Low serum progesterone affects live birth rate in cryopreserved blastocyst transfer cycles using hormone replacement therapy

Reduced live birth rates following ART in adenomyosis patients: a matched control study

STUDY QUESTION

How does adenomyosis affect live birth rates (LBRs) in women undergoing ART compared to a matched control population?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Women with adenomyosis, matched with controls for age, blastocyst count, and top-quality blastocyst count, exhibited reduced LBR following IVF/ICSI treatment.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Adenomyosis, a benign uterine disorder, is believed to hinder implantation due to anatomical, hormonal, and immune disruptions. Its precise impact on LBRs following ART, however, remains controversial, with studies presenting inconsistent outcomes. It is uncertain whether adenomyosis directly reduces ART success or if confounding factors such as age or embryo quality play a more significant role.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This observational study included women aged 18-42 years undergoing IVF/ICSI treatments with a freeze-all strategy from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2022, each having at least one available blastocyst for transfer. The adenomyosis group consisted of patients with a confirmed diagnosis through pelvic MRI, interpreted by gynecologic radiologists. The control group included women without adenomyosis, who had idiopathic, tubal, and/or male factor infertility.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

A total of 285 women with adenomyosis were included. These patients were matched 1:1 with controls based on age, the number of cryopreserved blastocysts, and the number of top-quality blastocysts. The primary outcome was the cumulative LBR per patient following a single oocyte retrieval, with secondary outcomes including clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and early miscarriage rate (EMR). Both univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

In this study, 285 women with adenomyosis were matched with 285 controls. The mean age was 35.4 ± 3.3 and 35.5 ± 3.4 years, respectively, with an average of 3.5 ± 2.5 and 3.6 ± 2.6 cryopreserved blastocysts and 0.4 ± 0.7 and 0.4 ± 0.5 top-quality blastocysts, respectively. In the adenomyosis group, MRI revealed internal diffuse adenomyosis in 73.7% of patients, adenomyoma in 3.5%, and external adenomyosis lesions in 46.7%. The cumulative LBR was significantly lower in the adenomyosis group compared to controls (41.4% versus 51.9%; odds ratio = 0.65, 95% CI [0.47-0.91]; P = 0.012). Similarly, the CPR was reduced in the adenomyosis group (53.3% versus 63.9%; P = 0.011). No significant difference was found in the EMR. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for confounders such as freeze-all indication, AMH levels, BMI, infertility type, and ART procedure (IVF versus ICSI), identified adenomyosis as an independent risk factor for reduced LBR (OR = 0.7, 95% CI [0.4-0.9]). These findings indicate that adenomyosis is associated with lower ART success rates.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Patients included in this study were from a specialized referral center focusing on the management of endometriosis and adenomyosis, potentially introducing selection bias, as these women may have more severe forms of adenomyosis.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

For infertile women, it is crucial for practitioners to conduct comprehensive clinical and imaging assessments to detect adenomyosis. Continued research is needed to refine and personalize ART management strategies for patients affected by this condition.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No external funding was received. P.V. is the co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Endometriosis and Uterine Disorders. C.M. has received payments to her institution from Merck, Ferring, Theramex, Gedeon Richer, and Besins, as well as direct payments to her from Gedeon Richter and Ferring and honoraria from Merck Serono, Ferring, Besins, IBSA, and Organon and meeting/travel support but no payment from Ferring, Besins, and Gedeon Richter. C.C. has received grants from Merck, Ferring, Theramex, Gedeon Richter, and Besins, which were paid to his institution, and honoraria from Merck, Besins, Gedeon Richter, and Theramex, which he received directly. He has also received support for attending meetings from Besins, Gedeon Richter, and Merck but no payment. He is a founder and past-president of the Society for Endometriosis and Uterine Disorders (SEUD), an unpaid role. P.S. received grants or contracts from Merck, Ferring, Theramex, Gedeon Richter, Besins, paid to his institution, and direct payment to him for presentations and lectures from Merck, Ferring, Besins, Gedeon Richter, Theramex, IBSA, and General Electric Medical Systems. He also received travel support but no payment from Merck, Ferring, Besins, Gedeon Richter, Theramex, and IBSA. P.S. is a board member of the SEUD and an editorial board member of RBMO and GOF. C.P. has received payment for lectures and presentations from Ferring and support but no payment for attending meetings from Ferring. M.B. has received grants from Merck, Ferring, Theramex, Gedeon Richter, and Besins, which were paid to her institution, and direct payment from Merck, Ferring, Gedeon Richter, Theramex, IBSA, and Organon for lectures/presentations. She has also received support but not payment for attending meetings from Ferring and Gedeon Richter.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

Not applicable.

