rich KM, Gunn GJ, Stott AW. A framework for estimating society's economic welfare following the introduction of an animal disease: The case of Johne's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198436. [PMID: 29874292 PMCID: PMC5991423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases are global issues affecting the productivity and financial profitability of affected farms. Johne’s disease is distributed on farms worldwide and is an endemic contagious bacterial infection in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. In cattle, the clinical disease manifests itself as chronic enteritis resulting in reduced production, weight loss, and eventually death. Johne’s disease is prevalent in the UK, including Scotland. Direct costs and losses associated with Johne’s disease have been estimated in previous research, confirming an important economic impact of the disease in UK herds. Despite this, the distributional impact of Johne’s disease among milk consumers and producers in Scotland has not been estimated. In this paper, we evaluate the change in society’s economic welfare, namely to dairy producers (i.e. infected and uninfected herds) and milk consumers in Scotland induced by the introduction of Johne’s disease in the national Scottish dairy herd. At the national-level, we conclude that the economic burden falls mainly on producers of infected herds and, to a lesser extent, milk consumers, while producers of uninfected herds benefit from the presence of Johne’s. An infected producer’s loss per cow is approximately two times larger in magnitude than that of an uninfected producer’s gain. Such economic welfare estimates are an important comparison of the relative costs of national herd prevalence and the wider economic welfare implications for both producers and consumers. This is particularly important from a policy, public good, cost sharing, and human health perspective. The economic welfare framework presented in this paper can be applied to other diseases to examine the relative burden of society’s economic welfare of alternative livestock disease scenarios. In addition, the sensitivity analysis evaluates uncertainty in economic welfare given limited data and uncertainty in the national herd prevalence, and other input parameters, associated with Johne’s disease in Scotland. Therefore, until the prevalence of Johne’s is better understood, the full economic cost to Scottish dairy herds remains uncertain but in the meantime the sensitivity analysis evaluates the robustness of economic welfare to such uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson S. Barratt
- Land Economy, Environment and Society Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthieu H. Arnoult
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Bouda Vosough Ahmadi
- Land Economy, Environment and Society Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karl M. Rich
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), East and Southeast Asia Regional Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - George J. Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair W. Stott
- Future Farming Systems Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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De Silva KR, Eda S, Lenhart S. Modeling environmental transmission of MAP infection in dairy cows. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2017; 14:1001-1017. [PMID: 28608707 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2017052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP). It is a chronic, progressive, and inflammatory disease which has a long incubation period. One main problem with the disease is the reduction of milk production in infected dairy cows. In our study we develop a system of ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamics of MAP infection in a dairy farm. This model includes the progression of the disease and the age structure of the cows. To investigate the effect of persistence of this bacteria on the farm on transmission in our model, we include environmental compartments, representing the pathogen input in an explicit way. The effect of indirect transmission from the bacteria in the environment and the culling of high-shedding adults can be seen in the numerical simulations. Since culling usually only happens once a year, we include a novel feature in the simulations with a discrete action of removing high-shedding adults once a year. We conclude that with culling of high shedders even at a high rate, the infection will persist in the modeled farm setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokum R De Silva
- Department of Mathematics, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, KY 20400, Sri Lanka .
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18
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Zancanaro G, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): paratuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04960. [PMID: 32625604 PMCID: PMC7010113 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of paratuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of paratuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to paratuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, paratuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for paratuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several species of mammals and birds as susceptible species and some species of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Leporidae as reservoirs.
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Donat K, Schmidt M, Köhler H, Sauter-Louis C. Management of the calving pen is a crucial factor for paratuberculosis control in large dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2017; 99:3744-3752. [PMID: 26947285 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of hygiene and herd management to reduce the contact of calves with adult cow feces to prevent new infections is one of the basic strategies to manage paratuberculosis-affected dairy herds. Control programs should recommend an evidence-based selection of factors that demonstrably reduce the transmission of the infectious agent and decrease the prevalence of infected cattle to improve acceptance and implementation of the recommended measures among farmers. This study aimed to assess the influence of several management measures on control success in a longitudinal study in 28 large dairy herds with a median size of 415 cows in Thuringia, Germany. The cumulative incidence of cows shedding Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) per year was determined by individual fecal culture of all cows during 5 consecutive years. Relevant management practices as well as herd size, milk yield, and purchase of cattle were recorded by on-farm risk assessment. Mean holding time of MAP shedders within the herd was calculated from individual data of each shedding cow. Using multiple regression models, separate calving pens for shedders and disinfection of the pen after use were identified as significant risk factors that reduced the cumulative incidence of MAP shedders per year on the herd level. The results provide evidence that, in addition to other factors, calving hygiene and management of the calving pens are crucial for paratuberculosis control, particularly in large dairy herds. Considered together with the outcome from other studies, these results might be important to weight various risk factors and to avoid overburdening and overwhelming farmers and keeping them committed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07775 Jena, Germany.
