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Yu N, Cui H, Jin S, Liu P, Fang Y, Sun F, Cao Y, Yuan B, Xie Y, Duan W, Ma C. IL-6 from cerebrospinal fluid causes widespread pain via STAT3-mediated astrocytosis in chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:60. [PMID: 38419042 PMCID: PMC10900663 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spinal inflammatory signal often spreads to distant segments, accompanied by widespread pain symptom under neuropathological conditions. Multiple cytokines are released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), potentially inducing the activation of an inflammatory cascade at remote segments through CSF flow. However, the detailed alteration of CSF in neuropathic pain and its specific role in widespread pain remain obscure. METHODS A chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) model was constructed, and pain-related behavior was observed on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days post surgery, in both vibrissa pads and hind paws. CSF from CCI-ION rats was transplanted to naïve rats through intracisternal injection, and thermal and mechanical allodynia were measured in hind paws. The alteration of inflammatory cytokines in CCI-ION's CSF was detected using an antibody array and bioinformatic analysis. Pharmacological intervention targeting the changed cytokine in the CSF and downstream signaling was performed to evaluate its role in widespread pain. RESULTS CCI-ION induced local pain in vibrissa pads together with widespread pain in hind paws. CCI-ION's CSF transplantation, compared with sham CSF, contributed to vibrissa pad pain and hind paw pain in recipient rats. Among the measured cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin were increased in CCI-ION's CSF, while interleukin-13 (IL-13) was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the concentration of CSF IL-6 was correlated with nerve injury extent, which gated the occurrence of widespread pain. Both astrocytes and microglia were increased in remote segments of the CCI-ION model, while the inhibition of astrocytes in remote segments, but not microglia, significantly alleviated widespread pain. Mechanically, astroglial signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in remote segments were activated by CSF IL-6, the inhibition of which significantly mitigated widespread pain in CCI-ION. CONCLUSION IL-6 was induced in the CSF of the CCI-ION model, triggering widespread pain via activating astrocyte STAT3 signal in remote segments. Therapies targeting IL-6/STAT3 signaling might serve as a promising strategy for the widespread pain symptom under neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Huan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Sixuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Penghao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yehong Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengrun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yikuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wanru Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45# Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 DongDanSanTiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
- National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Liang J, Xu Y, Gao W, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Shan F, Xia Q. Cytokine profile in first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder patients with or without anxiety. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:93. [PMID: 38308225 PMCID: PMC10835958 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is known that cytokines play a role in both depression and anxiety. This study aimed to compare the levels of multiple cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive major depressive disorder (MDD) with or without anxiety and analyze the correlation between the level of depression or anxiety and the serum cytokine levels. METHODS The study involved 55 patients with first-episode drug-naive MDD. To assess anxiety symptoms, the 14-item HAMA was used. MDD patients were divided into two groups: 23 MDD patients without anxiety and 32 MDD patients with anxiety. The measurement of 37 cytokines was conducted. Serum cytokine levels between patients with MDD without anxiety and anxiety were compared. In multiple linear regression models, the relationship between the group and abnormal cytokines was explored. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to estimate diagnostic performance of serum cytokines in discriminating MDD patients with anxiety from MDD patients without anxiety. A correlation was evaluated between the scores of HAMD or HAMA and the serum cytokine levels. RESULTS In MDD patients with anxiety, IL-17 C and CCL17 levels were significantly lower than in MDD patients without anxiety (all P < 0.05). Multiple measurements were corrected with Benjamini-Hochberger corrections, but none of these differences persisted (all P > 0.05). The results of multiple linear regression models revealed that after controlling for other independent variables, group was not a significant independent predictor of serum IL-17 C or CCL17 (all P > 0.05). The AUC values of IL-17 C and CCL17 were 0.643 and 0.637, respectively, in discriminating MDD patients with anxiety from MDD patients without anxiety. The results of partial correlation analyses showed the scores of HAMD were negatively correlated with the IL-17 C (r = -0.314, P = 0.021) levels with sex as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that there is a potential absence of disparity in the levels of circulating cytokines among individuals diagnosed with first-episode drug-naïve MDD, regardless of the presence or absence of comorbid anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Yayun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Wenfan Gao
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Sun
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Shan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, China.
- Department of Science and Education, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Mental Health Center, 316 Huangshan Road, 230000, Hefei, PR China.
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Kim JM, Kang HJ, Kim JW, Choi W, Lee JY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim MG, Chun BJ, Stewart R. Multiple serum biomarkers for predicting suicidal behaviours in depressive patients receiving pharmacotherapy. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4385-4394. [PMID: 35578580 PMCID: PMC10388309 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive values of multiple serum biomarkers for suicidal behaviours (SBs) have rarely been tested. This study sought to evaluate and develop a panel of multiple serum biomarkers for predicting SBs in outpatients receiving a 12-month pharmacotherapy programme for depressive disorders. METHODS At baseline, 14 serum biomarkers and socio-demographic/clinical characteristics including previous suicidal attempt and present suicidal severity were evaluated in 1094 patients with depressive disorders without a bipolar diagnosis. Of these, 884 were followed for increased suicidal severity and fatal/non-fatal suicide attempt outcomes over a 12-month treatment period. Individual and combined effects of serum biomarkers on these two prospective SBs were estimated using logistic regression analysis after adjustment for relevant covariates. RESULTS Increased suicidal severity and fatal/non-fatal suicide attempt during the 12-month pharmacotherapy were present in 155 (17.5%) and 38 (4.3%) participants, respectively. Combined cortisol, total cholesterol, and folate serum biomarkers predicted fatal/non-fatal suicide attempt, and these with interleukin-1 beta and homocysteine additionally predicted increased suicidal severity, with clear gradients robust to adjustment (p values < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Application of multiple serum biomarkers could considerably improve the predictability of SBs during the outpatient treatment of depressive disorders, potentially highlighting the need for more frequent monitoring and risk appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wonsuk Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Il-Seon Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byung Jo Chun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Stewart
- King's College London (Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience), London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Gonda X, Serafini G, Dome P. Fight the Fire: Association of Cytokine Genomic Markers and Suicidal Behavior May Pave the Way for Future Therapies. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1078. [PMID: 37511694 PMCID: PMC10381806 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The fight against suicide is highly challenging as it may be one of the most complex and, at the same time, most threatening among all psychiatric phenomena. In spite of its huge impact, and despite advances in neurobiology research, understanding and predicting suicide remains a major challenge for both researchers and clinicians. To be able to identify those patients who are likely to engage in suicidal behaviors and identify suicide risk in a reliable and timely manner, we need more specific, novel biological and genetic markers/indicators to develop better screening and diagnostic methods, and in the next step to utilize these molecules as intervention targets. One such potential novel approach is offered by our increasing understanding of the involvement of neuroinflammation based on multiple observations of increased proinflammatory states underlying various psychiatric disorders, including suicidal behavior. The present paper overviews our existing understanding of the association between suicide and inflammation, including peripheral and central biomarkers, genetic and genomic markers, and our current knowledge of intervention in suicide risk using treatments influencing inflammation; also overviewing the next steps to be taken and obstacles to be overcome before we can utilize cytokines in the treatment of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Gonda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry (ICERN), Samara State Medical University, 443079 Samara, Russia
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Peter Dome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 1135 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Rømer TB, Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Benros ME. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2277-2290. [PMID: 37169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders with poorly understood etiology. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could provide etiological clues and diagnostic tools for psychosis; however, an unbiased overview of CSF alterations in individuals with psychotic disorders is lacking. The objective of this study was to summarize all quantifiable findings in CSF from individuals with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls (HC). Studies published before January 25th, 2023 were identified searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PsycINFO. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were performed by two independent reviewers following PRISMA guidelines. Findings in patients and healthy controls were compared and summarized using random-effects analyses and assessment of publication bias, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. 145 studies, covering 197 biomarkers, were included, of which 163 biomarkers have not previously been investigated in meta-analyses. All studies showed some degree of bias. 55 biomarkers measured in CSF were associated with psychosis and of these were 15 biomarkers measured in ≥2 studies. Patients showed increased levels of noradrenaline (standardized mean difference/SMD, 0.53; 95% confidence interval/CI, 0.16 to 0.90) and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.55), the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (SMD, 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.21), the pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter kynurenic acid (SMD, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.34 to 2.81), its precursor kynurenine (SMD,0.99; 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.38), the cytokines interleukin-6 (SMD, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.77) and interleukin-8 (SMD, 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.62), the endocannabinoid anandamide (SMD, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.02), albumin ratio (SMD, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.72), total protein (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.43), immunoglobulin ratio (SMD, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.85) and glucose (SMD, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.94). Neurotensin (SMD, -0.67; 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.46) and γ-aminobutyric acid (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI: -0.50 to -0.09) were decreased. Most biomarkers showed no significant differences, including the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the immune and adrenergic system as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Boldt Rømer
