HSP60 expression during carcinogenesis: where is the pilot?

Exosome regulation of immune response mechanism: Pros and cons in immunotherapy

Due to its multiple features, including the ability to orchestrate remote communication between different tissues, the exosomes are the extracellular vesicles arousing the highest interest in the scientific community. Their size, established as an average of 30-150 nm, allows them to be easily uptaken by most cells. According to the type of cells-derived exosomes, they may carry specific biomolecular cargoes used to reprogram the cells they are interacting with. In certain circumstances, exosomes stimulate the immune response by facilitating or amplifying the release of foreign antigens-killing cells, inflammatory factors, or antibodies (immune activation). Meanwhile, in other cases, they are efficiently used by malignant elements such as cancer cells to mislead the immune recognition mechanism, carrying and transferring their cancerous cargoes to distant healthy cells, thus contributing to antigenic invasion (immune suppression). Exosome dichotomic patterns upon immune system regulation present broad advantages in immunotherapy. Its perfect comprehension, from its early biogenesis to its specific interaction with recipient cells, will promote a significant enhancement of immunotherapy employing molecular biology, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology.

Role of HSP60/HSP10 in Lung Cancer: Simple Biomarkers or Leading Actors?

Cancers are one of the major challenges faced by modern medicine both because of their impact in terms of the amount of cases and of the ineffectiveness of therapies used today. A concrete support to the fight against them can be found in the analysis and understanding of the molecular mechanisms involving molecular chaperones. In particular, HSP60 and HSP10 seem to play an important role in carcinogenesis, supporting tumours in their proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Efforts must be directed toward finding ways to eliminate or block this "mistaken" chaperone. Therefore, the scientific community must develop therapeutic strategies that consider HSP60 and HSP10 as the possible target of an anti-tumoural treatment and not only as diagnostic biomarkers, since they contribute to the evolution of pre-cancerous respiratory pathologies in lung tumours. HSP60 acts at the mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and extracellular levels in the development of cancer pathologies. The molecular mechanisms in which these chaperones are involved concern cell survival, the restoration of a condition of absence of replicative senescence, the promotion of pro-inflammatory environments, and an increase in the ability to form metastases. In this review, we will also present examples of interactions between HSP60 and HSP10 and different molecules and ways to exploit this knowledge in anticancer therapies for lung tumours. In order to improve not only chances for an earlier diagnosis but also treatments for patients suffering from this type of disease, chaperones must be considered as key agents in carcinogenesis and primary targets in therapeutics.