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Lee J, Cheng V, Kiarie EG. Growth and response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets when fed a source of omega-3 fatty acids and yeast bioactives from hatch through to 16 wk of age. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102940. [PMID: 37562132 PMCID: PMC10432835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth and response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in Lohmann LSL-Lite pullets when fed a source of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and yeast bioactives (YB) from hatch through to 16 wk of age (woa) were investigated. Co-extruded full fat flaxseed and pulse mixture (FFF; 1:1 wt/wt) supplied n-3 FA and YB were yeast cell walls processed with β-1,3-glucan hydrolase. A total of 1,064-day-old pullets were placed in cages (19 birds/cage) and allocated to 7 diets (n = 8). The iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were control, control + 1, 3, or 5% FFF and + 0.025, 0.05, or 0.1% YB. The birds had ad libitum access to feed and water. Body weight (BW), feed intake, and lymphoid organs weight were recorded. At 15 woa, 2 pairs of pullets/cage received intravenous injection of either 1 mL of sterile saline without or with 8 mg LPS/kg BW. Injected pullets were bled, monitored for BW and cloaca temperature at time points within 168 h. Birds fed 1% FFF were heavier (P < 0.04) than birds fed other diets at 16 woa with FFF and YB exhibiting non-linear responses. Control birds had heavier (P = 0.02) thymus at 4 woa. Spleen weight increased quadratically (P < 0.05) in response to FFF at 8 and YB at 16 woa. The LPS increased cloaca temperature and altered concentration of several plasma metabolites (P < 0.05). The interaction (P < 0.05) between LPS and diet was such that control birds exhibited lower creatine kinase (CK) upon challenge with LPS relative to birds fed other diets. The LPS birds fed 1% FFF and 0.05% YB showed higher plasma albumin than non-LPS cohorts. Non-LPS birds fed control, 1 and 3% FFF had higher plasma K than LPS cohorts. In general, FFF and YB exhibited linear and quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on select plasma metabolites. In conclusion, dietary provision of n-3 FA and YB influenced pullet BW at sexual maturity, development of lymphoid organs and modulated some plasma metabolites in response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Lee
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Veronica Cheng
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Alqhtani AH, Fatemi SA, Elliott KEC, Branton SL, Evans JD, Peebles ED. Effects of the In ovo Administration of the 6/85 Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine on Layer Chicken Embryo Hatchability and Early Posthatch Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071228. [PMID: 37048484 PMCID: PMC10093367 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In ovo administration as a possible alternative method of 6/85 MG vaccination was assessed. After 18 days of incubation (doi), the eggs were administered a particular dosage of a live attenuated 6/85 MG vaccine in either the air cell (AC) or amnion (AM). The treatments included non-injected eggs and eggs injected into the AC or AM with diluent alone as controls. Treatments also included eggs injected with diluent, which contained 1.73 × 102, or 1.73 × 104 CFU of 6/85 MG. Hatchability of viable injected eggs (HI) and residual embryonic mortality were determined at 22 doi. At hatch and at three weeks posthatch, one hatched chick per treatment replicate was bled and swabbed for the detection of 6/85 MG in the choanal cleft using PCR, serum plate agglutination (SPA), and ELISA methods. The results show that AC in ovo injection of 6/85 MG had no negative impacts on HI or on the live performance of pullets, but that it failed to provide adequate protection (p ≤ 0.0001) in hatchlings or three-week-old pullets. The 1.73 × 104 6/85 MG CFU dosage injected into the AM decreased the hatchability of injected eggs containing viable embryos (HI; p = 0.009) and was associated with a significant increase in late dead mortality (p = 0.001). Hatchling and three-week-old chick mortalities (p = 0.008) were significantly greater in the 1.73 × 104 CFU-AM treatment group in comparison with the other treatment groups. In addition, the 1.73 and 1.73 × 102 6/85 MG-AM treatments had no negative effects on the hatching process or on posthatch growth, and the 1.73 × 102 6/85 MG-AM treatment was more effective in the protection of pullets against MG (p ≤ 0.0001) as compared with the low dosage and non-injected treatment groups. Further research is needed to examine the influence of the 6/85 MG in ovo vaccine on layer immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Katie Elaine Collins Elliott
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Edgar David Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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Yeast-Derived Products: The Role of Hydrolyzed Yeast and Yeast Culture in Poultry Nutrition—A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111426. [PMID: 35681890 PMCID: PMC9179594 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yeast and yeast-derived products are largely employed in animal nutrition to support animals’ health and to improve their performance. Thanks to their components, including mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, vitamins, and other compounds, yeasts have numerous beneficial effects. Among yeast-derived products, hydrolyzed yeasts and yeast cultures have received less attention, but, although the results are somewhat conflicting, in most of the cases, the available literature shows improved performance and health in poultry. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of hydrolyzed-yeast and yeast-culture employment in poultry nutrition, exploring their effects on the production performance, immune response, oxidative status, gut health, and nutrient digestibility. A brief description of the main yeast bioactive compounds is also provided. Abstract Yeasts are single-cell eukaryotic microorganisms that are largely employed in animal nutrition for their beneficial effects, which are owed to their cellular components and bioactive compounds, among which are mannans, β-glucans, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and others. While the employment of live yeast cells as probiotics in poultry nutrition has already been largely reviewed, less information is available on yeast-derived products, such as hydrolyzed yeast (HY) and yeast culture (YC). The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the available body of literature on HY and YC and their effects on poultry. A brief description of the main components of the yeast cell that is considered to be responsible for the beneficial effects on animals’ health is also provided. HY and YC appear to have beneficial effects on the poultry growth and production performance, as well as on the immune response and gut health. Most of the beneficial effects of HY and YC have been attributed to their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogen colonization. However, there are still many areas to be investigated to better understand and disentangle the effects and mechanisms of action of HY and YC.