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sørensen NV, Borbye-Lorenzen N, Christensen RHB, Orlovska-Waast S, Jeppesen R, Skogstrand K, Benros ME. Comparisons of 25 cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in a case-control study of 106 patients with recent-onset depression and 106 individually matched healthy subjects. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:90. [PMID: 37016363 PMCID: PMC10071627 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation has been suggested as a contributor to the pathophysiology of depression; however, large case-control studies investigating cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with recent-onset depression by multiplex analyses are missing. METHODS An individually matched (sex and age) prospective case-control study comparing patients with recent-onset depression to healthy controls. CSF was analyzed with the Mesoscale V-PLEX Neuroinflammation Panel 1. OUTCOMES comparisons of analyte levels in the CSF between groups with interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 as primary outcomes and 23 other cytokines as secondary outcomes. RESULTS We included 106 patients (84.0% outpatients) with recent-onset depression and 106 healthy controls. There were no significant differences in the primary outcomes IL-6 (relative mean difference (MD): 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-1.30; p = 0.276) or IL-8 levels (MD: 1.05; 95% CI 0.96-1.16; p = 0.249) relative to healthy controls. IL-4 was 40% higher (MD: 1.40; 95% CI 1.14-1.72; p = 0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was 25% higher (MD: 1.25; 95% CI 1.06-1.47; p = 0.009) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β was 16% higher (MD: 1.16; 95% CI 1.02-1.33; p = 0.025) in patients with depression relative to healthy controls. However, only IL-4 was significantly elevated after correction for multiple testing of secondary outcomes (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION We found no significant differences in CSF levels of the co-primary outcomes IL-6 and IL-8, however, the higher CSF levels of IL-4, MCP-1 and MIP-1β among patients with recent-onset depression compared to healthy controls indicate a potential role of these cytokines in the neuroinflammatory response to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vindegaard Sørensen
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. Sal, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nis Borbye-Lorenzen
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. Sal, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Sonja Orlovska-Waast
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. Sal, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. Sal, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 15, 4. Sal, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Serafini G, Costanza A, Aguglia A, Amerio A, Trabucco A, Escelsior A, Sher L, Amore M. The Role of Inflammation in the Pathophysiology of Depression and Suicidal Behavior: Implications for Treatment. Med Clin North Am 2023; 107:1-29. [PMID: 36402492 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and suicidal behavior are 2 complex psychiatric conditions of significant public health concerns due to their debilitating nature. The need to enhance contemporary treatments and preventative approaches for these illnesses not only calls for distillation of current views on their pathogenesis but also provides an impetus for further elucidation of their novel etiological determinants. In this regard, inflammation has recently been recognized as a potentially important contributor to the development of depression and suicidal behavior. This review highlights key evidence that supports the presence of dysregulated neurometabolic and immunologic signaling and abnormal interaction with microbial species as putative etiological hallmarks of inflammation in depression as well as their contribution to the development of suicidal behavior. Furthermore, therapeutic insights addressing candidate mechanisms of pathological inflammation in these disorders are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Costanza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Aguglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Alice Trabucco
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Escelsior
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Leo Sher
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health DINOGMI, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
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8
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Li L, Dai F, Wang L, Sun Y, Mei L, Ran Y, Ye F. CCL13 and human diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176639. [PMID: 37153575 PMCID: PMC10154514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL13/MCP-4 belongs to the CC chemokine family, which induces chemotaxis in many immune cells. Despite extensive research into its function in numerous disorders, a thorough analysis of CCL13 is not yet accessible. The role of CCL13 in human disorders and existing CCL13-focused therapies are outlined in this study. The function of CCL13 in rheumatic diseases, skin conditions, and cancer is comparatively well-established, and some studies also suggest that it may be involved in ocular disorders, orthopedic conditions, nasal polyps, and obesity. We also give an overview of research that found very little evidence of CCL13 in HIV, nephritis, and multiple sclerosis. Even though CCL13-mediated inflammation is frequently linked to disease pathogenesis, it's fascinating to note that in some conditions, like primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and suicide, it might even act as a preventative measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laifu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Dai,
| | - Lianli Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yating Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fangchen Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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9
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Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010578. [PMID: 36614020 PMCID: PMC9820159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence of 27.6%, and it is rising. Professionally, depression belonging to affective disorders is a psychiatric illness, and the category of major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related to persistent and disruptive mood disorders. Due to this fact, it is imperative to find a way to assess depression quantitatively using a specific biomarker or a panel of biomarkers that would be able to reflect the patients' state and the effects of therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, and neuropeptides are studied in association with depression. The latest research into inflammatory cytokines shows that their relationship with the etiology of depression is causative. There are stronger cytokine reactions to pathogens and stressors in depression. If combined with other predisposing factors, responses lead to prolonged inflammatory processes, prolonged dysregulation of various axes, stress, pain, mood changes, anxiety, and depression. This review focuses on the most recent data on cytokines as markers of depression concerning their roles in its pathogenesis, their possible use in diagnosis and management, their different levels in bodily fluids, and their similarities in animal studies. However, cytokines are not isolated from the pathophysiologic mechanisms of depression or other psychiatric disorders. Their effects are only a part of the whole pathway.
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10
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Nunes FDD, Ferezin LP, Pereira SC, Figaro-Drumond FV, Pinheiro LC, Menezes IC, Baes CVW, Coeli-Lacchini FB, Tanus-Santos JE, Juruena MF, Lacchini R. The Association of Biochemical and Genetic Biomarkers in VEGF Pathway with Depression. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122757. [PMID: 36559251 PMCID: PMC9785844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF is an important neurotrophic and vascular factor involved in mental disorders. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of genetic polymorphisms in the VEGF pathway on the risk for depression, symptom intensity, and suicide attempts. To examine the association between the VEGF pathway and depression, we genotyped polymorphisms and measured the plasma concentrations of VEGF, KDR, and FLT1 proteins. The participants were 160 patients with depression and 114 healthy controls. The questionnaires that assessed the clinical profile of the patients were the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, GRID-HAMD21, CTQ, BSI, and the number of suicide attempts. Genotyping of participants was performed using the real-time PCR and protein measurements were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). VEGF and its inhibitors were reduced in depression. Individuals with depression and displaying the homozygous AA of the rs699947 polymorphism had higher plasma concentrations of VEGF (p-value = 0.006) and were associated with a greater number of suicide attempts (p-value = 0.041). Individuals with depression that were homozygous for the G allele of the FLT1 polymorphism rs7993418 were associated with lower symptom severity (p-value = 0.040). Our results suggest that VEGF pathway polymorphisms are associated with the number of suicide attempts and the severity of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Daniela Dornelas Nunes
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Letícia Perticarrara Ferezin
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Sherliane Carla Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paolo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viana Figaro-Drumond
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cézar Pinheiro
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Itiana Castro Menezes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane von Werne Baes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Borchers Coeli-Lacchini
- Blood Center Foundation, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paolo 14051-060, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paolo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Francisco Juruena
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo 14040-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +16-33153447
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11
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Gao W, Xu Y, Liang J, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Shan F, Ge J, Xia Q. Serum CC Chemokines as Potential Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:2971-2978. [PMID: 36310625 PMCID: PMC9604417 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s384267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence indicates a potential role of chemokines in depression-like behavior and depression-related pathophysiological processes. In the present study, we examined the serum levels of multiple chemokines, focusing on CC chemokines, in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), with the aim to discover and identify serum chemokines-based biomarkers for MDD diagnosis. Methods Participants included 24 patients with MDD and 24 healthy controls. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24) was administered to assess the disease severity of patients with MDD. A total of 9 serum CC chemokines including MCP-1 (CCL-2), MIP-1α (CCL-3), MIP-1β (CCL-4), eotaxin-1 (CCL-11), MCP-4 (CCL-13), TARC (CCL-17), MIP-3α (CCL-20), MDC (CCL-22), and Eotaxin-3 (CCL-26) were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. The levels of serum CC chemokines between MDD group and control group were compared, and diagnostic values of different CC chemokines were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method for discriminating MDD patients from healthy controls. Correlations between the levels of serum CC chemokines and depression severity (HAMD-24 scores) were evaluated using Pearson's correlation test. Results Patients with MDD had higher levels of serum MIP-1α and MIP-1β and lower levels of serum MCP-1, MCP-4, TARC, MDC, and Eotaxin-3 compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Moreover, ROC curve analysis showed that the Area Under Curve (AUC) values of MIP-1α, MCP-4, TARC, and Eotaxin-3 were > 0.7 in discriminating patients with MDD from healthy controls. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between the levels of serum CC chemokines and HAMD-24 scores in MDD group. Conclusion These results suggested that circulating CC chemokines may hold promise in the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosing MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfan Gao
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yayun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Sun
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Shan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Ge
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jinfang Ge, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Anhui Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hefei, People’s Republic of China,Qingrong Xia, Department of Science and Education, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Mental Health Center, 316 Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China, Email
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12
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Shin HR, Chu K, Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim EY, Son H, Moon J, Kim N, Jung KY, Jung KH, Lee ST, Park KI, Lee SK. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and seizure related with serum cytokine in epilepsy patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7138. [PMID: 35504954 PMCID: PMC9065058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to epileptogenesis and ictogenesis. Various signals of neuroinflammation lead to neuronal hyper-excitability. Since an interplay between epilepsy, psychiatric comorbidities and neuroinflammation has been suggested, we explored psychiatric symptoms in epilepsy patients, and the relationship with neuroinflammation. We screened epilepsy patients who were admitted for video-EEG monitoring between July 2019 and December 2020. Enrolled patients were asked to respond to neuropsychiatric questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q)) on admission. Serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, CCL2, and CCL5) were measured by ELISA on admission, and within 6 h after a seizure. We enrolled 134 patients, and 32 patients (23.9%) had seizures during monitoring. Cytokine levels did not change after seizures, but IL-2 and IL-6 increased in cases of generalized tonic–clonic seizures. The HADS-A score was lower in Q4 of CCL5 (p-value = 0.016) and anxiety was also less common in Q4 of CCL5 (p-value = 0.042). NPI-Q question 4 (depression) severity was higher in CCL2 (p-value = 0.024). This suggested that psychiatric symptoms may also be related to inflammatory processes in epilepsy patients. Further large, standardized studies are necessary to underpin the inflammatory mechanisms in epilepsy and psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Shin
- Department of Neurology, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Hospital Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Sejong Chungnam National University Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoshin Son
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Hospital Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Narae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, 152, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Johnston JN, Campbell D, Caruncho HJ, Henter ID, Ballard ED, Zarate CA. Suicide Biomarkers to Predict Risk, Classify Diagnostic Subtypes, and Identify Novel Therapeutic Targets: 5 Years of Promising Research. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:197-214. [PMID: 34865007 PMCID: PMC8929755 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a global health crisis. However, no objective biomarkers of suicide risk currently exist, and self-reported data can be unreliable, which limits prediction, diagnostic, and treatment efforts. Reliable biomarkers that can differentiate between diagnostic subgroups, predict worsening symptoms, or suggest novel therapeutic targets would be extremely valuable for patients, researchers, and clinicians. METHODS MEDLINE was searched for reports published between 2016 and 2021 using search terms (suicid*) AND (biomarker*) OR (indicat*). Reports that compared biomarkers between suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, death from suicide, or any suicide subgroup against other neuropsychiatric disorders were included. Studies exclusively comparing suicidal behavior or death from suicide with healthy controls were not included to ensure that biomarkers were specific to suicide and not other psychopathology. RESULTS This review summarizes the last 5 years of research into suicide-associated biomarkers and provides a comprehensive guide for promising and novel biomarkers that encompass varying presentations of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and death by suicide. The serotonergic system, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, lipids, and endocannabinoids emerged as the most promising diagnostic, predictive, and therapeutic indicators. CONCLUSIONS The utility of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers is evident, particularly for suicide prevention. While larger-scale studies and further in-depth research are required, the last 5 years of research has uncovered essential biomarkers that could ultimately improve predictive strategies, aid diagnostics, and help develop future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa N Johnston
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
| | - Darcy Campbell
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
| | - Elizabeth D Ballard
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
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14
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Vasupanrajit A, Jirakran K, Tunvirachaisakul C, Maes M. Suicide attempts are associated with activated immune-inflammatory, nitro-oxidative, and neurotoxic pathways: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:80-92. [PMID: 34416621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide attempts (SA) frequently occur in patients with mood disorders and schizophrenia, which are both accompanied by activated immune-inflammatory and nitro-oxidative (IO&NS) pathways. METHODS We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, for articles published from inception until February 1, 2021. We included studies that compared blood biomarkers in psychiatric patients with (SA+) and without SA (SA-) and heathy controls and we combined different IO&NS biomarkers into immune, inflammatory, and neurotoxic profiles and used meta-analysis (random-effect model with restricted maximum-likelihood) to delineate effect sizes with 95% confidence interval (CI). FINDINGS Our search included 51 studies comprising 4.945 SA+ patients and 24.148 controls. We stratified the control group into healthy controls and SA- patients. SA+ patients showed significantly (p<0.001) increased immune activation (SMD: 1.044; CI: 0.599, 1.489), inflammation (SMD: 1.109; CI: 0.505, 1.714), neurotoxicity (SMD: 0.879; CI: 0.465, 1.293), and lowered neuroprotection (SMD: 0.648; CI: 0.354, 0.941) as compared with healthy controls. When compared with SA- patients, those with SA+ showed significant (p<0.001) immune activation (SMD: 0.290; CI: 0.183, 0.397), inflammation (SMD: 0.311; CI: 0.191, 0.432), and neurotoxicity (SMD: 0.315; CI: 0.198, 0.432), and lowered neuroprotection (SMD: 0.341; CI: 0.167, 0.515). Patients with current, but not lifetime, SA showed significant (p<0.001) levels of inflammation and neurotoxicity as compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Patients with immune activation are at a higher risk of SA which may be explained by increased neurotoxicity due to inflammation and nitro-oxidative stress. This meta-analysis discovered new biomarkers of SA and therapeutic targets to treat individuals with SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asara Vasupanrajit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ketsupar Jirakran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Maximizing Thai Children's Developmental Potential Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chavit Tunvirachaisakul
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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15
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CCL4 induces inflammatory signalling and barrier disruption in the neurovascular endothelium. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100370. [PMID: 34755124 PMCID: PMC8560974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During neuroinflammation many chemokines alter the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the entry of macromolecules and immune cells into the brain. As the milieu of the brain is altered, biochemical and structural changes contribute to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and may impact on neurogenesis. The chemokine CCL4, previously known as MIP-1β, is upregulated in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis, where it is thought to play a key role in the neuroinflammatory process. However, the effect of CCL4 on BBB endothelial cells (ECs) is unknown. Materials and methods Expression and distribution of CCR5, phosphorylated p38, F-actin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) were analysed in the human BBB EC line hCMEC/D3 by Western blot and/or immunofluorescence in the presence and absence of CCL4. Barrier modulation in response to CCL4 using hCMEC/D3 monolayers was assessed by measuring molecular flux of 70 kDa RITC-dextran and transendothelial lymphocyte migration. Permeability changes in response to CCL4 in vivo were measured by an occlusion technique in pial microvessels of Wistar rats and by fluorescein angiography in mouse retinae. Results CCR5, the receptor for CCL4, was expressed in hCMEC/D3 cells. CCL4 stimulation led to phosphorylation of p38 and the formation of actin stress fibres, both indicative of intracellular chemokine signalling. The distribution of junctional proteins was also altered in response to CCL4: junctional ZO-1 was reduced by circa 60% within 60 min. In addition, surface VE-cadherin was redistributed through internalisation. Consistent with these changes, CCL4 induced hyperpermeability in vitro and in vivo and increased transmigration of lymphocytes across monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells. Conclusion These results show that CCL4 can modify BBB function and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. The chemokine CCL4 induced phosphorylation of P38 in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CCL4 treatment resulted in reduction of plasma membrane VE-cadherin and junctional ZO-1. CCL4 induced neurovascular barrier breakdown in vitro and in vivo.
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16
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Curzytek K, Leśkiewicz M. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 axis in depressive disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1052-1062. [PMID: 34031863 PMCID: PMC8142870 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Since affective disorders are considered to be underlain by the immune system malfunction, an important role in their pathophysiology is assigned to the proinflammatory mediators. Recently, chemokines, the group of chemotactic cytokines, have become a focus for basic and clinical scientists in the context of the development and treatment of brain diseases. Among them, chemokine CCL2 and its main receptor CCR2 have become candidate mediators of abnormal brain-immune system dialogue in depression. Besides the chemotactic activity, the CCL2-CCR2 axis is involved in various neurobiological processes, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, as well as neuroregeneration. Given the range of immunomodulatory possibilities that the CCL2-CCR2 pair can exert on the nervous system, its proinflammatory properties were initially thought to be a major contributor to the development of depressive disorders. However, further research suggests that the malfunctions of the nervous system are rather associated with impaired homeostatic properties manifested by the CCL2-CCR2 dyad dysfunctions. This review aims to present literature data on the action of the CCL2-CCR2 axis in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the contribution of this ligand-receptor system to the processes underlying affective disorders. Additionally, this article draws attention to the importance of the CCL2-CRR2 pathway as a potential pharmacological target with antidepressant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Curzytek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Runge K, Fiebich BL, Kuzior H, Saliba SW, Yousif NM, Meixensberger S, Nickel K, Denzel D, Schiele MA, Maier SJ, Berger B, Dersch R, Domschke K, Tebartz van Elst L, Endres D. An observational study investigating cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2021; 231:205-213. [PMID: 33887648 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of mental disorders has been discussed with increasing frequency. In this context, especially schizophrenia has become the focus of attention after the discovery of autoimmune encephalitis, which might present with psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, multiple studies have identified associations between infections or autoimmune diseases and schizophreniform disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis plays a central role in identifying potential inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. Therefore, the rationale of this retrospective study was the analysis of different cytokines, including interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS The authors examined the CSF of 40 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, in comparison to the CSF of a mentally healthy control group of 39 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Magnetic bead multiplexing immunoassay was used to retrospectively determine different cytokines in the participants' CSF. RESULTS Participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders had significantly higher IL-8 levels in their CSF than controls (mean ± SD: 41.83 ± 17.50 pg/ml versus 21.40 ± 7.96 pg/ml; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The main finding of this study is the presence of significantly higher IL-8 concentrations in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders when compared to the control group. This supports the hypothesis that immunological processes may be involved in the pathophysiology of a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, the study's results are limited by the retrospective design, methodological aspects, and the control group with IIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Runge
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Kuzior
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soraya W Saliba
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nizar M Yousif
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Meixensberger
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nickel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Denzel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon J Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berger
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rick Dersch
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Bhaumik R, Zhang H. Chemokines gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide victims and normal control subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:266-273. [PMID: 33571631 PMCID: PMC8231709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of neuroinflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and suicide. This is primarily based on the observation that cytokines, which are major inflammatory molecules and play an important role in depression and suicide, are increased in both serum and in postmortem brain of depressed and suicidal subjects. Another class of immune mediators are chemokines which are primarily involved in chemotactic properties and trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Chemokines also play an important role in CNS function. Whereas chemokines have been studied in the serum of depressed and suicidal patients, their role in brain of depressed or suicidal subjects is relatively unexplored. We studied the gene expression of several chemokines in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) obtained from depressed suicidal (DS) and normal control (NC) subjects. We determined the mRNA expression of several chemokines belonging to CXCL and CCL groups of chemokines using qPCR array technique and qPCR gene expression validation in 24 DS and 24 NC subjects. The postmortem brain samples were obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection. We found that the mRNA expression of chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CCL2 was significantly decreased in the PFC of DS compared with NC subjects. No significant change was observed in CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL10, CCL8 and CCL19 between DS and NC subjects. Since many of the chemokines are involved in mediating certain important CNS functions, such as neurotrophic effect, neurogenesis, anti-apoptotic growth factor release, modulation of synaptic transmission, brain development and neuronal loss, decreased levels of chemokines can reduce these functions which may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Corresponding Author: Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Phone (312) 413-4540, Fax: (312) 413-4547,
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19
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Beck-Felts K, Goodman M, Ospina LH, Wall M, McEvoy J, Jarskog LF, Ballon JS, Bartels MN, Buchsbaum R, Sloan RP, Stroup TS, Kimhy D. Suicide Reduction in Schizophrenia via Exercise (SUnRISE): study protocol for a multi-site, single-blind, randomized clinical trial of aerobic exercise for suicide risk reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Trials 2020; 21:871. [PMID: 33087170 PMCID: PMC7579916 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide risk among individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) is intractably high, with over 40% of individuals attempting to take their own lives during their lifetime and an estimated 5-10% completing suicide. At present, available pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments offer limited risk reduction benefits, and thus, there remains an urgent need to explore novel interventions that will ameliorate this risk. Aerobic exercise (AE) has been shown to improve a number of predictors of suicide risk (e.g., depressed mood, sleeping difficulties). As individuals with SZ display a highly sedentary lifestyle, AE may reduce suicide risk. METHODS Employing a multi-site, single-blind, randomized clinical trial design, we will examine the impact of AE on risk for suicide and related variables in individuals with SZ. Participants will be randomized to one of two 12-week exercise interventions: AE or a stretching and toning (ST) control intervention. Primary outcome measures will include suicide risk (Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, C-SSRS) and aerobic fitness (VO2max), along with additional measures of suicide risk, mood, emotion regulation, sleep, cognition, and physical activity, with assessments completed at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of interventions. DISCUSSION It is hypothesized that AE will reduce suicide risk among individuals with SZ. This study may offer support for a more efficacious treatment method for this population in addition to the pre-existing pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment regimens. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03270098 . Registered on September 1, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Beck-Felts
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Luz H Ospina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph McEvoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lars F Jarskog
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacob S Ballon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Matthew N Bartels
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Richard P Sloan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Scott Stroup
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kimhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- MIRECC, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Severity of intervertebral disc herniation regulates cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with chronic radicular back pain. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:1341-1350. [PMID: 32653386 PMCID: PMC7529955 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contributions of intervertebral disc disease and subject-specific covariates to systemic inflammation in low back pain are unknown. We examined the effects of symptomatic disc herniation (DH) and MRI herniation severity on serum cytokine levels in clinical subjects. DESIGN Cytokine levels from lumbar DH subjects (N = 78) were compared to control subjects (N = 57) accounting for effects of DH, age, body mass index (BMI) and gender. Effect of DH severity on cytokine levels was analyzed on subsets of subjects with acute or chronic pain. Serum cytokines were also analyzed in a subset of patients between pre- and 3 months post-surgery. RESULTS Cytokine levels were elevated in the serum of patients with symptomatic DH, and the covariates age, BMI and gender significantly contributed to levels of some cytokines. Severity of herniation was a significant contributor to pain intensity (VAS), serum levels of HMGB1, PDGFbb, and IL-9. The relationship between DH severity and cytokine levels was confirmed in subjects with chronic, but not acute symptoms. Serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) decreased, whereas levels of CCL3, CCL11, CXCL1, and CXCL10 were significantly elevated post surgery. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that DH severity is coordinately associated with changes in serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in chronic pain subjects. HMGB1, PDGFbb and IL-9 are novel mediators of increasing DH severity, indicative of cellular damage, neuro-inflammation and angiogenesis. Resolution of inflammation was observed with decrease in MIF post surgery. However, elevated chemokine levels indicate ongoing remodeling and wound healing at 3-month time point.
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21
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A Specific Inflammatory Profile Underlying Suicide Risk? Systematic Review of the Main Literature Findings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072393. [PMID: 32244611 PMCID: PMC7177217 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Consistent evidence indicates the association between inflammatory markers and suicidal behavior. The burden related to immunological differences have been widely documented in both major affective disorders and suicidal behavior. Importantly, abnormally elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines levels have been reported to correlate with suicidal behavior but whether and to what extent specific inflammatory cytokines abnormalities may contribute to our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of suicide is unknown. The present manuscript aimed to systematically review the current literature about the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in suicidal behavior. Most studies showed a link between abnormally higher interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), kynurenic acid (KYN), and lower IL-2, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ levels in specific brain regions and suicidal behavior. Unfortunately, most studies are not able to exclude the exact contribution of major depressive disorder (MDD) as a mediator/moderator of the link between inflammatory cytokines abnormalities and suicidal behavior. The association between suicidal patients (both suicide attempters or those with suicidal ideation) and the altered immune system was documented by most studies, but this does not reflect the existence of a specific causal link. Additional studies are needed to clarify the immune pathways underlying suicidal behavior.
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22
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Shinko Y, Otsuka I, Okazaki S, Horai T, Boku S, Takahashi M, Ueno Y, Sora I, Hishimoto A. Chemokine alterations in the postmortem brains of suicide completers. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 120:29-33. [PMID: 31629996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a major health problem in the modern world. However, its physiological mechanisms have not been well elucidated yet. Immunological disturbances have been reported in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BP), and schizophrenia. Some studies have also suggested an association between immunological alterations especially neuroinflammation, and suicide. Chemokines play important roles in inflammation, and studies investigating chemokines in psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, MDD, and BP have reported chemokine dysregulations. However, there have been very few studies on the association between chemokines and suicide. We studied chemokine alterations in the postmortem brains of suicide completers and compared them to those of controls. We obtained brain tissue samples of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from 16 suicide completers and 23 controls. We examined the concentrations of chemokines and related substances in the brain tissue from these two groups using the Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Chemokine Panel 40-Plex. We performed multiple regression analysis with covariates. The levels of CCL1, CCL8, CCL13, CCL15, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CXCL11, and IL-10 were significantly decreased, whereas the IL-16 levels were significantly increased in the suicide completers after adjustment with the Benjamini-Hochberg method to control for type Ⅰ errors (Q < 0.05). The observed chemokine alterations might suggest the presence of suicide-specific immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shinko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Motonori Takahashi
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ueno
- Division of Legal Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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23
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Enache D, Pariante CM, Mondelli V. Markers of central inflammation in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography and post-mortem brain tissue. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:24-40. [PMID: 31195092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased peripheral inflammation has been consistently reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, only few studies have explored markers of central (brain) inflammation in patients with MDD. The aim of this study is to systematically review in vivo and post-mortem markers of central inflammation, including studies examining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), positron emission tomography, and post-mortem brain tissues in subjects suffering with MDD compared with controls. METHODS PubMed and Medline databases were searched up to December 2018. We included studies measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines and chemokines, positron emission tomography (PET) studies; and post-mortem studies measuring cytokines, chemokines and cell-specific markers of microglia and astrocytes, all in MDD. A meta-analysis was performed only for CSF and PET studies, as studies on post-mortem markers of inflammation had different cell-specific markers and analysed different brain regions. RESULTS A total of 69 studies met the inclusion criteria. CSF levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were higher in patients with MDD compared with controls (standardised mean difference SMD 0.37, 95%CI: 0.17-0.57 and SMD 0.58, 95%CI 0.26-0.90, respectively). CSF levels of IL-6 were increased in suicide attempters regardless of their psychiatric diagnosis. Translocator protein, a PET marker of central inflammation, was elevated in the anterior cingulate cortex and temporal cortex of patients with MDD compared with controls (SMD 0.78, 95%CI: 0.41-1.16 and SMD 0.52, 95%CI: 0.19-0.85 respectively). Abnormalities in CSF and PET inflammatory markers were not correlated with those in peripheral blood. In post-mortem studies, two studies found increased markers of microglia in MDD brains, while four studies found no MDD related changes. Of the studies investigating expression of cell-specific marker for astrocytes, thirteen studies reported a decreased expression of astrocytes specific markers, two studies reported increased expression of astrocytes specific markers, and eleven studies did not detect any difference. Four out of six studies reported decreased markers of oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex. Post-mortem brain levels of tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) were also found increased in MDD. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests the presence of an increase in IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in CSF and brain parenchyma, in the context of a possible increased microglia activity and reduction of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes markers in MDD. The reduced number of astrocytes may lead to compromised integrity of blood brain barrier with increased monocyte recruitment and infiltration, which is partly supported by post-mortem studies and by PET studies showing an increased TSPO expression in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Enache
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
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24
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Lozupone M, La Montagna M, D'Urso F, Daniele A, Greco A, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Bellomo A, Panza F. The Role of Biomarkers in Psychiatry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:135-162. [PMID: 30747421 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses are cognitive and behavioral disorders of the brain. At present, psychiatric diagnosis is based on DSM-5 criteria. Even if endophenotype specificity for psychiatric disorders is discussed, it is difficult to study and identify psychiatric biomarkers to support diagnosis, prognosis, or clinical response to treatment. This chapter investigates the innovative biomarkers of psychiatric diseases for diagnosis and personalized treatment, in particular post-genomic data and proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Urso
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy. .,Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy. .,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Lecce, Italy.
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Increased peripheral levels of TARC/CCL17 in first episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:221-227. [PMID: 30612841 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for a link between the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the immune system is mounting. Altered levels of chemokines in plasma have previously been reported in patients with schizophrenia under antipsychotic medication. Here we aimed to study both peripheral and central chemokine levels in drug-naïve or short-time medicated first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. METHOD We analyzed nine chemokines in plasma and CSF from 41 FEP patients and 22 healthy controls using electrochemiluminescence assay. RESULTS In plasma four chemokines; TARC/CCL17, eotaxin/CCL11, MDC/CCL22, IP-10/CXCL10 and in CSF one chemokine; IP-10/CXCL10 showed reliable detection in >50% of the cases. FEP patients displayed increased levels of TARC/CCL17 in plasma compared to healthy controls, 89.6 (IQR 66.2-125.8) pg/mL compared to 48.6 (IQR 28.0-71.7) pg/mL (p = 0.001). The difference was not attributed to confounding factors. Plasma TARC/CCL17 was not associated with PANSS, CGI or GAF scores, neither with cognitive functions. The chemokines eotaxin/CCL11, MDC/CCL22, IP-10/CXCL10 in plasma and IP-10/CXCL10 in CSF did not differ between FEP patients and controls. CONCLUSION In line with a previous study showing that chronic patients with schizophrenia display increased plasma TARC/CCL17 levels, we here found an elevation in FEP patients suggesting a role of TARC/CCL17 in early stages of schizophrenia. The exact mechanism of this involvement is still unknown and future longitudinal studies as well as studies of central and peripheral chemokine levels would be of great interest.
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Orlovska-Waast S, Köhler-Forsberg O, Brix SW, Nordentoft M, Kondziella D, Krogh J, Benros ME. Cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation and infections in schizophrenia and affective disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:869-887. [PMID: 30116031 PMCID: PMC6756288 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infections and inflammatory processes have been associated with the development of schizophrenia and affective disorders; however, no study has yet systematically reviewed all available studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune alterations. We aimed to systematically review the CSF immunological findings in schizophrenia spectrum and affective disorders. We identified all studies investigating CSF inflammatory markers in persons with schizophrenia or affective disorders published prior to March 23, 2017 searching PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Psychinfo, and LILACS. Literature search, data extraction and bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Meta-analyses with standardized mean difference (SMD) including 95% confidence intervals (CI) were performed on case-healthy control studies. We identified 112 CSF studies published between 1942-2016, and 32 case-healthy control studies could be included in meta-analyses. Studies varied regarding gender distribution, age, disease duration, treatment, investigated biomarkers, and whether recruitment happened consecutively or based on clinical indication. The CSF/serum albumin ratio was increased in schizophrenia (1 study [54 patients]; SMD = 0.71; 95% CI 0.33-1.09) and affective disorders (4 studies [298 patients]; SMD = 0.41; 95% CI 0.23-0.60, I2 = 0%), compared to healthy controls. Total CSF protein was elevated in both schizophrenia (3 studies [97 patients]; SMD = 0.41; 95% CI 0.15-0.67, I2 = 0%) and affective disorders (2 studies [53 patients]; SMD = 0.80; 95% CI 0.39-1.21, I2 = 0%). The IgG ratio was increased in schizophrenia (1 study [54 patients]; SMD = 0.68; 95% CI 0.30-1.06), whereas the IgG Albumin ratio was decreased (1 study [32 patients]; SMD = -0.62; 95% CI -1.13 to -0.12). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (7 studies [230 patients]; SMD = 0.55; 95% CI 0.35-0.76; I2 = 1%) and IL-8 levels (3 studies [95 patients]; SMD = 0.46; 95% CI 0.17-0.75, I2 = 0%) were increased in schizophrenia but not significantly increased in affective disorders. Most of the remaining inflammatory markers were not significantly different compared to healthy controls in the meta-analyses. However, in the studies which did not include healthy controls, CSF abnormalities were more common, and two studies found CSF dependent re-diagnosis in 3.2-6%. Current findings suggest that schizophrenia and affective disorders may have CSF abnormalities including signs of blood-brain barrier impairment and inflammation. However, the available evidence does not allow any firm conclusion since all studies showed at least some degree of bias and vastly lacked inclusion of confounding factors. Moreover, only few studies investigated the same parameters with healthy controls and high-quality longitudinal CSF studies are lacking, including impact of psychotropic medications, lifestyle factors and potential benefits of anti-inflammatory treatment in subgroups with CSF inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Orlovska-Waast
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0000 9817 5300grid.452548.aiPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Köhler-Forsberg
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0004 0512 597Xgrid.154185.cPsychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark ,0000 0001 1956 2722grid.7048.bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sophie Wiben Brix
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0000 9817 5300grid.452548.aiPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Kondziella
- grid.475435.4Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark ,0000 0001 1516 2393grid.5947.fDepartment of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jesper Krogh
- 0000 0001 0674 042Xgrid.5254.6Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Polacchini A, Girardi D, Falco A, Zanotta N, Comar M, De Carlo NA, Tongiorgi E. Distinct CCL2, CCL5, CCL11, CCL27, IL-17, IL-6, BDNF serum profiles correlate to different job-stress outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:82-91. [PMID: 29511710 PMCID: PMC5834655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress at workplace is an important factor in the development of physical and mental illness. Objective biological measures of chronic stress are still lacking, but inflammatory response and growth factors are increasingly considered as potential stress biomarkers. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between psychophysical strain and serum levels of 48 chemokines, cytokines and growth factors measured using a multiplex immunoassay, and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) measured by ELISA. Severity of psychophysical strain was scored in 115 healthy hospital workers using specific scales for anxiety, depression-like emotion, gastrointestinal or cardiac disturbances, and ergonomic dysfunction. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher anxiety scale scores were correlated with lower serum chemokine C-C motif ligand-2 (CCL2/MCP-1), chemokine C-C motif ligand-5 (CCL5/RANTES), chemokine C-C motif ligand-27 (CCL27/CTACK), chemokine C-C motif ligand-11 (CCL11/Eotaxin) and interleukin-6 (IL-6); gastrointestinal disturbances correlated with increased levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and reduced CCL11/Eotaxin, CCL27/CTACK and CCL2/MCP-1; while cardiac dysfunctions associate only to reduced CCL27/CTACK, and ergonomic dysfunction correlated with increased BDNF and reduced CCL11/Eotaxin and CCL5/RANTES. Thus, these 7 serum factors may provide a distinct signature for each different stress-related psychophysical outcome giving indications on individual vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Polacchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Damiano Girardi
- FISPPA Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 14, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Falco
- FISPPA Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 14, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Alberto De Carlo
- FISPPA Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 14, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Tongiorgi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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28
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Leighton SP, Nerurkar L, Krishnadas R, Johnman C, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J. Chemokines in depression in health and in inflammatory illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:48-58. [PMID: 29133955 PMCID: PMC5754468 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory illness is associated with depression. Preclinical work has shown that chemokines are linked with peripheral-central crosstalk and may be important in mediating depressive behaviours. We sought to establish what evidence exists that differences in blood or cerebrospinal fluid chemokine concentration discriminate between individuals with depression and those without. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched Embase, PsycINFO and Medline databases. We included participants with physical illness for subgroup analysis, and excluded participants with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Seventy-three studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Individuals with depression had higher levels of blood CXCL4 and CXCL7 and lower levels of blood CCL4. Sensitivity analysis of studies with only physically healthy participants identified higher blood levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL11, CXCL7 and CXCL8 and lower blood levels of CCL4. All other chemokines examined did not reveal significant differences (blood CCL5, CCL7, CXCL9, CXCL10 and cerebrospinal fluid CXCL8 and CXCL10). Analysis of the clinical utility of the effect size of plasma CXCL8 in healthy individuals found a negative predictive value 93.5%, given the population prevalence of depression of 10%. Overall, our meta-analysis finds evidence linking abnormalities of blood chemokines with depression in humans. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the possibility of classifying individuals with depression based on their inflammatory biomarker profile. Future research should explore putative mechanisms underlying this association, attempt to replicate existing findings in larger populations and aim to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Leighton
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Nerurkar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Krishnadas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Johnman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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29
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Isgren A, Sellgren C, Ekman CJ, Holmén-Larsson J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Jakobsson J, Landén M. Markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in bipolar disorder: Relation to prospective clinical outcomes. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:195-201. [PMID: 28483660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune mechanisms have been linked to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder based on studies of biomarkers in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and postmortem brain tissue. There are, however, no longitudinal studies investigating if CSF markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury predict clinical outcomes in patients with bipolar disorder. We have in previous studies found higher CSF concentrations of interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL-2), chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40), and neurofilament light chain (NF-L) in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder compared with controls. Here, we investigated the relationship of these CSF markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury with clinical outcomes in a prospective study. 77 patients with CSF analyzed at baseline were followed for 6-7years. Associations of baseline biomarkers with clinical outcomes (manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes, suicide attempts, psychotic symptoms, inpatient care, GAF score change) were investigated. Baseline MCP-1 concentrations were positively associated with manic/hypomanic episodes and inpatient care during follow-up. YKL-40 concentrations were negatively associated with manic/hypomanic episodes and with occurrence of psychotic symptoms. The prospective negative association between YKL-40 and manic/hypomanic episodes survived multiple testing correction. Concentrations of IL-8 and NF-L were not associated with clinical outcomes. High concentrations of these selected CSF markers of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury at baseline were not consistently associated with poor clinical outcomes in this prospective study. The assessed proteins may be involved in adaptive immune processes or reflect a state of vulnerability for bipolar disorder rather than being of predictive value for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniella Isgren
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Carl Sellgren
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl-Johan Ekman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Holmén-Larsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Joel Jakobsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Strawbridge R, Young AH, Cleare AJ. Biomarkers for depression: recent insights, current challenges and future prospects. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1245-1262. [PMID: 28546750 PMCID: PMC5436791 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of research has implicated hundreds of putative biomarkers for depression, but has not yet fully elucidated their roles in depressive illness or established what is abnormal in which patients and how biologic information can be used to enhance diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. This lack of progress is partially due to the nature and heterogeneity of depression, in conjunction with methodological heterogeneity within the research literature and the large array of biomarkers with potential, the expression of which often varies according to many factors. We review the available literature, which indicates that markers involved in inflammatory, neurotrophic and metabolic processes, as well as neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine system components, represent highly promising candidates. These may be measured through genetic and epigenetic, transcriptomic and proteomic, metabolomic and neuroimaging assessments. The use of novel approaches and systematic research programs is now required to determine whether, and which, biomarkers can be used to predict response to treatment, stratify patients to specific treatments and develop targets for new interventions. We conclude that there is much promise for reducing the burden of depression through further developing and expanding these research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Strawbridge
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
| | - Allan H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony J Cleare
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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31
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Pantazatos SP, Huang YY, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ, Arango V, Mann JJ. Whole-transcriptome brain expression and exon-usage profiling in major depression and suicide: evidence for altered glial, endothelial and ATPase activity. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:760-773. [PMID: 27528462 PMCID: PMC5313378 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain gene expression profiling studies of suicide and depression using oligonucleotide microarrays have often failed to distinguish these two phenotypes. Moreover, next generation sequencing approaches are more accurate in quantifying gene expression and can detect alternative splicing. Using RNA-seq, we examined whole-exome gene and exon expression in non-psychiatric controls (CON, N=29), DSM-IV major depressive disorder suicides (MDD-S, N=21) and MDD non-suicides (MDD, N=9) in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 9) of sudden death medication-free individuals post mortem. Using small RNA-seq, we also examined miRNA expression (nine samples per group). DeSeq2 identified 35 genes differentially expressed between groups and surviving adjustment for false discovery rate (adjusted P<0.1). In depression, altered genes include humanin-like-8 (MTRNRL8), interleukin-8 (IL8), and serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade H (SERPINH1) and chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), while exploratory gene ontology (GO) analyses revealed lower expression of immune-related pathways such as chemokine receptor activity, chemotaxis and cytokine biosynthesis, and angiogenesis and vascular development in (adjusted P<0.1). Hypothesis-driven GO analysis suggests lower expression of genes involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation, regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission, and oxytocin receptor expression in both suicide and depression, and provisional evidence for altered DNA-dependent ATPase expression in suicide only. DEXSEq analysis identified differential exon usage in ATPase, class II, type 9B (adjusted P<0.1) in depression. Differences in miRNA expression or structural gene variants were not detected. Results lend further support for models in which deficits in microglial, endothelial (blood-brain barrier), ATPase activity and astrocytic cell functions contribute to MDD and suicide, and identify putative pathways and mechanisms for further study in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro P. Pantazatos
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY
| | - Yung-yu Huang
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY
| | - Gorazd B. Rosoklija
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY
| | | | - Victoria Arango
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY
| | - J. John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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32
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The MCP-4/MCP-1 ratio in plasma is a candidate circadian biomarker for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1025. [PMID: 28170001 PMCID: PMC5438024 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is psychiatric disease, which can occur following exposure to traumatic events. PTSD may be acute or chronic, and can have a waxing and waning course of symptoms. It has been hypothesized that proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or plasma might be mediators of the psychophysiological mechanisms relating a history of trauma exposure to changes in behavior and mental health disorders, and medical morbidity. Here we test the cytokine/chemokine hypothesis for PTSD by examining levels of 17 classical cytokines and chemokines in CSF, sampled at 0900 hours, and in plasma sampled hourly for 24 h. The PTSD and healthy control patients are from the NIMH Chronic PTSD and healthy control cohort, initially described by Bonne et al. (2011), in which the PTSD patients have relatively low comorbidity for major depressive disorder (MDD), drug or alcohol use. We find that in plasma, but not CSF, the bivariate MCP4 (CCL13)/ MCP1(CCL2) ratio is ca. twofold elevated in PTSD patients compared with healthy controls. The MCP-4/MCP-1 ratio is invariant over circadian time, and is independent of gender, body mass index or the age at which the trauma was suffered. By contrast, MIP-1β is a candidate biomarker for PTSD only in females, whereas TARC is a candidate biomarker for PTSD only in males. It remains to be discovered whether these disease-specific differences in circadian expression for these specific immune signaling molecules are biomarkers, surrogates, or drivers for PTSD, or whether any of these analytes could contribute to therapy.
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33
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Belzeaux R, Lefebvre MN, Lazzari A, Le Carpentier T, Consoloni JL, Zendjidjian X, Abbar M, Courtet P, Naudin J, Boucraut J, Gressens P, Glaichenhaus N, Ibrahim EC. How to: Measuring blood cytokines in biological psychiatry using commercially available multiplex immunoassays. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 75:72-82. [PMID: 27810706 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines produced by both immune and non-immune cells are likely to play roles in the development and/or progression of psychiatric disorders. Indeed, many investigators have compared the blood cytokine levels in psychiatric patients with those of healthy controls or monitored their levels in patients during disease progression to identify biomarkers. Nevertheless, very few studies have confirmed that such cytokines remain stable in healthy individuals through periods of weeks and months. This is an important issue to consider before using blood cytokine levels as biomarkers of disease traits, disease state, or treatment response. Although multiplex assay technology represents an advance in identifying biomarkers because it allows simultaneous examination of large panels of analytes from a small volume of sample, it is necessary to verify whether these assays yield enough sensitivity and reproducibility when applied to the blood from neuropsychiatric patients. Therefore, we compared two multiplex immunoassays, the bead-based Luminex® (Bio-Rad) and the electro-chemiluminescence-based V-plex® (MesoScaleDiscovery), for the detection and quantification of 31 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in both the sera and plasma of patients with major depressive episodes (MDE) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects during a 30-week period. Although both platforms exhibited low coefficients of variability (CV) between the duplicates in the calibration curves, the linearity was better in general for the V-PLEX® platform. However, neither platform was able to detect the absolute values for all of the tested analytes. Among the 16 analytes that were detected by both assays, the intra-assay reproducibility was in general better with the V-PLEX® platform. Although it is not a general rule that the results from sera and plasma will be correlated, consistent results were more frequent with the V-PLEX® platform. Furthermore, the V-PLEX® results were more consistent with the gold standard ELISA simplex assay for IL-6 in both sera and plasma. The intra-individual variability of the measurements, among the sera and plasma for the 4 samples harvested from each healthy individual, was low for Eotaxin, G-CSF, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, MIP-1β, PDGF-BB, TNF, TNF-β and VEGF, but intermediate or high for IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IP10. Together, these data suggest that extreme caution is needed in translating the results of multiplex cytokine profiling into biomarker discovery in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Belzeaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, Marseille, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France
| | | | - Anne Lazzari
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - Tifenn Le Carpentier
- Inserm, U1141, Paris, France; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141, Paris, France
| | - Julia-Lou Consoloni
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, Marseille, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France
| | - Xavier Zendjidjian
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Mocrane Abbar
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Carémeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Département des Urgences et Post-Urgences Psychiatriques, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Naudin
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - José Boucraut
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, U1141, Paris, France; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Valbonne, France
| | - El Chérif Ibrahim
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France.
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Marini S, Vellante F, Matarazzo I, De Berardis D, Serroni N, Gianfelice D, Olivieri L, Di Renzo F, Di Marco A, Fornaro M, Orsolini L, Valchera A, Iasevoli F, Mazza M, Perna G, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M. Inflammatory markers and suicidal attempts in depressed patients: A review. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:583-594. [PMID: 26729403 PMCID: PMC5806831 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015623793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a chronic and invalidating psychiatric illness and is associated with a greater risk of suicidal behaviors. In recent decades many data have supported a biological link between depressive states and inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been found to rise, first of all TNF-α and IL-6. Suicidal behaviors have been consistently associated with increased levels of IL-6 and decreased levels of IL-2. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationship between inflammatory markers in depressed patients with or without suicidal attempts compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Ilaria Matarazzo
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola Serroni
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Gianfelice
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
| | - Luigi Olivieri
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
| | - Fulvia Di Renzo
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Di Marco
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", ASL 4 Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of "Scienze della Formazione", University of Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Orsolini
- United Hospitals, Academic Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | | | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Psychopharmacotherapeutics, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Mazza
- Department of Health Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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35
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Courtet P, Giner L, Seneque M, Guillaume S, Olie E, Ducasse D. Neuroinflammation in suicide: Toward a comprehensive model. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016. [PMID: 26223957 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1054879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Suicidal behaviour (SB) entered the DSM-5, underlying a specific biological vulnerability. Then, recent findings suggested a possible role of the immune system in SB pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to present these main immune factors involved in SB pathogenesis. METHODS We conducted a review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis criteria, and combined ("Inflammation") AND ("Suicidal ideation" OR "Suicidal attempt" OR "suicide"). RESULTS Post mortem studies demonstrated associations between suicide and inflammatory cytokines in the orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region involved in suicidal vulnerability. Also, microgliosis and monocyte-macrophage system activation may be a useful marker of suicide neurobiology. Kynurenine may influence inflammatory processes, and related molecular pathways may be involved in SB pathophysiology. Few recent studies associated inflammatory markers with suicidal vulnerability: serotonin dysfunction, impulsivity and childhood trauma. Interestingly, the perception of threat that leads suicidal individuals to contemplate suicide may activate biological stress responses, including inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS Translational projects would be crucial to identify a specific marker in SB disorders, to investigate its clinical correlations, and the interaction between inflammatory cytokines and monoamine systems in SB. These researches might lead to new biomarkers and novel directions for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Courtet
- a Department of Emergency Psychiatry , Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier and Post Acute Care , CHU Montpellier , France.,b Inserm, University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,c FondaMental Foundation , France
| | | | - Maude Seneque
- a Department of Emergency Psychiatry , Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier and Post Acute Care , CHU Montpellier , France.,b Inserm, University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,c FondaMental Foundation , France
| | - Sebastien Guillaume
- a Department of Emergency Psychiatry , Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier and Post Acute Care , CHU Montpellier , France.,b Inserm, University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,c FondaMental Foundation , France
| | - Emilie Olie
- a Department of Emergency Psychiatry , Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier and Post Acute Care , CHU Montpellier , France.,b Inserm, University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,c FondaMental Foundation , France
| | - Deborah Ducasse
- a Department of Emergency Psychiatry , Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier and Post Acute Care , CHU Montpellier , France.,b Inserm, University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,c FondaMental Foundation , France
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Carvalho AF, Köhler CA, Brunoni AR, Miskowiak KW, Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL, Hyphantis TN, Quevedo J, Fernandes BS, Berk M. Bias in Peripheral Depression Biomarkers. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2016; 85:81-90. [PMID: 26808272 DOI: 10.1159/000441457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To aid in the differentiation of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) from healthy controls, numerous peripheral biomarkers have been proposed. To date, no comprehensive evaluation of the existence of bias favoring the publication of significant results or inflating effect sizes has been conducted. METHODS Here, we performed a comprehensive review of meta-analyses of peripheral nongenetic biomarkers that could discriminate individuals with MDD from nondepressed controls. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched through April 10, 2015. RESULTS From 15 references, we obtained 31 eligible meta-analyses evaluating biomarkers in MDD (21,201 cases and 78,363 controls). Twenty meta-analyses reported statistically significant effect size estimates. Heterogeneity was high (I2 ≥ 50%) in 29 meta-analyses. We plausibly assumed that the true effect size for a meta-analysis would equal the one of its largest study. A significant summary effect size estimate was observed for 20 biomarkers. We observed an excess of statistically significant studies in 21 meta-analyses. The summary effect size of the meta-analysis was higher than the effect of its largest study in 25 meta-analyses, while 11 meta-analyses had evidence of small-study effects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that there is an excess of studies with statistically significant results in the literature of peripheral biomarkers for MDD. The selective publication of 'positive studies' and the selective reporting of outcomes are possible mechanisms. Effect size estimates of meta-analyses may be inflated in this literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cearx00E1;, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Carvalho AF, Köhler CA, Fernandes BS, Quevedo J, Miskowiak KW, Brunoni AR, Machado-Vieira R, Maes M, Vieta E, Berk M. Bias in emerging biomarkers for bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2287-2297. [PMID: 27193198 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date no comprehensive evaluation has appraised the likelihood of bias or the strength of the evidence of peripheral biomarkers for bipolar disorder (BD). Here we performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses of peripheral non-genetic biomarkers for BD. METHOD The Pubmed/Medline, EMBASE and PsycInfo electronic databases were searched up to May 2015. Two independent authors conducted searches, examined references for eligibility, and extracted data. Meta-analyses in any language examining peripheral non-genetic biomarkers in participants with BD (across different mood states) compared to unaffected controls were included. RESULTS Six references, which examined 13 biomarkers across 20 meta-analyses (5474 BD cases and 4823 healthy controls) met inclusion criteria. Evidence for excess of significance bias (i.e. bias favoring publication of 'positive' nominally significant results) was observed in 11 meta-analyses. Heterogeneity was high for (I 2 ⩾ 50%) 16 meta-analyses. Only two biomarkers met criteria for suggestive evidence namely the soluble IL-2 receptor and morning cortisol. The median power of included studies, using the effect size of the largest dataset as the plausible true effect size of each meta-analysis, was 15.3%. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that there is an excess of statistically significant results in the literature of peripheral biomarkers for BD. Selective publication of 'positive' results and selective reporting of outcomes are possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry and Translational Psychiatry Research Group,Faculty of Medicine,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - C A Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Translational Psychiatry Research Group,Faculty of Medicine,Federal University of Ceará,Fortaleza, CE,Brazil
| | - B S Fernandes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, School of Medicine and Barwon Health,Geelong - VIC,Australia
| | - J Quevedo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston,Houston, TX,USA
| | - K W Miskowiak
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital,Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen,Denmark
| | - A R Brunoni
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation (CINA), University Hospital, University of São Paulo,São Paulo,Brazil
| | - R Machado-Vieira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM- 27,Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo,Sao Paulo,Brazil
| | - M Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, School of Medicine and Barwon Health,Geelong - VIC,Australia
| | - E Vieta
- Bipolar Disorders Unit,Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM,Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain
| | - M Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, School of Medicine and Barwon Health,Geelong - VIC,Australia
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Ślusarczyk J, Trojan E, Chwastek J, Głombik K, Basta-Kaim A. A Potential Contribution of Chemokine Network Dysfunction to the Depressive Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:705-20. [PMID: 26893168 PMCID: PMC5050392 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160219131357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of many years of research, the pathomechanism of depression has not yet been elucidated. Among many hypotheses, the immune theory has generated a substantial interest. Up till now, it has been thought that depression is accompanied by the activation of inflammatory response and increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. However, recently this view has become controversial, mainly due to the family of small proteins called chemokines. They play a key role in the modulation of peripheral function of the immune system by controlling immune reactions, mediating immune cell communication, and regulating chemotaxis and cell adhesion. Last studies underline significance of chemokines in the central nervous system, not only in the neuromodulation but also in the regulation of neurodevelopmental processes, neuroendocrine functions and in mediating the action of classical neurotransmitters. Moreover, it was demonstrated that these proteins are responsible for maintaining interactions between neuronal and glial cells both in the developing and adult brain also in the course of diseases. This review outlines the role of chemokine in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions and their involvement in processes underlying depressive disorder. It summarizes the most important data from experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Black C, Miller BJ. Meta-Analysis of Cytokines and Chemokines in Suicidality: Distinguishing Suicidal Versus Nonsuicidal Patients. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:28-37. [PMID: 25541493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major psychiatric disorders are associated with inflammation. Aberrant cytokine and chemokine levels have been associated with psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior. We performed a meta-analysis of cytokine and chemokine levels in patients with versus without suicidality and patients with suicidality versus healthy controls. METHODS We identified articles by searching MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge databases and the reference lists of identified studies. RESULTS Study inclusion criteria were met by 18 studies comprising 583 patients with suicidality, 315 patients without suicidality, and 845 healthy control subjects. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in blood and postmortem brain samples of patients with suicidality compared with both patients without suicidality and healthy control subjects (p < .05 for each). In vitro IL-2 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly decreased in patients with suicidality compared with both patients without suicidality and healthy controls (p < .01 for each). Cerebrospinal fluid levels of IL-8 were significantly decreased in patients with suicidality versus control subjects (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for aberrant cytokine levels in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and postmortem brain samples of patients with suicidality. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were most robustly associated with suicidality, and these cytokines may help distinguish suicidal from nonsuicidal patients. Rigorously designed longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate these associations further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Black
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia..
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Samaan Z, Bawor M, Dennis BB, El-Sheikh W, DeJesus J, Rangarajan S, Vair J, Sholer H, Hutchinson N, Iordan E, Mackie P, Islam S, Deghan M, Brasch J, Thabane L. Exploring the Determinants of Suicidal Behavior: Conventional and Emergent Risk (DISCOVER): a feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2015; 1:17. [PMID: 27965796 PMCID: PMC5154080 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-015-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal behavior is a growing public health concern resulting in morbidity and premature death. Although certain factors such as age, sex, and psychiatric disorders have been consistently reported to be associated with suicidal behavior, other factors including biological markers, diet, and physical activity may also influence suicidal behavior. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a full-scale study to identify the conventional and novel risk factors of suicidal behavior in individuals who made a recent suicide attempt. METHODS This pilot study was a case-control study of participants with recent (within 1 month of admission) suicide attempts admitted to hospital and compared to two control groups: 1) psychiatric inpatient participants without a history of suicide attempts and 2) community-based controls. We collected information on demographic variables, circumstances of suicide attempts (for cases), medical and psychiatric diagnoses, behavioral patterns, physical measurements, and social factors. Blood and urine samples were also collected for biological markers. Feasibility outcomes are as follows: 1) 50 % of all eligible cases will consent to participate, 2) 50 cases and 100 controls per year can be recruited, and 3) at least 80 % of the participants will provide blood samples for DNA and biological markers. RESULTS We recruited 179 participants in total; 51 cases, 57 psychiatric controls without suicide attempt, and 71 non-psychiatric controls in Hamilton, Ontario. Recruitment rate was 70 % (213/304), and we obtained urine and blood specimens from 90 % (191/213) of participants. Questionnaire completion rates were high, and data quality was very good with few data-related queries to resolve. We learned that cases tended to be hospitalized for long periods of time and the suicide attempt occurred more than a month ago in many of the cases; therefore, we expanded our inclusion criterion related to timing of suicide attempt to 3 months instead of 1 month. CONCLUSIONS The study procedures needed certain modifications including extending the time between suicide attempt and date of recruitment, and more detailed questionnaires related to diet were necessary while other questionnaires such as social support needed to be shortened. Overall, this study showed that it is feasible to conduct a larger-scale study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Samaan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Population Genomics Program, Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- MiNDS Neuroscience Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Monica Bawor
- Population Genomics Program, Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- MiNDS Neuroscience Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Brittany B. Dennis
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Population Genomics Program, Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Wala El-Sheikh
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Jane DeJesus
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Judith Vair
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Heather Sholer
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Nicole Hutchinson
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Elizabeth Iordan
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Pam Mackie
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Shofiqul Islam
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Mahshid Deghan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Jennifer Brasch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences/McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7 Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Evaluation of Medicine, Hamilton, ON Canada
- System Linked Research Unit, Hamilton, ON Canada
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Ducasse D, Olié E, Guillaume S, Artéro S, Courtet P. A meta-analysis of cytokines in suicidal behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:203-11. [PMID: 25678163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted the first meta-analysis of studies comparing the plasma and CSF concentrations of cytokines in suicidal patients vs. non-suicidal patients or healthy controls. METHODS We searched Medline, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from 1965 to November 2014 for relevant studies. Manual searches of references and unpublished data were also included. Suicidal patients included severe suicide ideators and suicide attempters. RESULTS Eleven articles were available for the meta-analysis, for a total sample size of 494 suicidal patients, 497 non-suicidal patients and 398 healthy controls. Levels of 6 independent plasma cytokines (IL2, IL6, TNFalpha, IFNgamma, IL4, TGFbeta) were meta-analyzed for plasma studies comparing suicidal vs. both controls. IL8 level was meta-analyzed for cerebrospinal fluid studies comparing suicidal patients with healthy controls. We reported with medium effect size, that suicidal patients had: (1) lower IL2 plasma levels than both non-suicidal patients and healthy controls (medium effect size); (2) lower IL4 and higher TGFbeta plasma levels than healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our results promote the hypothesis of altered inflammatory markers in suicidal patients, for both pro-inflammatory (IL2) and anti-inflammatory (IL4 and TGFbeta) cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Ducasse
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France.
| | - Emilie Olié
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France
| | | | - Philippe Courtet
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Crisis, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier UM1, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; Fondamental Foundation, France
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Janelidze S, Suchankova P, Ekman A, Erhardt S, Sellgren C, Samuelsson M, Westrin A, Minthon L, Hansson O, Träskman-Bendz L, Brundin L. Low IL-8 is associated with anxiety in suicidal patients: genetic variation and decreased protein levels. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131:269-78. [PMID: 25251027 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies indicate that inflammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of suicidality. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine that in addition to its function in the immune system also exert neuroprotective properties. The involvement of this chemokine in neuropsychiatric conditions is incompletely known. METHOD We measured plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-8, as well as the genotype frequency of a single nucleotide polymorphism (-251A/T, rs4073) in the promoter region of the IL8 gene, in suicide attempters (n=206) and healthy controls (n=578). RESULTS Plasma and CSF levels of IL-8 were significantly lower in suicide attempters with anxiety than in healthy controls. IL-8 in both plasma and CSF correlated negatively with symptoms of anxiety. Compared with the population-based cohort, the IL-8-251T allele was more prevalent among female suicide attempters. Furthermore, suicide attempters carrying this allele showed more severe anxiety. This correlative study warrants further mechanistic studies on the effects of IL-8 in the central nervous system. CONCLUSION We suggest that IL-8 might be involved in the biological mechanisms mediating resilience to anxiety. Thus, our findings highlight the chemokine IL-8 as a potential target for future development of anti-anxiety treatments and suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janelidze
- Section for Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sandberg JV, Jakobsson J, Pålsson E, Landén M, Mathé AA. Low neuropeptide Y in cerebrospinal fluid in bipolar patients is associated with previous and prospective suicide attempts. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1907-15. [PMID: 25453484 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The attempted and accomplished suicide rates in patients with bipolar disorder are 40-50% and 15-20%, respectively. No biological markers that help predict suicide been identified. Human and experimental animal data indicate that dysregulation of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system plays a role in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to explore if low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NPY is associated with (1) past suicide attempts, (2) future suicide attempts, and (3) trait anxiety. Lumbar puncture was performed on 120 clinically stable patients with bipolar disorder enrolled in the St Göran Bipolar Project, where the number of previous suicide attempts was documented. NPY-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) was determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients were reexamined one year after the lumbar puncture and suicide attempts were recorded. NPY-LI was significantly lower in patients with a history of suicide attempt than in patients who had not attempted suicide prior to lumbar puncture. Importantly, NPY-LI was markedly lower in patients who made a suicide attempt during the follow-up period compared to patients who did not. Patients who attempted suicide during the follow-up also had markedly lower NPY-LI than those with previous suicide attempts who did not reattempt. Our results suggest that low CSF NPY-LI predicts future suicide attempts. The data are in line with the hypothesis that NPY signaling is altered in affective disorders and states of emotional dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan V Sandberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Joel Jakobsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Pålsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksander A Mathé
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gruol DL, Vo K, Bray JG. Increased astrocyte expression of IL-6 or CCL2 in transgenic mice alters levels of hippocampal and cerebellar proteins. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:234. [PMID: 25177271 PMCID: PMC4132577 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging research has identified that neuroimmune factors are produced by cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical roles as regulators of CNS function, directors of neurodevelopment and responders to pathological processes. A wide range of neuroimmune factors are produced by CNS cells, primarily the glial cells, but the role of specific neuroimmune factors and their glial cell sources in CNS biology and pathology have yet to be fully elucidated. We have used transgenic mice that express elevated levels of a specific neuroimmune factor, the cytokine IL-6 or the chemokine CCL2, through genetic modification of astrocyte expression to identify targets of astrocyte produced IL-6 or CCL2 at the protein level. We found that in non-transgenic mice constitutive expression of IL-6 and CCL2 occurs in the two CNS regions studied, the hippocampus and cerebellum, as measured by ELISA. In the CCL2 transgenic mice elevated levels of CCL2 were evident in the hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas in the IL-6 transgenic mice, elevated levels of IL-6 were only evident in the cerebellum. Western blot analysis of the cellular and synaptic proteins in the hippocampus and cerebellum of the transgenic mice showed that the elevated levels of CCL2 or IL-6 resulted in alterations in the levels of specific proteins and that these actions differed for the two neuroimmune factors and for the two brain regions. These results are consistent with cell specific profiles of action for IL-6 and CCL2, actions that may be an important aspect of their respective roles in CNS physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Vo
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Bray
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Stevens Point, WI, USA
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Pae CU. The potential role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 for major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:217-22. [PMID: 25110491 PMCID: PMC4124177 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) fits well with the supposed interaction between genetic and environmental factors in disorders with a complicated etiopathogenesis. It has been suggested that infectious diseases are associated with MDD in that cytokines may play a critical role as a key modulator in the transition between infection and the development of MDD. It has been also suggested that antidepressants have immunomodulatory effects on some cytokines and cytokine receptors, although the exact mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Among cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is especially well known and has attracted considerable interest owing to its immunomodulatory functions. MCP-1 is expressed in highly regionalized neuronal areas in the brain, leading to kind of modulation of neuronal activity and neuroendocrine functions commonly seen in patients with MDD. Additionally, it is involved in the control of other cytokines that have been consistently proposed as associated with the development of MDD. It also has a possible role in the neurodegenerative process of a number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Hence, this paper draws from the perspective of immunology to offer several suggestions about the role of MPC-1 in the development of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicines, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Chemokines and chemokine receptors in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and cognitive impairment: a systematic review of biomarker studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:93-115. [PMID: 24513303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The search for immune biomarkers in psychiatric disorders has primarily focused on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Other immune proteins including chemokines have been relatively neglected in such studies. Recent evidence has implicated chemokines in many neurobiological processes potentially relevant to psychiatric disorders, beyond their classical chemotactic functions. These may include neuromodulator effects, neurotransmitter-like effects, and direct/indirect regulation of neurogenesis. This systematic review presents the existing early evidence which supports an association of many chemokines with the psychiatric disorders: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The non-specific association of chemokines including CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MIP-1α) and CCL5 (RANTES) with these disorders across diagnostic categories implies a generalised involvement of many chemokine systemic with psychiatric disease. Additional chemokines with great mechanistic relevance including CXCL12 (SDF-1) and CX3CL1 (fractalkine) have been rarely reported in the existing human literature and should be included in future clinical studies. The potential utility of these proteins as pathologically relevant biomarkers or therapeutic targets should be considered by future clinical and translational research.
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Mumoli L, Ciriaco M, Gambardella A, Bombardiere GN, Valentino P, Palleria C, Labate A, Russo E. A possible case of natalizumab-dependent suicide attempt: A brief review about drugs and suicide. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013; 4:S90-3. [PMID: 24347991 PMCID: PMC3853678 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.120974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Interferon therapy is known to be a potential trigger of suicidal behavior, but this effect has not been previously reported for other multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments, such as, natalizumab. Here we report the case history of a 32-year-old woman affected by relapsing-remitting MS, who attempted suicide during natalizumab treatment. This case suggests that a suicidal ideation might be a rare side effect of natalizumab. Nevertheless, this case represents the first evidence of the new adverse drug reaction related to natalizumab treatment. We should alert clinicians to be aware of the possibility of paradoxical activation of suicidality during its therapeutic use. The main purpose of the present article is to use this case to review the possible relationship between suicidal behavior and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mumoli
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Pharmacovigilance's Center Calabria Region, University Hospital Mater Domini, Italy ; Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Ciriaco
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Pharmacovigilance's Center Calabria Region, University Hospital Mater Domini, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Paola Valentino
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Palleria
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Pharmacovigilance's Center Calabria Region, University Hospital Mater Domini, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy ; Pharmacovigilance's Center Calabria Region, University Hospital Mater Domini, Italy
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