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Peng K, Cai W, Liu X, Liu Y, Shi Y, Gong J, Lei L, Peng J, Xie Y, Zhao H, Si L, Ouyang M. Trends of Hypercholesterolemia Change in Shenzhen, China During 1997–2018. Front Public Health 2022; 10:887065. [PMID: 35586010 PMCID: PMC9108164 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.887065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To demonstrate the trends of hypercholesterolemia change in Shenzhen, China from 1997 to 2018. Participants were residents aged 18 to 69 years in Shenzhen, China, and were recruited using multi-stage cluster sampling. All participants were surveyed about their socio-demographics, lifestyle, occupation, mental health, and social support. Physical measurements and blood samples for subsequent measurements were collected according to a standardized protocol. A total of 26,621 individuals participated in the three surveys with 8,266 in 1997, 8,599 in 2009, and 9,756 in 2018. In both women and men, there was a significant downward linear trend in age-adjusted mean high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) from 1997 to 2018 (women: 0.17 ± 0.06, p = 0.008 vs. men: 0.21 ± 0.04, p < 0.001). In contrast, the age-adjusted total triglycerides and total cholesterol in both sexes have demonstrated an increasing trend in the past two decades. However, no significant changes in age-adjusted low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in both men and women between 2009 and 2018 were found (women: 0.00 ± 0.02, p = 0.85 vs. men 0.02 ± 0.03, p = 0.34). The age-adjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia observed a rapid rise from 1997 to 2009 and appeared to be stabilized in 2018, which was similar to the trend of the prevalence of high total triglycerides in women. Changes in trends were varied by different types of lipids traits. Over the observed decades, there was a clear increasing trend of prevalence of low HDL-C (<1.04 mmol/L) in both sexes (women: 8.8% in 1997 and doubled to reach 17.5% in 2018 vs. men was 22.1% in 1997 and increased to 39.1% in 2018), particularly among younger age groups. Hence, a bespoke public health strategy aligned with the characteristics of lipids epidemic considered by sex and age groups needs to be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weicong Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yishu Liu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yu Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jessica Gong
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lin Lei
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Lei
| | - Ji Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
- Ji Peng
| | - Yuxin Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Honglei Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Si
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Menglu Ouyang
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Liao CM, Lin CM. Life Course Effects of Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Factors on Metabolic Syndrome and 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Study in Taiwan Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102178. [PMID: 30301155 PMCID: PMC6209895 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore the dynamic effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle behaviors on the risks of metabolic syndrome (MS) or cardiovascular disease (CVD) in life course. The data of 12,825 subjects (6616 males and 6209 females) who underwent repeated examinations and answered repeated questionnaires from 2006 to 2014 at the Major Health Screening Center in Taiwan, was collected and analyzed. The trajectory of trends in the subjects’ SES and lifestyle mobility over time was observed, and the effects of factors with potential impacts on health were tested and analyzed using multiple logistic regression and a generalized estimated equation model. A 10% increase in MS prevalence was observed over the nine-year period. The average Framingham CVD score for people with MS was estimated to be about 1.4% (SD = 1.5%). Except for middle-aged women, marriage was found to raise the risk of CVD, whereas increasing education and work promotions independently reduced CVD risk for the majority of subjects. However, the risk of CVD was raised by half for young men who had a job or lost a job in comparison to continuously unemployed young men. Physical activity was only found to be advantageous for disease prevention in those aged less than 40 years; increased exercise levels were useless for reducing CVD risk among older men. Alcohol drinking and betel chewing caused increased CVD risk in the old and young subjects, respectively, whereas vegetarian diets and vitamin C/E intake were helpful in preventing CVD, even if those habits were ceased in later life. For middle-aged women, getting sufficient sleep reduced CVD risk. We concluded that SES and lifestyle behaviors may have different effects on health over time, among various populations. Accordingly, suggestions can be provided to healthcare workers in designing health promotion courses for people at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Mao Liao
- Department of Applied Statistics and Information Science, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ming Lin
- Department of Healthcare Information and Management, Ming Chuan University, No. 5, Teh-Ming Rd., Gwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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