| | - Mandy Schmidt
- Animal Health Service, Saxon Animal Diseases Fund, Löwenstraße 7a, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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20
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Mataragka A, Leousi E, Liandris E, Ntafis V, Leontides L, Aggelidou E, Bossis I, Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Theodoropoulou I, Ikonomopoulos J. Faecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis reduces before parturition in sheep? Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Smith RL, Al-Mamun MA, Gröhn YT. Economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study. Prev Vet Med 2017; 138:17-27. [PMID: 28237232 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cost of paratuberculosis to dairy herds, through decreased milk production, early culling, and poor reproductive performance, has been well-studied. The benefit of control programs, however, has been debated. A recent stochastic compartmental model for paratuberculosis transmission in US dairy herds was modified to predict herd net present value (NPV) over 25 years in herds of 100 and 1000 dairy cattle with endemic paratuberculosis at initial prevalence of 10% and 20%. Control programs were designed by combining 5 tests (none, fecal culture, ELISA, PCR, or calf testing), 3 test-related culling strategies (all test-positive, high-positive, or repeated positive), 2 test frequencies (annual and biannual), 3 hygiene levels (standard, moderate, or improved), and 2 cessation decisions (testing ceased after 5 negative whole-herd tests or testing continued). Stochastic dominance was determined for each herd scenario; no control program was fully dominant for maximizing herd NPV in any scenario. Use of the ELISA test was generally preferred in all scenarios, but no paratuberculosis control was highly preferred for the small herd with 10% initial prevalence and was frequently preferred in other herd scenarios. Based on their effect on paratuberculosis alone, hygiene improvements were not found to be as cost-effective as test-and-cull strategies in most circumstances. Global sensitivity analysis found that economic parameters, such as the price of milk, had more influence on NPV than control program-related parameters. We conclude that paratuberculosis control can be cost effective, and multiple control programs can be applied for equivalent economic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
| | - M A Al-Mamun
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Y T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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22
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Evaluation of the association between the lactation stage and serum and milk ELISA results in the diagnosis of ovine Paratuberculosis. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Garcia-Ispierto I, López-Gatius F. Early Foetal Loss Correlates Positively with Seroconversion against Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in High-Producing Dairy Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:227-31. [PMID: 26841136 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine (i) the seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subs paratuberculosis (MAP) in a high-producing dairy herd with clinical symptoms of bovine paratuberculosis, (ii) MAP seroconversion and seronegativation dynamics in the herd and (iii) possible relationships between MAP infection status and herd reproductive performance. One single blood test per cow was performed early post-partum on a monthly basis from day 10-40 post-partum during the first year of the study in 519 cows belonging to a commercial dairy herd. A subset of 111 cows that became pregnant during the study was tested again 60-200 days later during the early foetal period, immediately after the first confirmation of gestation at 58-64 days post-AI. Logistic regression analysis indicated no effect of any independent variable on MAP seropositivity and conception rate 28-34 days post-AI. MAP seropositivity was not a factor affecting the anoestrous, subfertility and early foetal loss rates. In the subset of 111 cows, animals that seroconverted had a 3.9 times greater risk of suffering from early foetal loss (30.3%, 10/33) than the remaining pregnant animals (10.3%, 8/78), (95% confidence interval: 1.11-13.4; p = 0.003). In conclusion, early foetal loss was positively correlated with seroconversion to MAP. Reproductive performance was not impaired by MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Garcia-Ispierto
- Agrotecnio Centre, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Department of Animal Production, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - F López-Gatius
- Agrotecnio Centre, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Department of Animal Production, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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24
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McAloon CG, Whyte P, More SJ, Green MJ, O'Grady L, Garcia A, Doherty ML. The effect of paratuberculosis on milk yield--A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1449-1460. [PMID: 26686704 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis causing protein-losing enteropathy. Adverse effects on animal productivity are key drivers in the attempt to control paratuberculosis at the farm level. Economic models require an accurate estimation of the production effects associated with paratuberculosis. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of paratuberculosis on milk production. A total of 20 effect estimates from 15 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed. Subgroup analysis by case definition and study design was carried out to investigate heterogeneity. The majority of between-study variation was attributed to studies that defined cases on serology. Calculation of a pooled effect estimate was only appropriate for studies that defined cases by organism detection. A reduction in milk yield, corrected for lactation number and herd of origin of 1.87 kg/d, equivalent to 5.9% of yield, was associated with fecal culture or PCR positivity in individual cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - AnaBelen Garcia
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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25
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Espejo LA, Zagmutt FJ, Groenendaal H, Muñoz-Zanzi C, Wells SJ. Evaluation of performance of bacterial culture of feces and serum ELISA across stages of Johne's disease in cattle using a Bayesian latent class model. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8227-39. [PMID: 26364104 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of bacterial culture of feces and serum ELISA to correctly identify cows with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) at heavy, light, and non-fecal-shedding levels. A total of 29,785 parallel test results from bacterial culture of feces and serum ELISA were collected from 17 dairy herds in Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Colorado. Samples were obtained from adult cows from dairy herds enrolled for up to 10 yr in the National Johne's Disease Demonstration Herd Project. A Bayesian latent class model was fitted to estimate the probabilities that bacterial culture of feces (using 72-h sedimentation or 30-min centrifugation methods) and serum ELISA results correctly identified cows as high positive, low positive, or negative given that cows were heavy, light, and non-shedders, respectively. The model assumed that no gold standard test was available and conditional independency existed between diagnostic tests. The estimated conditional probabilities that bacterial culture of feces correctly identified heavy shedders, light shedders, and non-shedders were 70.9, 32.0, and 98.5%, respectively. The same values for the serum ELISA were 60.6, 18.7, and 99.5%, respectively. Differences in diagnostic test performance were observed among states. These results improve the interpretation of results from bacterial culture of feces and serum ELISA for detection of MAP and MAP antibody (respectively), which can support on-farm infection control decisions and can be used to evaluate disease-testing strategies, taking into account the accuracy of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Espejo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.
