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Guerrero-Hreins E, Stammers L, Wong L, Brown RM, Sumithran P. A Comparison of Emotional Triggers for Eating in Men and Women with Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194144. [PMID: 36235796 PMCID: PMC9570591 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotional eating (EE) is prevalent in people seeking obesity treatment and is a contributor to poor weight loss outcomes. We aimed to delineate the emotions most associated with this type of eating, and whether they differ by sex in people undergoing obesity treatment. METHODS A cross-sectional study recruiting 387 adults from a hospital obesity management service. Emotional eating was measured using the Emotional Eating Scale (EES). Separate analyses included all participants, and those undergoing lifestyle interventions alone or in combination with obesity medication and/or bariatric surgery. RESULTS A total of 387 people (71% women) participated in the study (n = 187 receiving lifestyle modification alone; n = 200 in combination with additional treatments). Feeling 'bored' was most commonly and most strongly associated with the urge to eat, regardless of sex or treatment. Women had higher scores for total EES, for subscales of depression and anger, and individual feelings of 'blue', 'sad' and 'upset' compared to men. CONCLUSIONS Understanding why certain emotions differentially trigger an urge to eat in men and women, and finding strategies to break the link between boredom and eating may enable better personalisation of lifestyle interventions for people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Guerrero-Hreins
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Lauren Stammers
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Lisa Wong
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (L.W.)
| | - Robyn M. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (St. Vincent’s), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.M.B.); (P.S.)
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Olmos-Valverde M, Carrillo-Díaz M, González-Olmo MJ, Romero-Maroto M, Jiménez-Trujillo I. Evaluation of Dietary Habits, Type A Behavior Pattern and its Relationship with Oral Health Status in Dental Undergraduate Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061540. [PMID: 35329866 PMCID: PMC8956005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral health status among dental students has been widely studied, and while the repercussions of certain factors, such as personality type, adherence to healthy lifestyle habits and certain eating patterns, have been considered in the past, this study aims to study the combination of such factors and to carry out, in addition, clinical examinations that could provide deeper knowledge of real oral health status. A sample of 195 dental students was gathered and basic sociodemographic data (gender, age, nationality, hygiene habits, body mass index (BMI)) were collected, and type A personality scale (ERCTA), emotional eating (EE) and healthy lifestyle scale (EVS) values were registered. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlations, a hierarchical linear regression model and moderation analysis were performed. Results showed that higher EE values were associated with a higher BMI, an increase in the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, a higher number of carious and filled teeth, a higher ERCTA and a lower adherence to the EVS. Likewise, a higher DMFT was associated with a higher BMI, higher bleeding on probing index (BOP) values, higher ERCTA values and lower adherence to EVS. Dental floss disuse, BMI, EE and EVS predicted 25.3% of DMFT. In addition, a type A personality has a moderating effect only in those with medium and high EE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olmos-Valverde
- Department of Orthodontics, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.O.-V.); (M.J.G.-O.); (M.R.-M.)
| | - María Carrillo-Díaz
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María José González-Olmo
- Department of Orthodontics, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.O.-V.); (M.J.G.-O.); (M.R.-M.)
| | - Martín Romero-Maroto
- Department of Orthodontics, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (M.O.-V.); (M.J.G.-O.); (M.R.-M.)
| | - Isabel Jiménez-Trujillo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
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3
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Personality traits and night eating syndrome in women with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:803-812. [PMID: 34059970 PMCID: PMC8933296 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research suggests that eating disorders may be associated with certain personality profiles; however, there is limited research investigating associations with night eating syndrome (NES). This research suggests harm avoidance personality trait is higher in NES individuals than in the general population, however, evidence of associations with other personality traits is inconsistent. To understand which personality traits are associated with NES symptoms, the current study aimed to improve understanding of the relationship between NES symptoms and a range of personality traits, addressing limitations in the earlier literature in this area by controlling for common confounders. METHODS Baseline data were analysed from an outpatient psychotherapy trial for 111 women with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. Pre-treatment measures of personality traits (measured with the Temperament and character inventory-revised) and NES symptoms (measured with the Night eating questionnaire) were used. Regression analyses tested associations between these variables, adjusting for potential confounders, including age and ethnicity. RESULTS Low cooperativeness scores were associated with greater NES symptoms in the multivariable model (mean difference: - 0.10, 95% confidence intervals: - 0.20 to - 0.01, p = 0.033). There was weak evidence of associations between both high harm avoidance and low self-directedness personality traits and greater NES symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the limited research measuring associations between a range of personality traits and NES, addressing limitations of previous research. Weak evidence for an association between high harm avoidance and low self-directedness and increased NES symptoms was found. A novel association was found between low cooperativeness and greater NES symptoms. Further research is needed to validate its presence in those with and without comorbid eating disorders and to examine the relative change in NES, eating disorder symptoms and personality scores in treatments focusing on cooperativeness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV (cross-sectional data from a randomised controlled trial, CTB/04/08/139).
