1
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Yu ZD, Lu Y, Yao ZF, Wu HT, Wang ZY, Pan CK, Wang JY, Pei J. Buffer Chain Model for Understanding Crystallization Competition in Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405139. [PMID: 38588277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
It remains challenging to comprehensively understand the packing models of conjugated polymers, in which side chains play extremely critical roles. The side chains are typically flexible and non-conductive and are widely used to improve the polymer solubility in organic solutions. Herein, a buffer chain model is proposed to describe link between conjugated backbone and side chains for understanding the relationship of crystallization competition of conductive conjugated backbones and non-conductive side chains. A longer buffer chain is beneficial for alleviating such crystallization competition and further promoting the spontaneous packing of conjugated backbones, resulting in enhanced charge transport properties. Our results provide a novel concept for designing conjugated polymers towards ordered organization and enhanced electronic properties and highlight the importance of balancing the competitive interactions between different parts of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen-Kai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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2
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Mitra Thakur R, Ma T, Shamblin G, Oka SS, Lalwani SM, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. Recyclable Organic Radical Electrodes for Metal-Free Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400788. [PMID: 38728155 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Organic batteries are one of the possible routes for transitioning to sustainable energy storage solutions. However, the recycling of organic batteries, which is a key step toward circularity, is not easily achieved. This work shows the direct recycling of poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl) (PTMA) and poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl acrylamide) (PTAm) based composite electrodes. After charge-discharge cycling, the electrodes are deconstructed using a solubilizing-solvent and then reconstructed using a casting-solvent. The electrochemical properties of the original and recycled electrodes are compared using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycling, from which it is discovered using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) that recycling can be challenged by the formation of a cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). In turn, an additive is proposed to modify the CEI layer and improve the properties after recycling. Last, an anionic rocking chair battery consisting of PTAm electrodes as both positive and negative electrodes is demonstrated, in which the electrodes are recycled to form a new battery. This work demonstrates the recycling of composite electrodes for organic batteries and provides insights into the challenges and possible solutions for recycling the next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Grant Shamblin
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Suyash S Oka
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Suvesh M Lalwani
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
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3
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Mecerreyes D, Casado N, Villaluenga I, Forsyth M. Current Trends and Perspectives of Polymers in Batteries. Macromolecules 2024; 57:3013-3025. [PMID: 38616814 PMCID: PMC11008248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective aims to present the current status and future opportunities for polymer science in battery technologies. Polymers play a crucial role in improving the performance of the ubiquitous lithium ion battery. But they will be even more important for the development of sustainable and versatile post-lithium battery technologies, in particular solid-state batteries. In this article, we identify the trends in the design and development of polymers for battery applications including binders for electrodes, porous separators, solid electrolytes, or redox-active electrode materials. These trends will be illustrated using a selection of recent polymer developments including new ionic polymers, biobased polymers, self-healing polymers, mixed-ionic electronic conducting polymers, inorganic-polymer composites, or redox polymers to give some examples. Finally, the future needs, opportunities, and directions of the field will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Maria Forsyth
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
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4
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Joshi JS, Langwald SV, Ehrmann A, Sabantina L. Algae-Based Biopolymers for Batteries and Biofuel Applications in Comparison with Bacterial Biopolymers-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:610. [PMID: 38475294 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Algae-based biopolymers can be used in diverse energy-related applications, such as separators and polymer electrolytes in batteries and fuel cells and also as microalgal biofuel, which is regarded as a highly renewable energy source. For these purposes, different physical, thermochemical, and biochemical properties are necessary, which are discussed within this review, such as porosity, high temperature resistance, or good mechanical properties for batteries and high energy density and abundance of the base materials in case of biofuel, along with the environmental aspects of using algae-based biopolymers in these applications. On the other hand, bacterial biopolymers are also often used in batteries as bacterial cellulose separators or as biopolymer network binders, besides their potential use as polymer electrolytes. In addition, they are also regarded as potential sustainable biofuel producers and converters. This review aims at comparing biopolymers from both aforementioned sources for energy conversion and storage. Challenges regarding the production of algal biopolymers include low scalability and low cost-effectiveness, and for bacterial polymers, slow growth rates and non-optimal fermentation processes often cause challenges. On the other hand, environmental benefits in comparison with conventional polymers and the better biodegradability are large advantages of these biopolymers, which suggest further research to make their production more economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jnanada Shrikant Joshi
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sarah Vanessa Langwald
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Department of Apparel Engineering and Textile Processing, Berlin University of Applied Sciences-HTW Berlin, 12459 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Textile and Paper Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Alcoy, Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), 03801 Alcoy, Spain
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5
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Fataj X, Achazi AJ, Rohland P, Schröter E, Muench S, Burges R, Pohl KLH, Mollenhauer D, Hager MD, Schubert US. Development of Novel Redox-Active Organic Materials Based on Benzimidazole, Benzoxazole, and Benzothiazole: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Screening Approach. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302979. [PMID: 37950854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability is one of the hot topics of today's research, in particular when it comes to energy-storage systems such as batteries. Redox-active molecules implemented in organic batteries represent a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries, which partially rely on non-sustainable heavy metal salts. As an alternative, we propose benzothiazole, -oxazole and -imidazole derivatives as redox-active moieties for polymers in organic (radical) batteries. The target molecules were identified by a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches for the investigation of new organic active materials. Herein, we present the synthesis, electrochemical characterization and theoretical investigation of the proposed molecules, which can later be introduced into a polymer backbone and used in organic polymer batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhesilda Fataj
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas J Achazi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philip Rohland
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Erik Schröter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - René Burges
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - K Linus H Pohl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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6
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Fatikhova AV, Sergeev AV, Rudyak VY, Kozhunova EY, Chertovich AV. Charge Transfer Kinetics of Redox-Active Microgels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1840-1847. [PMID: 38197726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Polymer microgel particles decorated with redox-active functional groups are a new and promising object for electrochemical applications. However, the process of charge exchange between an electrode and a microgel particle carrying numerous redox-active centers differs fundamentally from charge exchange involving only molecular species. A single act of contact between the microgel and the electrode surface may not be enough to fully discharge the microgel, and partial charge states are to be expected. Understanding the specifics of this process is crucial for the correct analysis of the data obtained from electrochemical experiments with redox-active microgel solutions. In this study, we employed coarse-grained molecular dynamics to investigate in detail the act of charge transfer from a microgel particle to a flat electrode. The simulations take into account both the mobility of functional groups carrying the charge, which depend on the microgel architecture and the charge exchange between the groups, which can accelerate the propagation of charge within the microgel volume. A set of different microgel systems were simulated in order to reveal the impact of their characteristics: fraction of redox-active groups, microgel molecular mass, cross-linker content, cross-linking topology, and solvent quality. We have found trends in microgel composition leading to the most efficient charge transfer kinetics. The obtained results would be useful for understanding experimental results and for optimizing the design of redox-active microgel particles aimed at faster discharge rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina V Fatikhova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Artem V Sergeev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Yu Rudyak
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Kozhunova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Chertovich
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Dantas R, Ribeiro C, Souto M. Organic electrodes based on redox-active covalent organic frameworks for lithium batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:138-149. [PMID: 38051115 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive organic materials have received much attention as alternative electrodes for metal-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity, resource availability, and environmental friendliness. In particular, redox-active covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently emerged as promising electrodes due to their tunable electrochemical properties, insolubility in electrolytes, and structural versatility. In this Highlight, we review some recent strategies to improve the energy density and power density of COF electrodes for lithium batteries from the perspective of molecular design and electrode optimisation. Some other aspects such as stability and scalability are also discussed. Finally, the main challenges to improve their performance and future prospects for COF-based organic batteries are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Dantas
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-393, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-393, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Souto
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-393, Portugal.
- CIQUS, Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Bioloxica e Materiais Moleculares, Departamento de Química-Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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8
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Sosoe JOE, Malveau C, Maris T, Iftimie R, Wuest JD. Refreshing the Legacy of Rudolf Nietzki: Benzene-1,2,4,5-tetramine and Related Compounds. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16302-16314. [PMID: 37955666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Like hydroquinones and quinones, aromatic compounds with multiple NH2 groups and the corresponding quinonediimines have the potential to serve as components of useful redox-active organic materials. Benzene-1,2,4,5-tetramine (BTA) and its oxidized form BTA-H2 offer a promising redox pair of this type, and the compounds have proven to be useful in many areas of chemistry. However, key aspects of their behavior have remained poorly studied, such as the nature of their protonated forms, their preferred molecular structures, their reactivity, and their organization in condensed phases. In the present work, we have used a combination of improved methods of synthesis, computation, spectroscopic studies, and structural analyses to develop a deeper understanding of BTA, BTA-H2, their salts, and related compounds. The new knowledge is expected to accelerate exploitation of the compounds in areas of materials science where desirable properties can only be attained by properly controlling the organization of molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann O E Sosoe
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Cédric Malveau
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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9
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Ma T, Fox E, Qi M, Li CH, Sachithani KAN, Mohanty K, Tabor DP, Pentzer EB, Lutkenhaus JL. Charge Transfer in Spatially Defined Organic Radical Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9346-9351. [PMID: 38357527 PMCID: PMC10862473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Charge transfer in nonconjugated redox-active polymers is influenced by redox site proximity and polymer flexibility, but it is challenging to observe these effects independently. In this work, spatially defined radical-containing polymers are synthesized by using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of α,ω-dienes bearing a central activated ester. Postpolymerization functionalization with 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO) introduces TEMPO radical groups onto the polymer backbone through amide linkages to yield spatially defined polymers with radical units every 9, 11, 15, and 21 carbons. Increased radical spacing leads to reduced spin-spin coupling and increased chain flexibility. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) range from 47.6 to -13.8 °C, depending on the radical spacing. The spatially defined TEMPO-substituted polymer with a spacing length of 15 carbons displays the lowest Tg and the shortest hopping distance, as shown through molecular dynamics simulations. Also, this polymer displays kinetics 1000 times faster than the commonly studied TEMPO-containing polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-ylacrylamide) (PTAm). Remarkably, comparison of the diffusion and kinetics attributed to the redox reaction reveals that both the apparent diffusion coefficient and the self-exchange reaction rate constant are correlated to the polymer's Tg as log[Dapp] and log[kex,app] ∼ Tg, respectively. Critically, these data demonstrate that controlling the spacing of redox-active groups along a polymer backbone strongly influences backbone flexibility and radical packing, which leads to synergetic improvements in the charge transfer kinetics of nonconjugated redox-active polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Evan Fox
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Miao Qi
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Khirabdhi Mohanty
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Daniel P. Tabor
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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10
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Lap T, Goujon N, Mantione D, Ruipérez F, Mecerreyes D. Bio-Based Polyhydroxyanthraquinones as High-Voltage Organic Electrode Materials for Batteries. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:9128-9137. [PMID: 37970531 PMCID: PMC10644323 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials have gained much attention as sustainable electrode materials for batteries. Especially bio-based organic electrode materials (OEMs) are very interesting due to their geographical independency and low environmental impact. However, bio-based OEMs for high-voltage batteries remain scarce. Therefore, in this work, a family of bio-based polyhydroxyanthraquinones (PHAQs)-namely 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroxyanthraquinone (OHAQ), 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroxyanthraquinone (HHAQ), and 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (THAQ)-and their redox polymers were synthesized. These PHAQs were synthesized from plant-based precursors and exhibit both a high-potential polyphenolic redox couple (3.5-4.0 V vs Li/Li+) and an anthraquinone redox moiety (2.2-2.8 V vs Li/Li+), while also showing initial charging capacities of up to 381 mAh g-1. To counteract the rapid fading caused by dissolution into the electrolyte, a facile polymerization method was established to synthesize PHAQ polymers. For this, the polymerization of HHAQ served as a model reaction where formaldehyde, glyoxal, and glutaraldehyde were tested as linkers. The resulting polymers were investigated as cathode materials in lithium metal batteries. PHAQ polymer composites synthesized using formaldehyde as linker and 10 wt % multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), namely poly(THAQ-formaldehyde)-10 wt % MWCNTs and poly(HHAQ-formaldehyde)-10 wt % MWCNTs, exhibited the best cycling performance in the lithium metal cells, displaying a high-voltage discharge starting at 4.0 V (vs Li/Li+) and retaining 81.6 and 77.3 mAh g-1, respectively, after 100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs Lap
- Joxe
Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of
the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastiań, Spain
| | - Nicolas Goujon
- Joxe
Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of
the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastiań, Spain
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- Joxe
Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of
the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastiań, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- Joxe
Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of
the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastiań, Spain
- Physical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- Joxe
Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of
the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastiań, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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11
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Baumert ME, Le V, Su PH, Akae Y, Bresser D, Théato P, Hansmann MM. From Squaric Acid Amides (SQAs) to Quinoxaline-Based SQAs─Evolution of a Redox-Active Cathode Material for Organic Polymer Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23334-23345. [PMID: 37823604 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The search for new redox-active organic materials (ROMs) is essential for the development of sustainable energy-storage solutions. In this study, we present a new class of cyclobuta[b]quinoxaline-1,2-diones or squaric acid quinoxalines (SQXs) as highly promising candidates for ROMs featuring exceptional stability and high redox potentials. While simple 1,2- and 1,3-squaric acid amides (SQAs), initially reported by Hünig and coworkers decades ago, turned out to exhibit low stability in their radical cation oxidation states, we demonstrate that embedding the nitrogen atoms into a quinoxaline heterocycle leads to robust two-electron SQX redox systems. A series of SQX compounds, as well as their corresponding radical cations, were prepared and fully characterized, including EPR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Based on the promising electrochemical properties and high stability of the new ROM, we developed SQX-functionalized polymers and investigated their physical and electrochemical properties for energy-storage applications. These polymers showed remarkable thermal stability well above 200 °C with reversible redox properties and potentials of about 3.6 V vs Li+/Li. By testing the galvanostatic cycling performance in half-cells with lithium-metal counter electrodes, a styrene-based polymer with SQX redox side groups showed stable cycling for single-electron oxidation for more than 100 cycles. These findings render this new class of redox-active polymers as highly promising materials for future energy-storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Baumert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Victoria Le
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Po-Hua Su
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yosuke Akae
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 102-0083 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dominic Bresser
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Théato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Innocenti A, Moisés IÁ, Lužanin O, Bitenc J, Gohy JF, Passerini S. Practical Cell Design for PTMA-Based Organic Batteries: an Experimental and Modeling Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37852614 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PTMA) is one of the most promising organic cathode materials thanks to its relatively high redox potential, good rate performance, and cycling stability. However, being a p-type material, PTMA-based batteries pose additional challenges compared to conventional lithium-ion systems due to the involvement of anions in the redox process. This study presents a comprehensive approach to optimize such batteries, addressing challenges in electrode design, scalability, and cost. Experimental results at a laboratory scale demonstrate high active mass loadings of PTMA electrodes (up to 9.65 mg cm-2), achieving theoretical areal capacities that exceed 1 mAh cm-2. Detailed physics-based simulations and cost and performance analysis clarify the critical role of the electrolyte and the impact of the anion amount in the PTMA redox process, highlighting the benefits and the drawbacks of using highly concentrated electrolytes. The cost and energy density of lithium metal batteries with such high mass loading PTMA cathodes were simulated, finding that their performance is inferior to batteries based on inorganic cathodes even in the most optimistic conditions. In general, this work emphasizes the importance of considering a broader perspective beyond the lab scale and highlights the challenges in upscaling to realistic battery configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Innocenti
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Isaac Álvarez Moisés
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Olivera Lužanin
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jan Bitenc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185 Italy
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13
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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14
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Yang J, Zhao X, Yang J, Xu Y, Li Y. High-Performance Poly(1-naphthylamine)/Mesoporous Carbon Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Ultralong Cycle Life of 45000 Cycles at -15 °C. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302490. [PMID: 37300359 PMCID: PMC10427393 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries have attracted significant attention in recent years. Polymer electrode materials, as compared to small-molecule electrode materials, have the advantage of poor solubility, which is beneficial for achieving high cycling stability. However, the severe entanglement of polymer chains often leads to difficulties in preparing nanostructured polymer electrodes, which is vital for achieving fast reaction kinetics and high utilization of active sites. This study demonstrates that these problems can be solved by the in situ electropolymerization of electrochemically active monomers in nanopores of ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3), combining the advantages of the nano-dispersion and nano-confinement effects of CMK-3 and the insolubility of the polymer materials. The as-prepared nanostructured poly(1-naphthylamine)/CMK-3 cathode exhibits a high active site utilization of 93.7%, ultrafast rate capability of 60 A g-1 (≈320 C), and an ultralong cycle life of 10000 cycles at room temperature and 45000 cycles at -15 °C. The study herein provides a facile and effective method that can simultaneously solve both the dissolution problem of small-molecule electrode materials and the inhomogeneous dispersion issue of polymer electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Xiaoru Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Jixing Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yunhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional MaterialsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
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15
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Monti D, Patil N, Black AP, Raptis D, Mavrandonakis A, Froudakis GE, Yousef I, Goujon N, Mecerreyes D, Marcilla R, Ponrouch A. Polyimides as Promising Cathodes for Metal-Organic Batteries: A Comparison between Divalent (Ca 2+, Mg 2+) and Monovalent (Li +, Na +) Cations. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2023; 6:7250-7257. [PMID: 37448980 PMCID: PMC10336839 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca- and Mg-based batteries represent a more sustainable alternative to Li-ion batteries. However, multivalent cation technologies suffer from poor cation mass transport. In addition, the development of positive electrodes enabling reversible charge storage currently represents one of the major challenges. Organic positive electrodes, in addition to being the most sustainable and potentially low-cost candidates, compared with their inorganic counterparts, currently present the best electrochemical performances in Ca and Mg cells. Unfortunately, organic positive electrodes suffer from relatively low capacity retention upon cycling, the origin of which is not yet fully understood. Here, 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride-derived polyimide was tested in Li, Na, Mg, and Ca cells for the sake of comparison in terms of redox potential, gravimetric capacities, capacity retention, and rate capability. The redox mechanisms were also investigated by means of operando IR experiments, and a parameter affecting most figures of merit has been identified: the presence of contact ion-pairs in the electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Monti
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nagaraj Patil
- Electrochemical
Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de La Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Ashley P. Black
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dionysios Raptis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- Electrochemical
Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de La Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles, Spain
| | - George E. Froudakis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- MIRAS
Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Nicolas Goujon
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- Centre
for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein
48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Rebeca Marcilla
- Electrochemical
Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de La Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- ALISTORE−European
Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
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16
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Dai Y, Zerbini A, Casado J, Negri F. Ambipolar Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors: How Intramolecular Reorganization Energy Is Controlled by Diradical Character. Molecules 2023; 28:4642. [PMID: 37375198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The charged forms of π-conjugated chromophores are relevant in the field of organic electronics as charge carriers in optoelectronic devices, but also as energy storage substrates in organic batteries. In this context, intramolecular reorganization energy plays an important role in controlling material efficiency. In this work, we investigate how the diradical character influences the reorganization energies of holes and electrons by considering a library of diradicaloid chromophores. We determine the reorganization energies with the four-point adiabatic potential method using quantum-chemical calculations at density functional theory (DFT) level. To assess the role of diradical character, we compare the results obtained, assuming both closed-shell and open-shell representations of the neutral species. The study shows how the diradical character impacts the geometrical and electronic structure of neutral species, which in turn control the magnitude of reorganization energies for both charge carriers. Based on computed geometries of neutral and charged species, we propose a simple scheme to rationalize the small, computed reorganization energies for both n-type and p-type charge transport. The study is supplemented with the calculation of intermolecular electronic couplings governing charge transport for selected diradicals, further supporting the ambipolar character of the investigated diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Dai
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zerbini
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Ma T, Easley AD, Thakur RM, Mohanty KT, Wang C, Lutkenhaus JL. Nonconjugated Redox-Active Polymers: Electron Transfer Mechanisms, Energy Storage, and Chemical Versatility. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:187-216. [PMID: 37289559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy in a safe and environmentally friendly way is of ever-growing importance for a modern, technology-based society. With future pressures predicted for batteries that contain strategic metals, there is increasing interest in metal-free electrode materials. Among candidate materials, nonconjugated redox-active polymers (NC-RAPs) have advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, good processability, unique electrochemical properties, and precise tuning for different battery chemistries. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the mechanisms of redox kinetics, molecular design, synthesis, and application of NC-RAPs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Different redox chemistries are compared, including polyquinones, polyimides, polyketones, sulfur-containing polymers, radical-containing polymers, polyphenylamines, polyphenazines, polyphenothiazines, polyphenoxazines, and polyviologens. We close with cell design principles considering electrolyte optimization and cell configuration. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied areas of future promise for designer NC-RAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Khirabdhi T Mohanty
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Chen Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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18
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Aguirre M, Ballard N, Gonzalez E, Hamzehlou S, Sardon H, Calderon M, Paulis M, Tomovska R, Dupin D, Bean RH, Long TE, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2579-2607. [PMID: 37066026 PMCID: PMC10101531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer colloids are complex materials that have the potential to be used in a vast array of applications. One of the main reasons for their continued growth in commercial use is the water-based emulsion polymerization process through which they are generally synthesized. This technique is not only highly efficient from an industrial point of view but also extremely versatile and permits the large-scale production of colloidal particles with controllable properties. In this perspective, we seek to highlight the central challenges in the synthesis and use of polymer colloids, with respect to both existing and emerging applications. We first address the challenges in the current production and application of polymer colloids, with a particular focus on the transition toward sustainable feedstocks and reduced environmental impact in their primary commercial applications. Later, we highlight the features that allow novel polymer colloids to be designed and applied in emerging application areas. Finally, we present recent approaches that have used the unique colloidal nature in unconventional processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Gonzalez
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Paulis
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC,
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, P° Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ren H. Bean
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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19
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Zhang J, Ye C, He F, Zeng Y, Xiao J, Yang X, Shu H, Qi H, Liu W, Gao P. Long-Term Cycling Stability of Porphyrin Electrode for Li/Na Charge Storage at High Temperature. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202159. [PMID: 36593581 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar redox organic compounds have been considered as potential next-generation electrode materials due to their sustainability, low cost and tunable structure. However, their development is still limited by the poor cycling stability and low energy density ascribed to high dissolution during cycling and the low conductivity of organic molecules. Herein, porphyrin-based bipolar organics of [5,10,15,20-tetrathienylporphinato] MII (M=2 H, Cu (CuTTP)) are proposed as new stable organic electrodes. Enhanced cycling stability is obtained by a temperature-induced in situ polymerization strategy of porphyrin molecules. The resulting polymer exhibits excellent cycling stability up to 10 00 cycles even at a high current density (1000 mA g-1 ) in organic lithium-/sodium-based charge storage devices at 50 °C. In a symmetrical cell using CuTTP as both cathode and anode material a discharge capacity of 72 mAh g-1 is achieved after 600 cycles at 1000 mA g-1 . This strategy would offer a new approach to developing stable energy storage bipolar materials in organic-based devices at high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang He
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Youlian Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Xiukang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Shu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Hongrui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, 213164, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Yiyang Hongyuan Rare Earth Co., Ltd, 413001, Yiyang, P. R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, 411105, Xiangtan, P. R. China
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20
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Ma T, Li CH, Thakur RM, Tabor DP, Lutkenhaus JL. The role of the electrolyte in non-conjugated radical polymers for metal-free aqueous energy storage electrodes. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:495-502. [PMID: 36973544 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free aqueous batteries can potentially address the projected shortages of strategic metals and safety issues found in lithium-ion batteries. More specifically, redox-active non-conjugated radical polymers are promising candidates for metal-free aqueous batteries because of the polymers' high discharge voltage and fast redox kinetics. However, little is known regarding the energy storage mechanism of these polymers in an aqueous environment. The reaction itself is complex and difficult to resolve because of the simultaneous transfer of electrons, ions and water molecules. Here we demonstrate the nature of the redox reaction for poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl acrylamide) by examining aqueous electrolytes of varying chao-/kosmotropic character using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring at a range of timescales. Surprisingly, the capacity can vary by as much as 1,000% depending on the electrolyte, in which certain ions enable better kinetics, higher capacity and higher cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel P Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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21
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Goujon N, Lahnsteiner M, Cerrón-Infantes DA, Moura HM, Mantione D, Unterlass MM, Mecerreyes D. Dual redox-active porous polyimides as high performance and versatile electrode material for next-generation batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:967-976. [PMID: 36633135 PMCID: PMC9986975 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage will be a primordial actor of the ecological transition initiated in the energy and transport sectors. As such, innovative approaches to design high-performance electrode materials are crucial for the development of the next generation of batteries. Herein, a novel dual redox-active and porous polyimide network (MTA-MPT), based on mellitic trianhydride (MTA) and 3,7-diamino-N-methylphenothiazine (MPT) monomers, is proposed for applications in both high energy density lithium batteries and symmetric all-organic batteries. The MTA-MPT porous polyimide was synthesized using a novel environmentally-friendly hydrothermal polymerization method. Rooted in its dual redox proprieties, the MTA-MPT porous polyimide exhibits a high theoretical capacity making it a very attractive cathode material for high energy density battery applications. The cycling performance of this novel electrode material was assessed in both high energy density lithium batteries and light-weight symmetric all-organic batteries, displaying excellent rate capability and long-term cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goujon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Marianne Lahnsteiner
- Universität Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Solid State Chemistry, Universitatsstrasse 10, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany.
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel A Cerrón-Infantes
- Universität Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Solid State Chemistry, Universitatsstrasse 10, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany.
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hipassia M Moura
- Universität Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Solid State Chemistry, Universitatsstrasse 10, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany.
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Miriam M Unterlass
- Universität Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Solid State Chemistry, Universitatsstrasse 10, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany.
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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22
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Uzan S. A novel approach to redox active polymers: Decolorization of methylene blue by heterogeneous reduction with redox active azo polymer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120934. [PMID: 36566923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The existing reducing agents used in the literature to decolorization of methylene blue are soluble in water and the reduction process is carried out in a homogeneous redox reaction medium. After the decolorization process, the reducing agents and its by-products remain in a homogeneous redox reaction medium. Many of these reducing agents are toxic and cause chemical pollution of textile wastewater. Therefore, there is a need for reducing agents that can be mixed heterogeneously with water from which the reducing agent can be easily removed from a redox reaction medium. For this purpose, water-insoluble redox active azo polymer was synthesized from redox active 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and p-phenylenediamine. The synthesized redox active azo polymer was used for decolorization of methylene blue by heterogeneous reduction and various kinetic parameters were investigated for this redox reaction. At the same time, the investigated results of azo polymer and monomer (1,4-dihydroxybenzene) were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Uzan
- Batman University Food Analysis Application and Research Center (BUGAM), Batman University, Turkey.
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23
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Uhl M, Geng T, Schuster PA, Schick BW, Kruck M, Fuoss A, Kuehne AJC, Jacob T. Combining Deep Eutectic Solvents with TEMPO-based Polymer Electrodes: Influence of Molar Ratio on Electrode Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214927. [PMID: 36336655 PMCID: PMC10107120 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For sustainable energy storage, all-organic batteries based on redox-active polymers promise to become an alternative to lithium ion batteries. Yet, polymers contribute to the goal of an all-organic cell as electrodes or as solid electrolytes. Here, we replace the electrolyte with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and N-methylacetamide (NMA), while using poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) as cathode. The successful combination of a DES with a polymer electrode is reported here for the first time. The electrochemical stability of PTMA electrodes in the DES at the eutectic molar ratio of 1 : 6 is comparable to conventional battery electrolytes. More viscous electrolytes with higher salt concentration can hinder cycling at high rates. Lower salt concentration leads to decreasing capacities and faster decomposition. The eutectic mixture of 1 : 6 is best suited uniting high stability and moderate viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Geng
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Schick
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Kruck
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Fuoss
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Controlling morphology and microstructure of conjugated polymers via solution-state aggregation. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Wang J, Liu H, Du C, Liu Y, Liu B, Guan H, Guan S, Sun Z, Yao H. Molecular structure design of planar zwitterionic polymer electrode materials for all-organic symmetric batteries. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11614-11622. [PMID: 36320387 PMCID: PMC9555726 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All-organic symmetric lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) show promising prospects in sustainable energy storage systems, due to their environmental friendliness, structural diversity and low cost. Nevertheless, it remains a great challenge to explore suitable electrode materials and achieve excellent battery performance for all-organic symmetric LIBs. Herein, a squaraine-anthraquinone polymer (PSQ) electrode material was designed through rational molecular engineering. The well-designed extended π-conjugated system, donor-acceptor structure, abundant redox-active sites and rational manipulation of weak inter-/intramolecular interactions endow the PSQ electrode with outstanding electrochemical performance. The capacity of the PSQ cathode can be optimized to 311.5 mA h g-1 by in situ carbon-template polymerization. Impressively, PSQ-based all-organic symmetric LIBs displayed high reversible capacity (170.8 mA h g-1 at 50 mA g-1), excellent rate performance (64.9% capacity retention at 4000 mA g-1 vs. 50 mA g-1), ultralong cycle life up to 30 000 cycles at 2000 mA g-1 and 97% capacity retention after 2500 cycles at 500 mA g-1, which is one of the best comprehensive battery performances among the all-organic LIBs reported thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Haichao Liu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Chunya Du
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Sciences, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 P. R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Guan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Shaowei Guan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Yao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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26
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Ramar A, Wang FM, Hailu AG, Merinda L, Chemere EB. Selective lithiation and lithium induced nano sticks formation unveil caffeine for ultra-long-term stability at high C-rate and high power density lithium-ion battery. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Xu J, Deng Z, Wu B, Lin M, Chen D. Synthesis and characterization of viologen functionalized fluorene-containing poly(arylene ether ketone)s for polymer batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Qiu P, Li Y, Wang H, Li D, Wang S, Yu J. 2,3-Diaminophenazine@carbon felt with chemical grafting via amide bonds as an electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8982-8985. [PMID: 35861483 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grafting organic molecules onto an insoluble matrix is an effective way to improve the electronic conductivity and insolubility in electrolyte of organic electrode materials. The active group of CN in DAP@C composites synthesized by chemical grafting of 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) with carbon felt through amide bonds (-CO-NH-) displays excellent electrochemical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimeng Qiu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Daoyu Li
- Guiyang Bureau, Extra High Voltage Power Transmission Company, China Southern Power Grid (CSG), Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Shengping Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jingxian Yu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), School of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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29
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Key Features of TEMPO-Containing Polymers for Energy Storage and Catalytic Systems. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for environmentally benign portable energy storage drives research on organic batteries and catalytic systems. These systems are a promising replacement for commonly used energy storage devices that rely on limited resources such as lithium and rare earth metals. The redox-active TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl) fragment is a popular component of organic systems, as its benefits include remarkable electrochemical performance and decent physical properties. TEMPO is also known to be an efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation, oxygen reduction, and various complex organic reactions. It can be attached to various aliphatic and conductive polymers to form high-loading catalysis systems. The performance and efficiency of TEMPO-containing materials strongly depend on the molecular structure, and thus rational design of such compounds is vital for successful implementation. We discuss synthetic approaches for producing electroactive polymers based on conductive and non-conductive backbones with organic radical substituents, fundamental aspects of electrochemistry of such materials, and their application in energy storage devices, such as batteries, redox-flow cells, and electrocatalytic systems. We compare the performance of the materials with different architectures, providing an overview of diverse charge interactions for hybrid materials, and presenting promising research opportunities for the future of this area.
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