High serum estradiol levels on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer are associated with increased early miscarriage rates in artificial cycles using transdermal estrogens

STUDY QUESTION

Do serum estradiol (E2) levels on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer (FBT) affect pregnancy outcomes in hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) cycles using transdermal estrogens?

SUMMARY ANSWER

E2 levels ≥313 pg/ml on the day of FBT are associated with increased early miscarriage rates (EMRs), but do not significantly impact the live birth rate (LBR).

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

E2 plays a crucial role in endometrial receptivity and placentation. The effect of serum E2 levels measured around the time of FBT in HRT cycles remains debated, with some studies indicating a negative impact of high E2 levels and others finding no significant difference. Currently, no studies focus exclusively on HRT cycles using transdermal estrogens, which are considered safer regarding thromboembolic complications.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This retrospective cohort study analyzed 2364 patients undergoing HRT-FBT cycles at a university hospital between January 2019 and December 2022. Each patient was included only once during the study period.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

The study involved patients undergoing single autologous FBT under HRT with transdermal estrogens and vaginal micronized progesterone. Serum E2 levels were measured in the morning of the FBT at a single laboratory. Primary outcomes included the LBR, with secondary outcomes encompassing clinical pregnancy rates, EMRs, and neonatal outcomes (birth weight and term of delivery). Patients were categorized into three groups based on E2 levels: <25th centile (<122 pg/ml), between 25th and 75th centile (122-312 pg/ml), and >75th centile (≥313 pg/ml), and analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Of the 2364 patients, 590 were in the '<122 pg/ml' group, 1184 in the '122-312 pg/ml' group, and 590 in the '≥313 pg/ml' group. The median (interquartile range) E2 level in the entire study population was 195.3 pg/ml (122.1-312.8). The LBRs across the E2 level groups were 33.7%, 31.6%, and 31.0%. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) showed no significant differences in LBR between the '<122 pg/ml' and '≥313 pg/ml' groups compared to the '122-312 pg/ml' reference group (adjusted OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.72-1.14 and 0.9, 95% CI 0.69-1.09, respectively). The EMRs for the groups were 25.5%, 24.6%, and 30.3%, respectively. While crude analysis showed no differences between the groups, the multivariable analysis indicated that the '≥313 pg/ml' group had a significantly higher risk of early miscarriage compared to the reference group (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.06-2.18). No significant differences were observed in clinical pregnancy rates or neonatal outcomes.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The primary limitation is the study's retrospective design, which introduces risks of selection and confusion bias, although multivariable analysis was employed to mitigate these issues.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Managing high serum E2 levels on the day of the FBT may enhance ART outcomes. Future research should aim to define optimal E2 thresholds for HRT-FBT cycles and develop personalized treatment protocols that account for individual patient variability.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No funding was received. The authors have no conflicts of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

What to expect from a 'standard vaginal progesterone regimen' in hormone replacement therapy frozen embryo transfer (HRT-FET) - a PRISMA review and meta-analysis

A mid-luteal serum progesterone concentration below 9-11 ng/ml has been shown to have a negative impact on reproductive outcomes in hormone replacement therapy frozen embryo transfer (HRT-FET), and as no corpus luteum is present, this concentration reflects the absorption of the progesterone products administered. However, the composition and dosing regimens of vaginal products vary. In total, 24 studies were included in this review, selected according to the following criteria: the use of vaginal progesterone products, with serum progesterone concentration and regimens reported; the absence of additional progesterone or progestin treatments; and the use of both prospective and retrospective study designs. Abstracts and full texts published in languages other than English were excluded. A random-effects proportional meta-analysis of five different vaginal micronized progesterone products was performed, including a total of 11,014 patients. Significant differences were found when comparing Cyclogest (800 mg) with Crinone (180 mg or 270 mg) (P = 0.01); Cyclogest (800 mg) with Utrogestan/Progestan (600 mg or 800 mg) (P = 0.03); and Cyclogest (800 mg) with Lutinus (300 mg) (P = 0.01). However, no significant differences were identified between products with an equivalent daily dose. In conclusion, significant differences in serum progesterone concentration exist between different vaginal progesterone products and dosing regimens, which must be taken into account when performing HRT-FET.