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Paganini C, Peterson G, Andrews K. The Mediating Role of Temperamental Traits on the Relationship between Age of Puberty and Eating Disorders: A Mediating Analysis through Structural Equation Modelling of Australian Eating Disorder Outpatients. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2021; 182:391-405. [PMID: 34151736 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1940822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study had the aim to assess whether temperamental traits mediate the relationship between time of puberty and eating disorder (ED) severity using a sample of 292 outpatients with EDs [68 with Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive Type (AN-R), 101 with Anorexia Nervosa Binge Purging Type (AN-BP), 72 with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 51 with Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED)]. Age of puberty, the severity of EDs, and temperamental traits were assessed through Demographic and Medical History Form, Eating Disorder Examination 17.0d (EDE-17.0d) and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), with a focus on the temperament scales: novelty seeking (TCI-NS), harm avoidance (TCI-HA), reward dependence (TCI-RD) and persistence (TCI-P). One-way ANOVA, correlation, and mediating analyses through structural equation modeling were performed to test the relationship between variables under investigation and assess if the four temperamental traits act as mediators in the relationship between time of puberty and ED severity. The results show a full mediating effect of the temperamental sub-scales on the relationship between puberty and EDE-17. In particular, TCI-R HA showed a complementary mediation on the relationship between age of puberty and EDE-17.0d, meaning that age of puberty increases the level of TCI-R HA, which in turn increases the severity of ED, confirming that this temperamental trait plays an important role in the development of ED after puberty. To conclude, temperamental traits seem to play a full mediating role in the relationship between puberty and ED severity, but more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia.,Australian College of Applied Psychology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia
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Reichenberger J, Schnepper R, Arend A, Richard A, Voderholzer U, Naab S, Blechert J. Emotional eating across different eating disorders and the role of body mass, restriction, and binge eating. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:773-784. [PMID: 33656204 PMCID: PMC8252459 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Different subtypes of eating disorders (ED) show dysfunctional eating behaviors such as overeating and/or restriction in response to emotions. Yet, systematic comparisons of all major EDs on emotional eating patterns are lacking. Furthermore, emotional eating correlates with body mass index (BMI), which also differs between EDs and thus confounds this comparison. METHOD Interview-diagnosed female ED patients (n = 204) with restrictive (AN-R) or binge-purge anorexia nervosa (AN-BP), bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge-eating disorder (BED) completed a questionnaire assessing "negative emotional eating" (sadness, anger, anxiety) and "happiness eating." ED groups were compared to BMI-matched healthy controls (HCs; n = 172 ranging from underweight to obesity) to exclude BMI as a confound. RESULTS Within HCs, higher BMI was associated with higher negative emotional eating and lower happiness eating. AN-R reported the lowest degree of negative emotional eating relative to other EDs and BMI-matched HCs, and the highest degree of happiness eating relative to other EDs. The BN and BED groups showed higher negative emotional eating compared to BMI-matched HCs. Patients with AN-BP occupied an intermediate position between AN-R and BN/BED and reported less happiness eating compared to BMI-matched HCs. DISCUSSION Negative emotional and happiness eating patterns differ across EDs. BMI-independent emotional eating patterns distinguish ED subgroups and might be related to the occurrence of binge eating versus restriction. Hence, different types of emotional eating can represent fruitful targets for tailored psychotherapeutic interventions. While BN and BED might be treated with similar approaches, AN-BP and AN-R would need specific treatment modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichenberger
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Rebekka Schnepper
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Ann‐Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | | | - Ulrich Voderholzer
- Schoen Clinic RoseneckPrien am ChiemseeGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital of the LMU MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Silke Naab
- Schoen Clinic RoseneckPrien am ChiemseeGermany
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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Ludwig M, Richter M, Goltermann J, Redlich R, Repple J, Flint C, Grotegerd D, Koch K, Leehr EJ, Meinert S, Hülsmann C, Enneking V, Kugel H, Hahn T, Baune BT, Dannlowski U, Opel N. Novelty seeking is associated with increased body weight and orbitofrontal grey matter volume reduction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105148. [PMID: 33513455 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Novelty seeking (NS) has previously been identified as a personality trait that is associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) and obesity. Of note, both obesity and reduced impulse control - a core feature of NS - have previously been associated with grey matter volume (GMV) reductions in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Yet, it remains unknown, if body weight-related grey matter decline in the OFC might be explained by higher levels of NS. To address this question, we studied associations between NS, BMI and brain structure in 355 healthy subjects. Brain images were pre-processed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) was used to assess NS. NS and BMI were associated positively (r = .137, p = .01) with NS being a significant predictor of BMI (B = 0.172; SE B = 0.05; ß = 0.184; p = 0.001). Significant associations between BMI and GMV specifically in the OFC (x = -44, y = 56, z = -2, t(350) = 4.34, k = 5, pFWE = 0.011) did not uphold when correcting for NS in the model. In turn, a significant negative association between NS and OFC GMV was found independent of BMI (x = -2, y = 48, z = -10, t(349) = 4.42, k = 88, pFWE = 0.008). Body mass-related grey matter decrease outside the OFC could not be attributed to NS. Our results suggest that body-weight-related orbitofrontal grey matter reduction can at least partly be linked to higher levels of NS. Given the pivotal role of the OFC in overweight as well as cognitive domains such as impulse inhibition, executive control and reward processing, its association with NS seems to provide a tenable neurobiological correlate for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ludwig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ronny Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Halle, Germany
| | | | - Claas Flint
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Koch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Harald Kugel
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany.
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Vervaet M, Puttevils L, Hoekstra RHA, Fried E, Vanderhasselt MA. Transdiagnostic vulnerability factors in eating disorders: A network analysis. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2020; 29:86-100. [PMID: 33159404 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorder (ED) symptoms and transdiagnostic vulnerability characteristics play a crucial role in the aetiology and maintenance of EDs. Over the last decade, researchers have started to model complex interrelations between symptoms using network models, but the literature is limited in that it has focused solely on symptoms and investigated-specific disorders while ignoring transdiagnostic aspects of mental health. METHOD This study tackles these challenges by investigating network relations among core ED symptoms, comorbid clinical symptoms (depression and anxiety) and empirically supported vulnerability and protective mechanisms (personality traits, maladaptive cognitive schemata, perfectionism and resilience) in a sample of 2302 treatment-seeking ED patients. We estimated a regularized partial correlation network to obtain conditional dependence relations among all variables. We estimated node centrality (interconnectivity) and node predictability (the overall magnitude of symptom inter-relationships). RESULTS The findings indicate a central role of overvigilance, excessive focus on inhibiting emotions and feelings, interoceptive awareness and perfectionism. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that excessive control of bodily aspects by dietary restraint (possibly through inhibition) and interoceptive awareness may be important constructs that warrant future research in understanding vulnerability in EDs. We provide all code and data via the Open Science Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Vervaet
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louise Puttevils
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria H A Hoekstra
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eiko Fried
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Haynos AF, Lavender JM, Nelson J, Crow SJ, Peterson CB. Moving towards specificity: A systematic review of cue features associated with reward and punishment in anorexia nervosa. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 79:101872. [PMID: 32521390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Models of anorexia nervosa (AN) posit that symptoms are maintained through deficient reward and enhanced punishment processing. However, theoretical and empirical inconsistencies highlight the need for a more nuanced conceptualization of this literature. Our goal was to comprehensively review the research on reward and punishment responding in AN from a cue-specific lens to determine which stimuli evoke or discourage reward and punishment responses in this population, and, ultimately, what properties these rewarding and punishing cues might share. A systematic review interrogating reward and punishment responses to specific cues yielded articles (n = 92) that examined responses to disorder relevant (e.g., food) and irrelevant (e.g., money) stimuli across self-report, behavioral, and biological indices. Overall, in most studies individuals with AN exhibited aversive responses to cues signaling higher body weights, social contexts, and monetary losses, and appetitive responses to cues for weight loss behaviors and thinness. Findings were more mixed on responses to palatable food and monetary gains. Results highlight that reward and punishment responding in AN are context specific and may be affected by varied stimulus qualities (e.g., predictability, controllability, delay, effort). Increasing specificity in future research on reward and punishment mechanisms in AN will better inform development of precisely-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Haynos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America; The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Jillian Nelson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - Scott J Crow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
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Newmyer BA, Whindleton CM, Srinivasa N, Jones MK, Scott MM. Genetic variation affects binge feeding behavior in female inbred mouse strains. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15709. [PMID: 31673099 PMCID: PMC6823456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying genetic variants that regulate binge eating (BE) is critical for understanding the factors that control this behavior and for the development of pharmacological treatment strategies. Although several studies have revealed specific genes capable of affecting BE behavior, less is known about how genetic variation modulates BE. Thus, through a paradigm that promoted binge-like food intake through intermittent access to high calorie diet (HCD), we quantified food-intake in four inbred mouse strains: C57Bl/6J (B6), NOD/LtJ (NOD), 129S1/SvlmJ (S1), and A/J (AJ). We report that genetic variation likely influences the chronic regulation of food intake and the binge-like consumption of a palatable HCD. AJ mice consumed more of both standard chow and HCD than the other three strains tested when both diets were available ad libitum, while S1 mice consumed significantly less HCD than other strains during intermittent HCD access. Behavioral differences were also associated with differential changes in c-Fos immunohistochemistry in brain regions traditionally associated with appetite regulation. Our results identify 129S1/SvlmJ as a strain that exhibits low levels of binge feeding behavior and suggests that this strain could be useful in the investigation of the influence of genetic variation in the control of binge food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Newmyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ciarra M Whindleton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nandan Srinivasa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marieke K Jones
- Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael M Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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