| | | | | | - C Muñoz-Zanzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
| | - S J Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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26
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More SJ, Cameron AR, Strain S, Cashman W, Ezanno P, Kenny K, Fourichon C, Graham D. Evaluation of testing strategies to identify infected animals at a single round of testing within dairy herds known to be infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5194-210. [PMID: 26074225 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As part of a broader control strategy within herds known to be infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), individual animal testing is generally conducted to identify infected animals for action, usually culling. Opportunities are now available to quantitatively compare different testing strategies (combinations of tests) in known infected herds. This study evaluates the effectiveness, cost, and cost-effectiveness of different testing strategies to identify infected animals at a single round of testing within dairy herds known to be MAP infected. A model was developed, taking account of both within-herd infection dynamics and test performance, to simulate the use of different tests at a single round of testing in a known infected herd. Model inputs included the number of animals at different stages of infection, the sensitivity and specificity of each test, and the costs of testing and culling. Testing strategies included either milk or serum ELISA alone or with fecal culture in series. Model outputs included effectiveness (detection fraction, the proportion of truly infected animals in the herd that are successfully detected by the testing strategy), cost, and cost-effectiveness (testing cost per true positive detected, total cost per true positive detected). Several assumptions were made: MAP was introduced with a single animal and no management interventions were implemented to limit within-herd transmission of MAP before this test. In medium herds, between 7 and 26% of infected animals are detected at a single round of testing, the former using the milk ELISA and fecal culture in series 5 yr after MAP introduction and the latter using fecal culture alone 15 yr after MAP introduction. The combined costs of testing and culling at a single round of testing increases with time since introduction of MAP infection, with culling costs being much greater than testing costs. The cost-effectiveness of testing varied by testing strategy. It was also greater at 5 yr, compared with 10 or 15 yr, since MAP introduction, highlighting the importance of early detection. Future work is needed to evaluate these testing strategies in subsequent rounds of testing as well as accounting for different herd dynamics and different levels of herd biocontainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - A R Cameron
- AusVet Animal Health Services Pty Ltd., 69001 Lyon, France
| | - S Strain
- Animal Health & Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon BT71 7DX, Northern Ireland
| | - W Cashman
- Riverstown Cross, Glanmire, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - P Ezanno
- INRA, Oniris, LUNAM Université, UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risque en Santé Animale, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - K Kenny
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Cellbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - C Fourichon
- INRA, Oniris, LUNAM Université, UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risque en Santé Animale, CS 40706, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - D Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Main Street, Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
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Mato I, Pesqueira N, Factor C, Sanjuan M, Yus E, Fouz R, Arnaiz I, Camino F, Diéguez F. Effect of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection status on culling and calving difficulty in dairy cattle. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Klinkenberg D, Koets A. The long subclinical phase of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infections explained without adaptive immunity. Vet Res 2015; 46:63. [PMID: 26092036 PMCID: PMC4473850 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an infection of the ruminant intestine. In cows, a long subclinical phase with no or low intermittent shedding precedes the clinical phase with high shedding. It is generally considered that an adaptive cell-mediated immune response controls the infection during the subclinical phase, followed by unprotective antibodies later in life. Based on recent observations, we challenge the importance of adaptive immunity and instead suggest a role of the structural organization of infected macrophages in localized granulomatous lesions. We investigated this hypothesis by mathematical modelling. Our first model describes infection in a villus, assuming a constant lesion volume. This model shows the existence of two threshold parameters, the MAP reproduction ratio RMAP determining if a lesion can develop, and the macrophage replacement ratio RMF determining if recruitment of macrophages is sufficient for unlimited growth. We show that changes in RMF during a cow’s life – i.e. changes in the innate immune response – can cause intermittent shedding. Our second model describes infection in a granuloma, assuming a growing lesion volume. This model confirms the results of the villus model, and can explain early slow granuloma development: small granulomas grow slower because bacteria leave the granuloma quickly through the relatively large surface area. In conclusion, our models show that the long subclinical period of MAP infection can result from the structural organization of the infection in granulomatous lesions with an important role for innate rather than adaptive immunity. It thus provides a reasonable hypothesis that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Klinkenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Present address: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720, AB Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Bacteriology and TSE, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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The within host dynamics of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle: where time and place matter. Vet Res 2015; 46:61. [PMID: 26092382 PMCID: PMC4473847 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide, causing a significant economic loss to livestock industries. After a prolonged incubation time, infected cattle shed MAP bacilli into feces and spread the disease to an uninfected animal population. It is largely unknown how (or whether) the interplay between the pathogen and the host immunity determines timing of shedding after the long incubation time. Such information would provide an understanding of pathogenesis in individual animals and the epidemiology of MAP infection in animal populations. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of bovine Johne’s disease pathology, pathogenesis, immunology and genetics. We discuss knowledge gaps that direly need to be addressed to provide a science-based approach to diagnostics and (immuno)prophylaxis. These knowledge gaps are related to anatomical/clinical manifestation of MAP invasion, interaction of bacteria with phagocytes, granuloma formation, shedding, establishment and kinetics of adaptive immune responses in the pathogenesis of the disease. These topics are discussed at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels with special attention to the within host dynamics including the temporal and the spatial context relevant for the various host-pathogen interactions.