Higher serum progesterone level has no negative impact on live birth rate in frozen embryo transfer

Optimal synchronisation between the endometrium and the embryo is key to the success of frozen embryo transfers (FET). It is achieved by administering different doses of exogenous oestrogen and progesterone (P4). The negative impact of low levels of P4 on FET has been reported, but there is a lack of knowledge about which levels are most appropriate. We aimed to evaluate whether high serum P4 levels measured on FET day affect the probability of having a baby at home. This retrospective cohort study includes 7546 FET cycles performed with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for artificial endometrial preparation. Patients were divided into three groups according to P level on FET day (ng/mL): P4 < 20(n = 6623), P4 ≥ 20-40 (n = 770) and P > 40 (n = 146). Female age was per group P4 < 20 = 38.7 ± 3.1, P ≥ 20-40 = 39.0 ± 3.0, and P4 > 40 = 38.1 ± 2.9 years old (p = 0.53). The group with the highest progesterone levels found lower ongoing pregnancy rates without statistical significance (56.3 % (P4 < 20) vs 56.8 % (P4 ≥ 20-<40) vs 51.4 % (P4 > 40); p = 0.5). Miscarriage rate was also higher, although not significantly: 16.2 % (P4 < 20) vs 15.0 % (P4 ≥ 20-<40) vs 18.0 % (P4 > 40) (p = 0.6). These findings were explored with an adjusted analysis. A higher, but not significant, odds of miscarriage was observed when P4 > 40 ng/ml, aOR = 1.14 (0.75-1.74) (p = 0.55) whereas no such association was found with P4 ≥ 20-40 ng/ml (aOR = 0.92 (0.74-1.15) (p = 0.46)). The probability of livebirth is similar when the patient was P4 > 40 (aOR = 0.77 (0.51-1.15) (p = 0.20)) than when P4 ≥ 20-<40 (aOR = 0.94 (0.79-1.11) (p = 0.47). In conclusion, women with elevated serum P4 levels on the day of FET after HRT do not find their probability of live birth impaired.

Progesterone-modified natural cycle preparation for frozen embryo transfer

RESEARCH QUESTION

Is there any difference in clinical outcomes between the progesterone-modified natural cycle (P4mNC) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) endometrial preparation protocols after single euploid blastocyst frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles?

DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study was performed at a single, private, high-volume fertility centre. Patients who underwent single euploid blastocyst FET between January 2017 and December 2019 were included. A total of 1933 FET cycles were reviewed, and 723 FET cycles from 548 patients met the inclusion criteria. Two groups were compared according to endometrial preparation: 327 P4mNC-FET and 396 HRT-FET cycles. The primary outcome was the live birth rate. The secondary outcomes included the clinical pregnancy rate and the miscarriage rate.

RESULTS

There were no differences in the clinical pregnancy rate (50.2% versus 47.0%, P = 0.688), miscarriage rate (9.8% versus 14.5%, P = 0.115) and live birth rate (45.0% versus 39.6%, P = 0.331) between the P4mNC-FET and HRT-FET groups after covariate adjustments.

CONCLUSIONS

There were no differences in the clinical outcomes between the P4mNC-FET and HRT-FET cycles. These results indicate that P4mNC-FET cycles produce clinical outcomes comparable to those of more traditional HRT-FET while allowing greater flexibility in the timing of embryo transfer.

Progesterone levels do not differ between patients with or without endometriosis/adenomyosis both in those who conceive after hormone replacement therapy-frozen embryo transfer cycles and those who do not

STUDY QUESTION

Do women with endometriosis who achieve a live birth (LB) after HRT-frozen embryo transfer (HRT-FET) have different progesterone levels on the day of transfer compared to unaffected women?

SUMMARY ANSWER

In women achieving a LB after HRT-FET, serum progesterone levels on the day of the transfer did not differ between patients with endometriosis and unaffected patients.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

In HRT-FET, several studies have highlighted the correlation between serum progesterone levels at the time of FET and LB rates. In the pathophysiology of endometriosis, progesterone resistance is typically described in the eutopic endometrium. This has led to the hypothesis that women with endometriosis may require higher progesterone levels to achieve a LB, especially in HRT-FET cycles without a corpus luteum.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

We conducted an observational cohort study at the university-based reproductive medicine center of our institution, focusing on women who underwent a single autologous frozen blastocyst transfer after HRT using exogenous estradiol and micronized vaginal progesterone for endometrial preparation between January 2019 and December 2021. Women were included only once during the study period. Serum progesterone levels were measured on the morning of the FET by a single laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Patients were divided into groups based on whether they had endometriosis or not and whether they achieved a LB. The diagnosis of endometriosis was based on published imaging criteria (transvaginal sonography/magnetic resonance imaging) and/or confirmed histology. The primary outcome was progesterone levels on the day of the HRT-FET leading to a LB in patients with endometriosis compared to unaffected women. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the presence of deep infiltrating endometriosis or adenomyosis.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

A total of 1784 patients were included. The mean age of the women was 35.1 ± 4.1 (SD) years. Five hundred and sixty women had endometriosis, while 1224 did not. About 179/560 (32.0%) with endometriosis and 381/1224 (31.2%) without endometriosis achieved a LB. Among women who achieved a LB after HRT-FET, there was no significant difference in the mean progesterone level on the day of the HRT-FET between those with endometriosis and those without (13.6 ± 4.3 ng/ml vs 13.2 ± 4.4 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.302). In the subgroup of women with deep infiltrating endometriosis (n = 142) and adenomyosis (n = 100), the mean progesterone level was 13.1 ± 4.1 ng/ml and 12.6 ± 3.7 ng/ml, respectively, with no significant difference compared to endometriosis-free patients. After adjusting for BMI, parity, duration of infertility, tobacco use, and geographic origin, neither the presence of endometriosis (coefficient 0.38; 95% CI: -0.63 to 1.40; P = 0.457) nor the presence of adenomyosis (coefficient 0.97; 95% CI: -0.24 to 2.19; P = 0.114) was associated with the progesterone level on the day of HRT-FET. Among women who did not conceive, there was no significant difference in the mean progesterone level on the day of the HRT-FET between those with endometriosis and those without (P = 0.709).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The primary limitation of our study is associated with its observational design. Extrapolating our results to other laboratories or different routes and/or dosages of administering progesterone also requires validation.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This study shows that patients diagnosed with endometriosis do not require higher progesterone levels on the day of a frozen blastocyst transfer to achieve a LB in hormonal replacement therapy cycles.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

None declared.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Individualized luteal phase support in frozen-thawed embryo transfer after intramuscular progesterone administration might rectify live birth rate

Background

The serum P concentrations are suggested to have an impact on pregnancy outcome. However there is no consensus about the optimal progesterone cut-off during the luteal phase. Few studies evaluated the effectiveness of a "rescue protocol" for low serum P concentrations and most of these studies used vaginal progesterone administration. There is paucity of data on the effectiveness of rescue protocol using intramuscular progesterone (IM-P) in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET).

Methods

This study is a retrospective cohort study included 637 single or double blastocyst FETs with artificially prepared endometrium receiving 100 mg IM progesterone (P) after incremental estrogen treatment. Serum P concentrations were evaluated using blood samples obtained 117-119 hours after the first IM-P administration and 21 ± 2 hours after the last IM-P administration. Patients with serum P concentrations <20.6 ng/ml on the ET day were administrated 400 mg vaginal progesterone for rescue.

Results

Demographic and cycle characteristics were similar between patients receiving rescue vaginal P (embryo transfer (ET)-day P concentration < 20.6 ng/ml) and patients who did not need rescue vaginal P (ET-day P concentration ≥ 20.6 ng/ml). Clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth rates were similar between two groups: 52.9%(45/85) vs 59.6%(326/552), p=0.287; 11.1%(5/45) vs 14.1%(46/326), p=0.583; and 47.1%(40/85) vs 50.7%(280/552), p=0.526, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the female age (p = 0.008, OR=0.942, 95% CI = 0.902-0.984) and embryo quality (ref: good quality for moderate: p=0.02, OR=0.469, 95% CI =0.269-0.760; for poor: p=0.013, OR= 0.269, 95% CI = 0.092-0.757) were independent variables for live birth. Following rescue protocol implementation, ET-day P concentration was not a significant predictor of live birth.

Conclusions

Rescue vaginal P administration for low ET day serum P concentrations following IM-P yields comparable live birth rates.

Fresh or frozen day 6 blastocyst transfer: is there still a question?

BACKGROUND

The Live Birth Rate (LBR) after day 5 (D5) blastocyst transfer is significantly higher than that with D6 embryos in both fresh and frozen-vitrified embryo transfer cycles, according to the most recently published meta-analyses. Therefore, for women obtaining only D6 blastocysts, the chances of pregnancy may be lower but nonetheless sufficient to warrant transferring such embryos. The best strategy for transfer (i.e., in fresh versus frozen cycles) remains unclear and there is a paucity of data on this subject.

METHODS

A total of 896 couples with D6 single blastocyst transfers were retrospectively analyzed: patients receiving a fresh D6 embryo transfer (Fresh D6 transfer group, n = 109) versus those receiving a frozen-thawed D6 embryo transfer (Frozen D6 transfer group, n = 787). A subgroup comprising a freeze-all cycle without any previous fresh or frozen D5 embryo transfers (Elective frozen D6, n = 77) was considered and also compared with the Fresh D6 transfer group. We compared LBR between these two groups. Correlation between D6 blastocyst morphology according to Gardner's classification and live birth occurrence was also evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

RESULTS

The LBR was significantly lower after a fresh D6 blastocyst transfer compared to the LBR with a frozen-thawed D6 blastocyst transfer [5.5% (6/109) vs. 12.5% (98/787), p = 0.034]. Comparison between LBR after Elective frozen D6 group to the Fresh D6 blastocyst transfers confirmed the superiority of frozen D6 blastocyst transfers. Statistical analysis of the blastocyst morphology parameters showed that both trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) grades were significantly associated with the LBR after D6 embryo transfer (p < 0.001, p = 0.037). Multiple logistic regression revealed that frozen D6 thawed transfer was independently associated with a higher LBR compared with fresh D6 transfer (OR = 2.54; 95% CI: [1.05-6.17]; p = 0.038). Our results also show that transferring a good or top-quality D6 blastocyst increased the chances of a live birth by more than threefold.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that transferring D6 blastocysts in frozen cycles improves the LBR, making it the best embryo transfer strategy for these slow-growing embryos.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Intra-individual variability of serum progesterone levels on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer in hormonal replacement therapy cycles

STUDY QUESTION

Is there a significant intra-individual variability of serum progesterone levels on the day of single blastocyst Hormone Replacement Therapy-Frozen Embryo Transfer (HRT-FET) between two consecutive cycles?

SUMMARY ANSWER

No significant intra-individual variability of serum progesterone (P) levels was noted between two consecutive HRT-FET cycles.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

In HRT-FET cycles, a minimum P level on the day of embryo transfer is necessary to optimise reproductive outcomes. In a previous study by our team, a threshold of 9.8 ng/ml serum P was identified as significantly associated with the live birth rates in single autologous blastocyst transfers under HRT using micronized vaginal progesterone (MVP). Such patients may benefit from an intensive luteal phase support (LPS) using other routes of P administration in addition to MVP. A crucial question in the way towards individualising LPS is whether serum P measurements are reproducible for a given patient in consecutive HRT-FET cycles, using the same LPS.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

We conducted an observational cohort study at the university-based reproductive medicine centre of our institution focusing on women who underwent at least two consecutive single autologous blastocyst HRT-FET cycles between January 2019 and March 2020.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Patients undergoing two consecutive single autologous blastocyst HRT-FET cycles using exogenous oestradiol and vaginal micronized progesterone for endometrial preparation were included. Serum progesterone levels were measured on the morning of the Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET), by a single laboratory. The two measurements of progesterone levels performed on the day of the first (FET1) and the second FET (FET2) were compared to evaluate the intra-individual variability of serum P levels. Paired statistical analyses were performed, as appropriate.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Two hundred and sixty-four patients undergoing two consecutive single autologous blastocyst HRT-FET were included. The mean age of the included women was 35.0 ± 4.2 years. No significant intra-individual variability was observed between FET1 and FET2 (mean progesterone level after FET1: 13.4 ± 5.1 ng/ml vs after FET2: 13.9 ± 5.0; P = 0.08). The characteristics of the embryo transfers were similar between the first and the second FET. