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Hwang ES, Ok JS, Song S. Chemical and Physical Approaches to Extend the Replicative and Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:315-26. [PMID: 27085715 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are increasing in regenerative medicine, with applications to a growing number of aging-associated dysfunctions and degenerations. For successful therapies, a certain mass of cells is needed, requiring extensive ex vivo expansion of the cells. However, the proliferation of both MSCs and EPCs is limited as a result of telomere shortening-induced senescence. As cells approach senescence, their proliferation slows down and differentiation potential decreases. Therefore, ways to delay senescence and extend the replicative lifespan these cells are needed. Certain proteins and pathways play key roles in determining the replicative lifespan by regulating ROS generation, damage accumulation, or telomere shortening. And, their agonists and gene activators exert positive effects on lifespan. In many of the treatments, importantly, the lifespan is extended with the retention of differentiation potential. Furthermore, certain culture conditions, including the use of specific atmospheric conditions and culture substrates, exert positive effects on not only the proliferation rate, but also the extent of proliferation and differentiation potential as well as lineage determination. These strategies and known underlying mechanisms are introduced in this review, with an evaluation of their pros and cons in order to facilitate safe and effective MSC expansion ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Soo Ok
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonBeom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdaero 163, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
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Rohilla A, Rohilla S, Kumar A, Khan M, Deep A. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A boulevard to cardioprotection. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Ross DJ, Hough G, Hama S, Aboulhosn J, Belperio JA, Saggar R, Van Lenten BJ, Ardehali A, Eghbali M, Reddy S, Fogelman AM, Navab M. Proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein results from oxidized lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of both idiopathic and associated types of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2015; 5:640-8. [PMID: 26697171 DOI: 10.1086/683695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by abnormal elaboration of vasoactive peptides, endothelial cell dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and inflammation, which collectively contribute to its pathogenesis. We investigated the potential for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction (i.e., proinflammatory effects) and abnormal plasma eicosanoid levels to contribute to the pathobiology of PAH and assessed ex vivo the effect of treatment with apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide 4F on the observed HDL dysfunction. We determined the "inflammatory indices" HII and LII for HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), respectively, in subjects with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and associated PAH (APAH) by an in vitro monocyte chemotaxis assay. The 4F was added ex vivo, and repeat LII and HII values were obtained versus a sham treatment. We further determined eicosanoid levels in plasma and HDL fractions from patients with IPAH and APAH relative to controls. The LIIs were significantly higher for IPAH and APAH patients than for controls. Incubation of plasma with 4F before isolation of LDL and HDL significantly reduced the LII values, compared with sham-treated LDL, for IPAH and APAH. The increased LII values reflected increased states of LDL oxidation and thereby increased proinflammatory effects in both cohorts. The HIIs for both PAH cohorts reflected a "dysfunctional HDL phenotype," that is, proinflammatory HDL effects. In contrast to "normal HDL function," the determined HIIs were significantly increased for the IPAH and APAH cohorts. Ex vivo 4F treatment significantly improved the HDL function versus the sham treatment. Although there was a significant "salutary effect" of 4F treatment, this did not entirely normalize the HII. Significantly increased levels for both IPAH and APAH versus controls were evident for the eicosanoids 9-HODE, 13-HODE, 5-HETE, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE, while no statistical differences were evident for comparisons of IPAH and APAH for the determined plasma eicosanoid levels in the HDL fractions. Our study has further implicated the putative role of "oxidant stress" and inflammation in the pathobiology of PAH. Our data suggest the influences on the "dysfunctional HDL phenotype" of increased oxidized fatty acids, which are paradoxically proinflammatory. We speculate that therapies that target either the "inflammatory milieu" or the "dysfunctional HDL phenotype," such as apoA-I mimetic peptides, may be valuable avenues of further research in pulmonary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ross
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Greg Hough
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan Hama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jamil Aboulhosn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John A Belperio
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian J Van Lenten
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Abbas Ardehali
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mansoureh Eghbali
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Srinivasa Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Zaafan MA, Zaki HF, El-Brairy AI, Kenawy SA. Protective effects of atorvastatin and quercetin on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Al-Shabrawey M, Bartoli M, El-Remessy AB, Ma G, Matragoon S, Lemtalsi T, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Role of NADPH oxidase and Stat3 in statin-mediated protection against diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:3231-8. [PMID: 18378570 PMCID: PMC2819293 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (statins) reduce signs of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients and animals. Indirect clinical evidence supports the actions of statins in improving cardiovascular function, but the mechanisms of their protective actions in the retina are not understood. Prior studies have implicated oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase-mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in diabetes-induced increases in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Because statins are known to be potent antioxidants, the hypothesis for the current study was that the protective effects of statins in preventing diabetic retinopathy involve blockade of diabetes-induced activation of NADPH oxidase and STAT3. METHODS The hypothesis was tested by experiments in which rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and retinal endothelial cells maintained in high-glucose medium were treated with simvastatin. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) function was assayed by determining extravasation of albumin. Oxidative stress was assayed by measuring lipid peroxidation, protein nitration of tyrosine, dihydroethidine oxidation, and chemiluminescence. Immunoprobe techniques were used to determine the levels of NADPH oxidase subunit expression and STAT3 activation. RESULTS These studies showed that simvastatin blocks diabetes or high-glucose-induced increases in VEGF and ICAM-1 and preserves the BRB by a process involving blockade of diabetes/high-glucose-induced activation of STAT3 and NADPH oxidase. Statin treatment also prevents diabetes-induced increases in expression of the NADPH oxidase catalytic and subunit NOX2. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that simvastatin protects against the early signs of diabetic retinopathy by preventing NADPH oxidase-mediated activation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Azza B. El-Remessy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Guochuan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Suraporn Matragoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Tahira Lemtalsi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
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Influence of sodium monoketocholate on the hypolipidemic activity of lovastatin in healthy and diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 33:77-84. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03191024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Van Linthout S, Riad A, Dhayat N, Spillmann F, Du J, Dhayat S, Westermann D, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Noutsias M, Laufs U, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin improve left ventricular function in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1977-1986. [PMID: 17589825 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Emerging evidence suggests that statins exert beneficial effects beyond those predicted by their cholesterol-lowering actions. We investigated whether atorvastatin influences the development of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, independently of cholesterol-lowering, in an experimental model of type 1 diabetes mellitus cardiomyopathy. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with atorvastatin (50 mg/kg daily, orally) or with vehicle for 6 weeks. LV function was analysed using tip-catheter measurements. Cardiac stainings of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1, CD11a/lymphocyte-associated antigen-1, CD11b/macrophage antigen alpha, CD18/beta2-integrin, ED1/CD68, collagen I and III, and Sirius Red were assessed by digital image analysis. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC1) and ras homologue gene family, member A (RHOA) activities were determined by RAC1 glutathione-S-transferase-p21-activated kinase and rhotekin pull-down assays, respectively. Cardiac lipid peroxides were measured by a colorimetric assay. The phosphorylation state of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein production were analysed by western blot. RESULTS Diabetes was associated with induced cardiac stainings of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, cellular adhesion molecules, increased leucocyte infiltration, macrophage residence and cardiac collagen content. In contrast, atorvastatin reduced both intramyocardial inflammation and myocardial fibrosis, resulting in improved LV function. This effect was paralleled with a normalisation of diabetes-induced RAC1 and RHOA activity, in the absence of LDL-cholesterol lowering. In addition, atorvastatin decreased diabetes-induced cardiac lipid peroxide levels and p38 MAPK phosphorylation by 1.3-fold (p < 0.05) and 3.2-fold (p < 0.0005), respectively, and normalised the reduced eNOS production caused by diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that atorvastatin, independently of its LDL-cholesterol-lowering capacity, reduces intramyocardial inflammation and myocardial fibrosis, resulting in improved LV function in an experimental model of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Linthout
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Riad
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Dhayat
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Spillmann
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Du
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Dhayat
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Westermann
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M Noutsias
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Laufs
- Department of Cardiology, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - H-P Schultheiss
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Tschöpe
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
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