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Saheb T, Saheb T. Mapping Ethical Artificial Intelligence Policy Landscape: A Mixed Method Analysis. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2024; 30:9. [PMID: 38451328 PMCID: PMC10920462 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-024-00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
As more national governments adopt policies addressing the ethical implications of artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of policy documents on these topics can provide valuable insights into emerging concerns and areas of shared importance. This study critically examines 57 policy documents pertaining to ethical AI originating from 24 distinct countries, employing a combination of computational text mining methods and qualitative content analysis. The primary objective is to methodically identify common themes throughout these policy documents and perform a comparative analysis of the ways in which various governments give priority to crucial matters. A total of nineteen topics were initially retrieved. Through an iterative coding process, six overarching themes were identified: principles, the protection of personal data, governmental roles and responsibilities, procedural guidelines, governance and monitoring mechanisms, and epistemological considerations. Furthermore, the research revealed 31 ethical dilemmas pertaining to AI that had been overlooked previously but are now emerging. These dilemmas have been referred to in different extents throughout the policy documents. This research makes a scholarly contribution to the expanding field of technology policy formulations at the national level by analyzing similarities and differences among countries. Furthermore, this analysis has practical ramifications for policymakers who are attempting to comprehend prevailing trends and potentially neglected domains that demand focus in the ever-evolving field of artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Saheb
- School of Business, Menlo College, Atherton, CA, USA.
| | - Tayebeh Saheb
- Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Ruotsalainen P, Blobel B. Future pHealth Ecosystem-Holistic View on Privacy and Trust. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1048. [PMID: 37511661 PMCID: PMC10381737 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern pHealth is an emerging approach to collecting and using personal health information (PHI) for personalized healthcare and personalized health management. For its products and services, it deploys advanced technologies such as sensors, actuators, computers, mobile phones, etc. Researchers have shown that today's networked information systems, such as pHealth ecosystems, miss appropriate privacy solutions, and trust is only an illusion. In the future, the situation will be even more challenging because pHealth ecosystems will be highly distributed, dynamic, increasingly autonomous, and multi-stakeholder, with the ability to monitor the person's regular life, movements, emotions, and health-related behavior in real time. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that privacy and trust in ecosystems are system-level problems that need a holistic, system-focused solution. To make future pHealth ethically acceptable, privacy-enabled, and trustworthy, the authors have developed a conceptual five-level privacy and trust model as well as a formula that describes the impact of privacy and trust factors on the level of privacy and trust. Furthermore, the authors have analyzed privacy and trust challenges and possible solutions at each level of the model. Based on the analysis performed, a proposal for future ethically acceptable, trustworthy, and privacy-enabled pHealth is developed. The solution combines privacy as personal property and trust as legally binding fiducial duty approaches and uses a blockchain-based smart contract agreement to store people's privacy and trust requirements and service providers' promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Ruotsalainen
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences (ITC), Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Bernd Blobel
- Medical Faculty, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Jaworski BK, Webb Hooper M, Aklin WM, Jean-Francois B, Elwood WN, Belis D, Riley WT, Hunter CM. Advancing digital health Equity: Directions for behavioral and social science research. Transl Behav Med 2022; 13:132-139. [PMID: 36318232 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The field of digital health is evolving rapidly and encompasses a wide range of complex and changing technologies used to support individual and population health. The COVID-19 pandemic has augmented digital health expansion and significantly changed how digital health technologies are used. To ensure that these technologies do not create or exacerbate existing health disparities, a multi-pronged and comprehensive research approach is needed. In this commentary, we outline five recommendations for behavioral and social science researchers that are critical to promoting digital health equity. These recommendations include: (i) centering equity in research teams and theoretical approaches, (ii) focusing on issues of digital health literacy and engagement, (iii) using methods that elevate perspectives and needs of underserved populations, (iv) ensuring ethical approaches for collecting and using digital health data, and (v) developing strategies for integrating digital health tools within and across systems and settings. Taken together, these recommendations can help advance the science of digital health equity and justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth K Jaworski
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Monica Webb Hooper
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Will M Aklin
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Beda Jean-Francois
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - William N Elwood
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Deshirée Belis
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - William T Riley
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Christine M Hunter
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Fronemann N, Pollmann K, Loh W. Should my robot know what's best for me? Human–robot interaction between user experience and ethical design. AI & SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00146-021-01210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo integrate social robots in real-life contexts, it is crucial that they are accepted by the users. Acceptance is not only related to the functionality of the robot but also strongly depends on how the user experiences the interaction. Established design principles from usability and user experience research can be applied to the realm of human–robot interaction, to design robot behavior for the comfort and well-being of the user. Focusing the design on these aspects alone, however, comes with certain ethical challenges, especially regarding the user’s privacy and autonomy. Based on an example scenario of human–robot interaction in elder care, this paper discusses how established design principles can be used in social robotic design. It then juxtaposes these with ethical considerations such as privacy and user autonomy. Combining user experience and ethical perspectives, we propose adjustments to the original design principles and canvass our own design recommendations for a positive and ethically acceptable social human–robot interaction design. In doing so, we show that positive user experience and ethical design may be sometimes at odds, but can be reconciled in many cases, if designers are willing to adjust and amend time-tested design principles.
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Rowan W, O'Connor Y, Lynch L, Heavin C. Comprehension, Perception, and Projection. J ORGAN END USER COM 2021. [DOI: 10.4018/joeuc.286766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Health social networks (HSNs) allow individuals with health information needs to connect and discuss health-related issues online. Political-technology intertwinement (e.g. GDPR and Digital Technology) highlights that users need to be aware, understand, and willing to provide electronic consent (eConsent) when sharing personal information online. The objective of this study is to explore the ‘As-Is’ factors which impact individuals’ decisional autonomy when consenting to the privacy policy (PP) and Terms and Conditions (T&Cs) on a HSN. We use a Situational Awareness (SA) lens to examine decision autonomy when providing eConsent. A mixed-methods approach reveals that technical and privacy comprehension, user perceptions, and projection of future consequences impact participants’ decision autonomy in providing eConsent. Without dealing with the privacy paradox at the outset, decision awareness and latterly decision satisfaction is negatively impacted. Movement away from clickwrap online consent to customised two-way engagement is the way forward for the design of eConsent.
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The role of 5G for digital healthcare against COVID-19 pandemic: Opportunities and challenges. ICT EXPRESS 2021; 7. [PMCID: PMC7609229 DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused a massive impact on healthcare, social life, and economies on a global scale. Apparently, technology has a vital role to enable ubiquitous and accessible digital health services in pandemic conditions as well as against “re-emergence” of COVID-19 disease in a post-pandemic era. Accordingly, 5G systems and 5G-enabled e-health solutions are paramount. This paper highlights methodologies to effectively utilize 5G for e-health use cases and its role to enable relevant digital services. It also provides a comprehensive discussion of the implementation issues, possible remedies and future research directions for 5G to alleviate the health challenges related to COVID-19.
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Ranathunga D, Roughan M, Nguyen H. Mathematical Reconciliation of Medical Privacy Policies. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1145/3397520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare data are arguably the most private of personal data. This very private information in the wrong hands can lead to identity theft, prescription fraud, insurance fraud, and an array of other crimes. Electronic-health systems such as My Health Record in Australia holds great promise in sharing medical data and improving healthcare quality. But, a key privacy issue in these systems is the misuse of healthcare data by “authorities.” The recent General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) introduced in the EU aims to reduce personal-data misuse. But, there are no tools currently available to accurately reconcile a domestic E-health policy against the GDPR to identify discrepancies. Reconciling privacy policies is also non-trivial, because policies are often written in free text, making them subject to human interpretation.
In this article, we propose a tool that allows the description of E-health privacy policies, represents them using formal constructs making the policies precise and explicit. Using this formal framework, our tool can automatically reconcile a domestic E-health policy against the GDPR to identify violations and omissions. We use our prototype to illustrate several critical flaws in Australia’s My Health Record policy, including a non-compliance with GDPR that allows healthcare providers to access medical records by default.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesha Ranathunga
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew Roughan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Teletraffic Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Australia
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O’Connor H, Hopkins WJ, Johnston D. For the greater good? Data and disasters in a post-COVID world. J R Soc N Z 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2021.1900297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen O’Connor
- Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - W. John Hopkins
- Institute of Law Disasters and Emergencies, Law School, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Johnston
- Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Cummins N, Schuller BW. Five Crucial Challenges in Digital Health. Front Digit Health 2020; 2:536203. [PMID: 34713029 PMCID: PMC8521883 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2020.536203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cummins
- Chair of Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- The Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Björn W. Schuller
- Chair of Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Velmovitsky PE, Miranda PADSES, Vaillancourt H, Donovska T, Teague J, Morita PP. A Blockchain-Based Consent Platform for Active Assisted Living: Modeling Study and Conceptual Framework. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e20832. [PMID: 33275111 PMCID: PMC7748951 DOI: 10.2196/20832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advancements in active assisted living (AAL) technologies allow older adults to age well in place. However, sensing technologies increase the complexity of data collection points, making it difficult for users to consent to data collection. One possible solution for improving transparency in the consent management process is the use of blockchain, an immutable and timestamped ledger. OBJECTIVE This study aims to provide a conceptual framework based on technology aimed at mitigating trust issues in the consent management process. METHODS The consent management process was modeled using established methodologies to obtain a mapping of trust issues. This mapping was then used to develop a conceptual framework based on previous monitoring and surveillance architectures for connected devices. RESULTS In this paper, we present a model that maps trust issues in the informed consent process; a conceptual framework capable of providing all the necessary underlining technologies, components, and functionalities required to develop applications capable of managing the process of informed consent for AAL, powered by blockchain technology to ensure transparency; and a diagram showing an instantiation of the framework with entities comprising the participants in the blockchain network, suggesting possible technologies that can be used. CONCLUSIONS Our conceptual framework provides all the components and technologies that are required to enhance the informed consent process. Blockchain technology can help overcome several privacy challenges and mitigate trust issues that are currently present in the consent management process of data collection involving AAL technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Plinio Pelegrini Morita
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- eHealth Innovation, Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Skelton E, Drey N, Rutherford M, Ayers S, Malamateniou C. Electronic consenting for conducting research remotely: A review of current practice and key recommendations for using e-consenting. Int J Med Inform 2020; 143:104271. [PMID: 32979650 PMCID: PMC7487205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic approaches are becoming more widely used to obtain informed consent for research participation. Electronic consent (e-consent) provides an accessible and versatile approach to the consenting process, which can be enhanced with audio-visual and interactive features to improve participant engagement and comprehension of study procedures. Best practice guidance underpinned by ethical principles is required to ensure effective implementation of e-consent for use in research. AIM To identify the key considerations for successful and ethical implementation of e-consent in the recruitment of participants to research projects which are conducted remotely. METHODS Electronic database searches of CINAHL, Medline, Embase, DARE, HTA, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, NHS Evidence, and hand-searches of reference lists were performed. Primary research studies of adult (≥ 18 years old) research participants using e-consent, published in English language, peer-reviewed journals between 2010-2020 were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS Of the initial 665 identified studies, 18 met the inclusion criteria: 6 cohort studies, 5 qualitative studies, 4 randomised control trials, 2 mixed-methods studies and one case-control study. Critical appraisal of included studies using Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tools suggested a low to moderate risk of bias in most studies (n = 15). Key practice recommendations for researchers using e-consent were identified around five primary themes: 1) accessibility and user-friendliness of e-consent, 2) user engagement and comprehension, 3) customisability to participant preferences and demographics, 4) data security and 5) impact on research teams. CONCLUSION E-consenting approaches are generally well received by participants, with most studies reporting user-friendly interfaces and sufficient participant comprehension of consenting documentation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE E-consent may facilitate remotely-conducted research by offering a feasible and robust alternative to face-to-face consenting approaches, however paper-based options should still be offered, based on participant preference. Customising e-consenting platforms may improve accessibility for individuals with specific needs, and increase engagement with study information. Research teams must offer prospective participants opportunities to discuss study information in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Skelton
- Division of Radiography and Midwifery, City, University of London, UK; Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, UK.
| | | | - Mary Rutherford
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, UK
| | - Susan Ayers
- Division of Radiography and Midwifery, City, University of London, UK
| | - Christina Malamateniou
- Division of Radiography and Midwifery, City, University of London, UK; Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, UK
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Cobigo V, Czechowski K, Chalghoumi H, Gauthier-Beaupre A, Assal H, Jutai J, Kobayashi K, Grenier A, Bah F. Protecting the privacy of technology users who have cognitive disabilities: Identifying areas for improvement and targets for change. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2020; 7:2055668320950195. [PMID: 33062296 DOI: 10.1177/2055668320950195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Information Technologies (IT) may serve assistive roles that facilitate the interaction of people living with cognitive disabilities (CD) within their environments. However, there are some notable concerns related to privacy threats associated with the use of IT. The purpose of this study was to examine how assistive technology developers may best adapt over time to develop their IT to be resilient against threats to privacy. We therefore focused on the following areas: (1) developers' knowledge and practices related to privacy protection; (2) challenges when applying recommended practices, and; (3) preferred channels to acquire knowledge. Method We conducted semi-structured interviews with ten technology developers who are members of the AGE-WELL network undertaking research and development of assistive technologies to be used by people who have cognitive disabilities. We used an inductive-deductive method for the analysis of qualitative data to examine participant responses and generate themes related to the study goals. Results Principal themes that emerged from the data include practices specific to populations with CD, challenges to obtaining consent to use of information, and preferred channels to acquire knowledge. Conclusion We identify areas of focus for developing a knowledge mobilization strategy to improve relevant policies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Cobigo
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hajer Chalghoumi
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hala Assal
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffery Jutai
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Kobayashi
- Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda Grenier
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Baycrest Hopsital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatoumata Bah
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Pot M, Brehme M, El-Heliebi A, Gschmeidler B, Hofer P, Kroneis T, Schirmer M, Schumann S, Prainsack B. Personalized medicine in Austria: expectations and limitations. Per Med 2020; 17:423-428. [PMID: 33026295 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Pot
- Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | | | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Medical University of Graz, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Graz 8036, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Philipp Hofer
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Pathology, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Medical University of Graz, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Graz 8036, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Michael Schirmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Clinic II, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Simone Schumann
- Open Science - Life Sciences in Dialogue, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Barbara Prainsack
- Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria.,Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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Dick S, Vasiliou VS, Davoren MP, Dockray S, Heavin C, Linehan C, Byrne M. A Digital Substance-Use Harm Reduction Intervention for Students in Higher Education (MyUSE): Protocol for Project Development. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e17829. [PMID: 32851980 PMCID: PMC7484779 DOI: 10.2196/17829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital interventions have been identified as a possible tool for reducing the harm caused by illicit drug use among students attending higher education (ie, college students). However, the success of interventions in this area has been hampered by a lack of user involvement and behavior change theory in their design. The My Understanding of Substance use Experiences (MyUSE) project combines a rigorous user-centered design (UCD) methodology and a robust behavioral change framework to develop a digitally delivered harm reduction intervention for illicit drug use among students in higher education. OBJECTIVE This project aims to design and develop a digital intervention that targets drug use-related harm among students in higher education. METHODS The MyUSE project will take place over 3 phases. The first phase was exploratory in nature, involving 3 systematic reviews, a large survey, and student workshops to gather a comprehensive evidence base to guide the project. The second phase is the development stage of the project, involving the use of the Behavior Change Wheel theoretical framework to determine the behavior change techniques of the intervention and the use of the UCD methodology to guide the development of the digital intervention. The third phase is the evaluation stage, whereby the intervention will undergo a 5-stage evaluation process to comprehensively evaluate its impacts. RESULTS The exploratory phase 1 of the MyUSE project was completed in December 2018. Phase 2 is currently underway, and phase 3 is due to begin in September 2020. CONCLUSIONS Higher education institutions (HEIs) are ideally placed to intervene and support students in the area of illicit drug use but are constrained by limited resources. Current digital interventions in this area are sparse and have several weaknesses. The MyUSE project combines a UCD approach with a robust behavior change framework to develop a digitally delivered intervention that is economically viable, effective in changing behavior, usable and acceptable to students, and able to sustain long-term implementation in HEIs. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17829.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Dick
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Martin P Davoren
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Sexual Health Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Samantha Dockray
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara Heavin
- Health Information Systems Research Centre, Cork University Business School, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conor Linehan
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Byrne
- Student Health Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
When the Internet and other interconnected networks are used in a health system, it is referred to as “e-Health.” In this paper, we examined research studies from 2017–2020 to explore the utilization of intelligent techniques in health and its evolution over time, particularly the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud computing. E-Health is defined as “the ability to seek, find, understand and appraise health information derived from electronic sources and acquired knowledge to properly solve or treat health problems. As a repository for health information as well as e-Health analysis, the Internet has the potential to protect consumers from harm and empower them to participate fully in informed health-related decision-making. Most importantly, high levels of e-Health integration mitigate the risk of encountering unreliable information on the Internet. Various research perspectives related to security and privacy within IoT-cloud-based e-Health systems are examined, with an emphasis on the opportunities, benefits and challenges of the implementation such systems. The combination of IoT-based e-Health systems integrated with intelligent systems such as cloud computing that provide smart objectives and applications is a promising future trend.
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Despotou G, Evans J, Nash W, Eavis A, Robbins T, Arvanitis TN. Evaluation of patient perception towards dynamic health data sharing using blockchain based digital consent with the Dovetail digital consent application: A cross sectional exploratory study. Digit Health 2020; 6:2055207620924949. [PMID: 32435503 PMCID: PMC7223864 DOI: 10.1177/2055207620924949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New patient-centric integrated care models are enabled by the capability to exchange the patient’s data amongst stakeholders, who each specialise in different aspects of the patient’s care. This requires a robust, trusted and flexible mechanism for patients to offer consent to share their data. Furthermore, new IT technologies make it easier to give patients more control over their data, including the right to revoke consent. These characteristics challenge the traditional paper-based, single-organisation-led consent process. The Dovetail digital consent application uses a mobile application and blockchain based infrastructure to offer this capability, as part of a pilot allowing patients to have their data shared amongst digital tools, empowering patients to manage their condition within an integrated care setting. Objective To evaluate patient perceptions towards existing consent processes, and the Dovetail blockchain based digital consent application as a means to manage data sharing in the context of diabetes care. Method Patients with diabetes at a General Practitioner practice were recruited. Data were collected using focus groups and questionnaires. Thematic analysis of the focus group transcripts and descriptive statistics of the questionnaires was performed. Results There was a lack of understanding of existing consent processes in place, and many patients did not have any recollection of having previously given consent. The digital consent application received favourable feedback, with patients recognising the value of the capability offered by the application. Patients overwhelmingly favoured the digital consent application over existing practice. Conclusions Digital consent was received favourably, with patients recognising that it addresses the main limitations of the current process. Feedback on potential improvements was received. Future work includes confirmation of results in a broader demographic sample and across multiple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Despotou
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, UK
| | - Jill Evans
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, UK
| | | | | | - Tim Robbins
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, UK
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17
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Ruotsalainen P, Blobel B. Health Information Systems in the Digital Health Ecosystem-Problems and Solutions for Ethics, Trust and Privacy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3006. [PMID: 32357446 PMCID: PMC7246854 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Digital health information systems (DHIS) are increasingly members of ecosystems, collecting, using and sharing a huge amount of personal health information (PHI), frequently without control and authorization through the data subject. From the data subject's perspective, there is frequently no guarantee and therefore no trust that PHI is processed ethically in Digital Health Ecosystems. This results in new ethical, privacy and trust challenges to be solved. The authors' objective is to find a combination of ethical principles, privacy and trust models, together enabling design, implementation of DHIS acting ethically, being trustworthy, and supporting the user's privacy needs. Research published in journals, conference proceedings, and standards documents is analyzed from the viewpoint of ethics, privacy and trust. In that context, systems theory and systems engineering approaches together with heuristic analysis are deployed. The ethical model proposed is a combination of consequentialism, professional medical ethics and utilitarianism. Privacy enforcement can be facilitated by defining it as health information specific contextual intellectual property right, where a service user can express their own privacy needs using computer-understandable policies. Thereby, privacy as a dynamic, indeterminate concept, and computational trust, deploys linguistic values and fuzzy mathematics. The proposed solution, combining ethical principles, privacy as intellectual property and computational trust models, shows a new way to achieve ethically acceptable, trustworthy and privacy-enabling DHIS and Digital Health Ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Ruotsalainen
- Faculty for Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Bernd Blobel
- Medical Faculty, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Fist Medical Faculty, Charles University Prague, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
- eHealth Competence Center Bavaria, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
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18
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Towards Applying Deep Learning to the Internet of Things: A Model and a Framework. INFORM SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63396-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Mayordomo-Martínez D, Carrillo-de-Gea JM, García-Mateos G, García-Berná JA, Fernández-Alemán JL, Rosero-López S, Parada-Sarabia S, García-Hernández M. Sustainable Accessibility: A Mobile App for Helping People with Disabilities to Search Accessible Shops. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E620. [PMID: 30791577 PMCID: PMC6406930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
People with motor disabilities must face many barriers and obstacles in their daily lives, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks. The purpose of this work is to improve their living conditions by providing an app with accessibility information in an updated, reliable and friendly form. The development of the system integrates national and regional accessibility regulations, architectural aspects, with an extensive field work, and a sustainable software process. The levels of accessibility and the requirements of the application are defined in the first phases of the project. The field work included the evaluation of 357 commercial establishments in the city of Murcia, Spain, showing that only 25% have a good accessibility, 40% are practicable with help, and 35% are inaccessible shops. The proposed system achieves its objectives of being sustainable and helping in the accessibility. Besides, the system can be a great incentive for businesses to improve their accessibility conditions. In conclusion, new technologies must have a much more active role in the promotion of universal accessibility. These tools must also consider the necessary requirements of sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mayordomo-Martínez
- Department of Structures and Construction, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain.
| | | | - Ginés García-Mateos
- Department of Computer Science and Systems, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - José A García-Berná
- Department of Computer Science and Systems, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Saúl Rosero-López
- Department of Computer Science and Systems, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Parada-Sarabia
- Federación de Asociaciones Murcianas de Personas con Discapacidad Física y Orgánica, 30005 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Manuel García-Hernández
- Federación de Asociaciones Murcianas de Personas con Discapacidad Física y Orgánica, 30005 Murcia, Spain.
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