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30
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De Buck J, Shaykhutdinov R, Barkema HW, Vogel HJ. Metabolomic profiling in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111872. [PMID: 25372282 PMCID: PMC4221196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of current diagnostics for Johne's disease, a slow, progressing enteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is too low to reliably detect all infected animals in the subclinical stage. The objective was to identify individual metabolites or metabolite profiles that could be used as biomarkers of early MAP infection in ruminants. In a monthly follow-up for 17 months, calves infected at 2 weeks of age were compared with aged-matched controls. Sera from all animals were analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Spectra were acquired, processed, and quantified for analysis. The concentration of many metabolites changed over time in all calves, but some metabolites only changed over time in either infected or non-infected groups and the change in others was impacted by the infection. Hierarchical multivariate statistical analysis achieved best separation between groups between 300 and 400 days after infection. Therefore, a cross-sectional comparison between 1-year-old calves experimentally infected at various ages with either a high- or a low-dose and age-matched non-infected controls was performed. Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS DA) yielded distinct separation of non-infected from infected cattle, regardless of dose and time (3, 6, 9 or 12 months) after infection. Receiver Operating Curves demonstrated that constructed models were high quality. Increased isobutyrate in the infected cattle was the most important agreement between the longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. In general, high- and low-dose cattle responded similarly to infection. Differences in acetone, citrate, glycerol and iso-butyrate concentrations indicated energy shortages and increased fat metabolism in infected cattle, whereas changes in urea and several amino acids (AA), including the branched chain AA, indicated increased protein turnover. In conclusion, metabolomics was a sensitive method for detecting MAP infection much sooner than with current diagnostic methods, with individual metabolites significantly distinguishing infected from non-infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Rustem Shaykhutdinov
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in environmental samples by faecal culture and real-time PCR in relation to apparent within-herd prevalence as determined by individual faecal culture. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:975-85. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEnvironmental samples are a cost-saving and easy-to-use approach to diagnose paratuberculosis at the herd level. Detailed knowledge concerning its uncertainties in herds with a low prevalence of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is required to design sampling strategies in control programmes. This study aimed to calculate a threshold level of the apparent within-herd prevalence (WHPapp) as determined by individual mycobacterial cultivation (faecal culture; FC) of all cows thus allowing the detection of a herd as MAP-positive at a certain probability level (Pd). Out of 200 environmental samples taken twice from five predefined locations in a barn, 25 were positive by FC and 60 were positive by a quantitative real-time PCR method (qPCR). A logistic regression model was used to calculate the WHPapp threshold of detection. For 50% Pd, a WHPapp threshold of 2·9% was calculated for the combination of three samples (milking area, main cow alleyways, holding pen) tested simultaneously both by FC and qPCR. The threshold increased to 6·2% for 90% Pd. Repeated environmental sampling did not reduce the WHPapp threshold. Depending on the particular needs for prevalence estimation or in control programmes (single or repeated sampling) the provided WHPapp thresholds at different Pd will enable decisions to be made about various sampling strategies.
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Donat K, Erhardt G, Soschinka A, Brandt HR. Decreased serum protein associated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis shedding in German Holstein cows. Vet Rec 2014; 174:408. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Donat
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund; Animal Health Service; Victor-Goerttler-Str. 4 Jena D-07745 Germany
| | - G. Erhardt
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; Justus Liebig University; Ludwigstraße 21b Gießen D-35390 Germany
| | - A. Soschinka
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund; Animal Health Service; Victor-Goerttler-Str. 4 Jena D-07745 Germany
- Hagenow Veterinary Practice; Hagenstraße 32 Hagenow D-19230 Germany
| | - H. R. Brandt
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics; Justus Liebig University; Ludwigstraße 21b Gießen D-35390 Germany
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MASSARO TYLER, LENHART SUZANNE, SPENCE MEREDITH, DRAKES CRYSTAL, YANG GUANG, AGUSTO FOLASHADE, JOHNSON RACHEL, WHITLOCK BRIAN, WADHWA ASHUTOSH, EDA SHIGETOSHI. MODELING FOR COST ANALYSIS OF JOHNE'S DISEASE CONTROL BASED ON EVELISA TESTING. J BIOL SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s021833901340010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is recommended for control of Johne's disease (JD) in the cattle industry. A recent report showed that prevalence of JD in dairy farms could be reduced by applying an ELISA-based control strategy, even though the sensitivity of the current ELISA has been reported to be lower than 30%. We previously developed a more sensitive ELISA test (EVELISA; Ethanol Vortex ELISA) for diagnosis of JD and, in this report, aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of the EVELISA in JD control compared to that of a current ELISA test. For simulation of population dynamics, we developed a deterministic, discrete-time mathematical model incorporating contact structure, possibility of adult infection and the concept of order of events. In our model, the number of animals infected with the causative agent of JD, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), increases in a 10-year simulation if no JD control measure is applied. When test results of ELISA or EVELISA are used for JD control, the increase in MAP-infected animals is less significant. According to our model, EVELISA-based control measures increase the annual per capita revenue of US dairy farms when compared to no JD control and ELISA-based JD control, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- TYLER MASSARO
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1320, USA
| | - SUZANNE LENHART
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1320, USA
| | - MEREDITH SPENCE
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - CRYSTAL DRAKES
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - GUANG YANG
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - FOLASHADE AGUSTO
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA
| | - RACHEL JOHNSON
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - BRIAN WHITLOCK
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - ASHUTOSH WADHWA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - SHIGETOSHI EDA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Paratuberculosis: decrease in milk production of German Holstein dairy cows shedding Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis depends on within-herd prevalence. Animal 2014; 8:852-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Perceptions of veterinarians in bovine practice and producers with beef cow-calf operations enrolled in the US Voluntary Bovine Johne's Disease Control Program concerning economic losses associated with Johne's disease. Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:330-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Knust B, Patton E, Ribeiro-Lima J, Bohn JJ, Wells SJ. Evaluation of the effects of a killed whole-cell vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in 3 herds of dairy cattle with natural exposure to the organism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:663-9. [PMID: 23402414 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.5.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of vaccination with a killed whole-cell vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) on fecal shedding of the organism, development of clinical paratuberculosis (Johne's disease [JD]), milk production, measures of reproduction, and within-herd longevity of dairy cattle naturally exposed to MAP. DESIGN Controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS 200 vaccinated and 195 unvaccinated (control) dairy cows from 3 herds in Wisconsin. PROCEDURES Every other heifer calf born in each herd received the MAP vaccine; 162 vaccinates and 145 controls that had ≥ 1 lactation were included in analyses. Bacteriologic culture of fecal samples for MAP was performed annually for 7 years; results were confirmed via histologic methods and PCR assay. Production records and culture results were evaluated to determine effects of vaccination on variables of interest in study cows. Annual whole-herd prevalence of MAP shedding in feces was also determined. RESULTS Vaccinates had a significantly lower hazard of testing positive for MAP via culture of fecal samples than did controls over time (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.34 to 0.97). Fewer vaccinates developed clinical JD than did controls (n = 6 and 12, respectively), but these differences were nonsignificant. Overall within-herd longevity, total milk production, and calving-to-conception intervals were similar between vaccinates and controls. In all herds, prevalence of MAP shedding in feces decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vaccination with a killed whole-cell MAP vaccine appeared to be an effective tool as part of a program to control the spread of JD in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knust
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Espejo LA, Godden S, Hartmann WL, Wells SJ. Reduction in incidence of Johne's disease associated with implementation of a disease control program in Minnesota demonstration herds. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:4141-52. [PMID: 22720971 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a standardized control program on the incidence of Johne's disease in 8 dairy herds in Minnesota. Depending on recruitment year, herds were followed for between 5 and 10 yr. Program compliance was evaluated using a cohort risk assessment score by birth cohort. Fecal samples from cows in study herds were tested annually using bacterial culture to detect Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and serum samples from study cows were tested using an ELISA to detect antibodies to MAP. Clinical Johne's disease was also recorded. Cohort risk assessment score decreased along birth cohorts. Depending on the follow-up period in each herd, 5 to 8 birth cohorts were followed to describe changes in time to MAP bacterial culture positivity, serum ELISA positivity, MAP heavy shedding status, and clinical Johne's disease. The analysis of time to bacterial culture positivity, serum ELISA positivity, heavy fecal shedding status, and clinical Johne's disease using a time-dependent Cox regression indicated a reduction of the instantaneous hazard ratio by birth cohorts and by cohort risk score; however, the strength of association between the cohort risk score and each of the 4 disease outcomes decreased over time. The age at which the cows first tested positive for bacterial culture, serum ELISA, and heavy fecal shedding, and the age of the cows at onset of clinical Johne's disease signs remained constant for all birth cohorts. Based on herd risk scores, overall herds complied with the recommended management practices in the program. Results were consistent with a within-herd reduction of Johne's disease transmission, and that reduction was associated with herd-level management practices implemented as part of the control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Espejo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA.
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Eisenberg SWF, Nielen M, Koets AP. Within-farm transmission of bovine paratuberculosis: recent developments. Vet Q 2012; 32:31-5. [PMID: 22339208 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2012.659870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of paratuberculosis in cattle which causes a chronic infection of the small intestine. Since the transmission is only partly understood current control programs have been able to only decrease prevalence but not to eradicate disease from a herd. Unknown and therefore uncontrolled routes of transmission were suggested and infective bioaerosols were hypothesized as a potential candidate. This review gives an overview concerning disease transmission and focuses on consequences of bioaerosols on the within-herd transmission of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne W F Eisenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Boulais C, Wacker R, Augustin JC, Cheikh MHB, Peladan F. Modeling the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bulk raw milk and the impact of management options for exposure mitigation. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1126-36. [PMID: 21740715 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causal agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in cattle and other farm ruminants. The potential role of MAP in Crohn's disease in humans and the contribution of dairy products to human exposure to MAP continue to be the subject of scientific debate. The occurrence of MAP in bulk raw milk from dairy herds was assessed using a stochastic modeling approach. Raw milk samples were collected from bulk tanks in dairy plants and tested for the presence of MAP. Results from this analytical screening were used in a Bayesian network to update the model prediction. Of the 83 raw milk samples tested, 4 were positive for MAP by culture and PCR. We estimated that the level of MAP in bulk tanks ranged from 0 CFU/ml for the 2.5th percentile to 65 CFU/ml for the 97.5th percentile, with 95% credibility intervals of [0, 0] and [16, 326], respectively. The model was used to evaluate the effect of measures aimed at reducing the occurrence of MAP in raw milk. Reducing the prevalence of paratuberculosis has less of an effect on the occurrence of MAP in bulk raw milk than does managing clinically infected animals through good farming practices.
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Pillars R, Bolton M, Grooms D. Case-control study: Productivity and longevity of dairy cows that tested positive for infection with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis as heifers compared to age-matched controls. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2825-31. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sorge US, Lissemore K, Godkin A, Hendrick S, Wells S, Kelton D. Associations between paratuberculosis milk ELISA result, milk production, and breed in Canadian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:754-61. [PMID: 21257043 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 3 objectives of this study were (1) to quantify milk production differences among cows with different paratuberculosis (ParaTB) milk ELISA results; (2) to determine if production differences existed in lactations preceding the test among cows with different ParaTB milk ELISA results; and (3) to assess whether Channel Island breeds were more likely to test positive with the ParaTB milk ELISA than other dairy breeds. Current and completed lactation records from 35,591 dairy cows in Ontario and western Canada that had been tested with a commercial ParaTB milk ELISA were included in the analysis. The first occurrence of the highest categorical test result was used to classify the cow. Cows were then grouped by the lactation in which the first high-positive (HTP), low-positive, or negative milk ELISA occurred, and comparisons were made within lactation groups. High test-positive cows were defined as those that had an optical density ≥ 1.0 on at least 1 ParaTB milk ELISA. The associations between ParaTB milk ELISA status and milk production, as measured by the 305-d milk yield, were assessed with a series of linear mixed models. The effect of breed on the likelihood of testing positive with the milk ELISA was assessed using a logistic mixed model for the lactation in which the first negative or positive ParaTB milk ELISA occurred. Test-positive cows produced on average 2.9 to 6.8% less milk than negative herdmates in the lactation in which they were tested. The HTP cows produced on average 466, 514, and 598 kg less milk than low-positive herdmates in lactations 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Cows testing low-positive in their second lactation had, on average, a 218-kg higher milk yield in their first lactation than their test-negative herdmates. Otherwise, no association was found between test result and milk production in preceding lactations. Differences in milk production among negative, test-positive, and HTP cows increased with increasing parity. Cows of the Channel Island breeds had 1.4 to 8.3 times the odds to test positive compared with other dairy breeds. The findings of this study are consistent with previous studies that have reported that milk production is lower in test-positive animals. The differences in milk production increased with increasing ELISA optical density scores and parity in which the animal tested positive. However, with the exception of second-lactation cows, no differences in milk production were observed in tests preceding lactations. The differences in milk ELISA status among dairy breeds support the need for further studies investigating the genetic component of ParaTB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- U S Sorge
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Villarino MA, Scott HM, Jordan ER. Influence of parity at time of detection of serologic antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis on reduction in daily and lifetime milk production in Holstein cows1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:267-76. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dukkipati VSR, Blair HT, Garrick DJ, Lopez-Villalobos N, Whittington RJ, Reddacliff LA, Eppleston J, Windsor P, Murray A. Association of microsatellite polymorphisms with immune responses to a killed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis vaccine in Merino sheep. N Z Vet J 2010; 58:237-45. [PMID: 20927174 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.69154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the association of polymorphisms at five microsatellite loci with immune responses to a killed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) vaccine. METHODS Merino sheep (504 vaccinates and 430 unvaccinated controls) from a long-term Johne's vaccine trial undertaken on three different properties in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, were genotyped for five microsatellite markers located in three immunologically significant chromosome regions. The marker loci included three from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), namely DYMS1, OLADRB and SMHCC1; and one each from the solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1), OVINRA1, and the interferon-γ (IFN-γ), o(IFN)-γ, gene regions. Associations between immune responses and genetic polymorphisms at the marker loci were examined by analysing both allelic and genotypic effects. RESULTS The o(IFN)-γ locus had only two alleles, whereas the other four loci exhibited extensive polymorphism, with the number of alleles ranging from 10 (OVINRA1) to 21 (DYMS1), resulting in 30-92 genotypes per locus. Heterozygosities varied between 37% (o(IFN)-γ) and 87% (SMHCC1), while information on polymorphic contents ranged from 0.31 (o(IFN)-γ) to 0.87 (DYMS1). Each of the three properties exhibited unique allelic and genotypic frequencies. Analysis of immune response data revealed strong antibody and IFN-γ responses as early as 2 months post-vaccination. Immune responses in control animals on all three properties remained consistently low, except for slightly elevated IFN-γ responses at a few time-points on two properties, concomitant with exposure to natural infection. Genotype-phenotype association analyses revealed a number of marker genotypes/alleles to be significantly associated with antibody and IFN-γ responses. However, the effects of only five genotypes (one each at DYMS1, OLADRB, SMHCC1, OVINRA1 and o(IFN)-γ) and three alleles (one each at o(IFN)-γ, DYMS1and OLADRB) on IFN-γ responses were consistent across the three properties. CONCLUSION Considering the significance of IFN-γ responses in protection against Map, it is possible that the genotypes/alleles identified might have a role in protective immune responses to natural Map infections, and further studies are warranted to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S R Dukkipati
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Smith RL, Strawderman RL, Schukken YH, Wells SJ, Pradhan AK, Espejo LA, Whitlock RH, Van Kessel JS, Smith JM, Wolfgang DR, Gröhn YT. Effect of Johne's disease status on reproduction and culling in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3513-24. [PMID: 20655419 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the costs attributed to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle, the effects on reproduction and culling are the least documented. To estimate the cost of MAP infections and Johne's disease in a dairy herd, the rates of calving and culling were calculated for cows in each stage of MAP infection relative to uninfected cows. Data from 6 commercial dairy herds, consisting of 2,818 cows with 2,754 calvings and 1,483 cullings, were used for analysis. Every cow in each study herd was tested regularly for MAP, and herds were followed for between 4 and 7 yr. An ordinal categorical variable for Johne's disease status [test-negative, low-positive (low-shedding or ELISA-positive only), or high-shedding] was defined as a time-dependent variable for all cows with at least 1 positive test result or 2 negative test results. A Cox regression model, stratified on herd and controlling for the time-dependent infection variable, was used to analyze time to culling. Nonshedding animals were significantly less likely to be culled in comparison with animals in the low-shedding or ELISA-positive category, and high-shedding animals had nonsignificantly higher culling rates than low-shedding or ELISA-positive animals. Time to calving was analyzed using a proportional rates model, an analog to the Andersen-Gill regression model suitable for recurrent event data, stratifying on herd and weighted to adjust for the dependent censoring caused by the culling effects described above. High-shedding animals had lower calving rates in comparison with low-shedding or ELISA-positive animals, which tended to have higher calving rates than test-negative animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smith
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Pithua P, Godden SM, Fetrow J, Wells SJ. Effect of a plasma-derived colostrum replacement feeding program on adult performance and longevity in Holstein cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:1230-7. [PMID: 20513203 DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate longevity, milk production, and breeding performance in adult Holstein cows fed either a plasma-derived commercial colostrum replacer (CR) or raw bovine maternal colostrum (MC) at birth. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS 497 heifer calves born in 12 commercial dairies located in Minnesota and Wisconsin. PROCEDURES All calves were separated from their dams within 30 to 60 minutes after birth and systematically assigned to be fed either MC (control group [n = 261 calves]) or CR (treatment group [236]). Calves were observed from birth up to adulthood (approx 54 months old), during which time death and culling events plus milk yield and breeding performance data were collected. Time to death, time to culling, time to death or culling combined, time to first calving, and time to conception intervals were evaluated by use of proportional hazards survival analysis models. Number of times inseminated per conception and lifetime milk yield (up to 54 months old) were evaluated by use of general linear models. RESULTS Cows fed CR as calves at the time of birth were no different than cows fed MC as calves with respect to overall risk of death, culling, or death or culling combined (from birth to 54 months of follow-up and from first calving to 54 months old); lifetime milk yield; and breeding performance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE No difference was detected in overall risk of death or culling, milk production, or reproductive performance between cows fed CR and those fed MC as calves at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pithua
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Aly SS, Anderson RJ, Adaska JM, Jiang J, Gardner IA. Association between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and milk production in two California dairies. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1030-40. [PMID: 20172223 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The association between Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and milk production was estimated on 2 California dairies using longitudinal data from 5,926 cows. Both study herds had moderate MAP seroprevalence, housed cows in freestalls, and had Johne's disease control programs. Cow MAP status was determined using both serum ELISA and fecal culture results from cows tested at dry-off and from whole-herd tests. Potential confounders were evaluated based on a causal diagram. Mixed models with 2 functions (splines) for days in milk (DIM) representing milk production pre- and postpeak used in similar studies were further modified to use each cow's observed DIM at peak and lactation length. Cows that were seropositive produced 2.5kg less 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) per day than their seronegative herdmates. In addition, cows that were fecal-culture positive by liquid culture and confirmed by PCR produced 2.2kg less 4% FCM per day than their fecal-culture negative herdmates. The decrease in milk production in MAP test-positive compared with test-negative cows started in the second lactation. A switch in MAP status in either ELISA or fecal culture results from positive to negative had no significant association with milk production. Modified DIM functions that used the observed DIM at peak had better model fit than another function that assumed a fixed peak at 60 DIM. Cows that tested positive for MAP on serum ELISA or fecal culture produced less milk than cows that tested negative, and the association between MAP and milk production was not confounded by mastitis, elevated somatic cell counts, or uterine or metabolic cow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Aly
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Raizman EA, Fetrow JP, Wells SJ. Loss of income from cows shedding Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis prior to calving compared with cows not shedding the organism on two Minnesota dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4929-36. [PMID: 19762809 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of the financial effect of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on lactation performance is essential to encourage participation of dairy cattle producers in Johne's disease (JD) control programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in net income per lactation of cows shedding Mycobacterium paratuberculosis before calving compared with test-negative cows. Two Minnesota dairies were enrolled in the study and fecal samples were collected from 1,048 cows during the close-up period. Milk production, clinical diseases (other than clinical JD), and reproductive performance data were recorded for each cow. Overall, fecal-culture-positive (FCP) cows produced 1,355 kg less than fecal-culture-negative (FCN) cows. Fecal-culture-positive cows that survived their current lactation produced $276 less in milk income than cows that were FCN ($1,956 vs. $1,680; SD $526, $570). Fecal-culture-positive cows were 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.6-5.8) times more likely to be culled than FCN cows. The mean days open (number of days from calving to conception) was not statistically significant and the cost differences for clinical disease other than JD were small and neither statistically nor economically significant between FCP and FCN cows. Among all FCP cows, income over feed costs losses were $366 per cow per lactation compared with FCN cows. Among FCP nonculled cows, income over feed costs losses were $276 more compared with FCN cows and this difference was statistically significant. There was a total loss of $155 per lactation for nonculled FCP cows retained in the herd compared with FCN cows retained in the herd. Among culled cows, FCP cow losses were $50 less because of age at culling and $120 for reduced beef value. This totaled a loss of $441 for culled FCP cows compared with culled FCN cows. The losses as a result of lower lactation performance and early culling from the herd should alarm dairy producers and motivate them to implement the appropriate control measures for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Raizman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Bovine tuberculosis and milk production in infected dairy herds in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2009; 93:153-61. [PMID: 19896227 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the relationship between bovine tuberculosis (TB) and milk yield in TB-infected dairy herds in Ireland. The study had two objectives: to determine whether cows detected as TB reactors (and thus subject to immediate slaughter) were likely to be the higher milk-producing cows, and to determine whether subclinical TB infection was associated with reduced milk production at or around the time of disclosure (detection). All Irish dairy herds restricted from trading between the 1(st) June 2004 and the 31(st) May 2005 as a result of two or more TB reactors by the Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test (SICTT) were considered for study. The data consisted of 419 herds. Data were collected on all TB reactors and a random sample of 5 non-reactor cows in these herds: a data set of 4340 cows (2342 TB reactors and 1998 non-reactors). Previous milk data for the cows were taken into consideration and thus all lactations on a cow were analysed together with the years of lactations. There was an inherent hierarchical structure in the data, with lactations nested within cows and cows within herds and thus a linear mixed model with two random effects was used to describe the data. The results of this study showed that for all lactations and years under investigation, milk yield was significantly lower for TB reactor cows, with differences ranging from 120kg (2003, lactation 3) to 573kg (2001, lactation 1), when compared to the non-reactor cows.
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Richardson E, More S. Direct and indirect effects of Johne's disease on farm and animal productivity in an Irish dairy herd. Ir Vet J 2009; 62:526-32. [PMID: 21851739 PMCID: PMC3113779 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-8-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is caused by infection with the organism Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis, leading to chronic diarrhoea and ill thrift in adult cattle. JD is considered to adversely affect farm performance and profitability. This retrospective case study was undertaken on a single commercial dairy herd in the south west of Ireland. Animal production records were interrogated to assess the effect of JD on milk yield (total kg per lactation), somatic cell count (the geometric mean over the lactation), reasons for culling, cull price and changes in herd parity structure over time. JD groups were defined using clinical signs and test results. One control animal was matched to each case animal on parity number and year. Specific lactations (clinical, pre-clinical and test-positive only) from 1994 to 2004 were compared between JD case and control cows. A significantly lower milk yield (1259.3 kg/lactation) was noted from cows with clinical JD in comparison to their matched control group. Clinical animals had an average cull price of €516 less than animals culled without signs of clinical disease. In contrast, little effect was noted for sub-clinical infections. These direct effects of JD infections, in combination with increased culling for infertility and increasing replacement rates, had a negative impact on farm production. Results from this study provide preliminary information regarding the effects of JD status on both herd and animal-level performance in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekb Richardson
- Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.
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Smith R, Grohn Y, Pradhan A, Whitlock R, Van Kessel J, Smith J, Wolfgang D, Schukken Y. A longitudinal study on the impact of Johne's disease status on milk production in individual cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:2653-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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