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A respiratory commensal bacterium acts as a risk factor for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 230:110127. [PMID: 33080531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota has been shown to play an important role in local infections. However, the correlation between host respiratory microbiota and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is not well characterized. Here, the results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that MG infection correlated with alteration in respiratory microbiota of chickens characterized by decreased richness and diversity. To explore whether respiratory microbiota contributed to MG infection, an antibiotics cocktail was used to deplete respiratory microbiota. It has been found that depletion of respiratory Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria promoted MG infection, as reflected in the form of increased MG colonization, pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteins expression, and severe lung damage compared to the control group. Importantly, depletion of Gram-negative bacteria in respiratory tract mitigated MG infection, which indicated that certain Gram-negative bacteria may promote MG infection. By reconstitution of individual cultivable respiratory tract bacteria in antibiotic-treated chickens, a respiratory commensal microbe Serratia marcescens was identified to facilitate MG infection. We further found that Serratia marcescens may promote MG infection by downregulating Mucin 2 (MUC2) and tight junction related gene mRNA expression levels in trachea and lung tissues. Together, our data demonstrated that MG infection induced disturbed respiratory microbiota and the specific respiratory commensal bacterium Serratia marcescens could promote MG infection, and thus expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of MG infection.
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Wu Z, Fan Q, Miao Y, Tian E, Ishfaq M, Li J. Baicalin inhibits inflammation caused by coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli involving IL-17 signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5472-5480. [PMID: 33142464 PMCID: PMC7647907 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coinfection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is frequently reported in poultry farms. Baicalin possess various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant, etc. However, the protective effects of baicalin against coinfection of MG and E. coli are still elusive. In this study, baicalin (450 mg/kg) treatment was started on day 13 after infection and continued for 5 d. Histopathological examination, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and molecular docking technique were used to evaluate the effects of baicalin on MG and E. coli coinfection in chicken lung and trachea. The results showed that coinfection caused severe lesions in the lung and tracheal tissues. However, baicalin treatment partially alleviated these lesions in coinfection group. Histopathological examination showed the alveolar spaces and mucosal layer thickening was restored and cilia gradually recovered with baicalin treatment compared in coinfection group and MG-infection group. Meanwhile, IL-17 singling pathway–related genes were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in baicalin treatment group in lung, including IL-17C, TRAF6, NF-κB, CXCL1, CXCL2, MMP1, GM-CSF, and MUC5AC. The activities of cytokines and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, MMP1, GMCSF, and MUC5AC) were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in baicalin-treated group. The molecular docking of baicalin and NF-κB showed the highest fitness score and interaction. From these results, it has been suggested that baicalin proved effective against coinfection of MG and E. coli in chicken and provided scientific basis for further dose–response and drug–target interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Qianqian Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yusong Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Erjie Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Jichang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Peebles ED, Elliott KEC, Branton SL, Evans JD, Leigh SA, Kim EJ, Olanrewaju HA, Pharr GT, Pavlidis HO, Gerard PD. Effects of dietary Original XPC on selected blood variables in layer pullets challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4373-4383. [PMID: 32867981 PMCID: PMC7598016 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of dietary Original XPC (XPC) on 17 selected blood variables in commercial layer pullets challenged with the virulent, low-passage R strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (RlowMG) were investigated. Hy-Line W-36 pullets sourced from M. gallisepticum–clean layer breeders were fed a basal diet with XPC (1.25 kg/metric ton) or without from hatch until 12 wk of age (woa). At 8 and 10 woa, half of the birds in each dietary treatment were challenged with RlowMG. Blood samples were taken immediately before the initial RlowMG challenge at 8 woa and again at 12 woa (4 wk after challenge). At 8 woa, blood pH was lower and glucose concentration was higher in the preassigned challenge treatment groups. At 12 woa, the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the blood was significantly lower in the RlowMG-challenged group than the unchallenged group of birds regardless of dietary treatment. The RlowMG challenge significantly increased blood carbon dioxide partial pressure, calcium, sodium, anion gap, osmolality, glucose, and corticosterone levels but significantly decreased blood oxygen partial pressure, oxyhemoglobin concentration, concentration of oxygen dissolved in the blood, chloride, and pH levels. Because blood pH and glucose concentration at 8 woa were examined before challenge, their baseline values were biased with respect to challenge treatment before treatment was applied. However, the lack of a significant main effect due to diet at 8 woa for blood pH and glucose concentration, along with the other 15 blood variables, indicate that the baseline data with respect to dietary treatment were unbiased, allowing for real dietary effects to be accurately assessed. In conclusion, layer pullets challenged with RlowMG undergo a stress response associated with changes in various physiological blood variables, and a decrease in pH and increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure, in association with a lack of change in bicarbonate, indicates that the stress response caused by the RlowMG challenge was associated with respiratory acidosis. Nevertheless, feeding XPC did not influence the effects of challenge treatment on these postchallenge physiological blood values.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - K E C Elliott
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S L Branton
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - J D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S A Leigh
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - E J Kim
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - H A Olanrewaju
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - G T Pharr
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - P D Gerard
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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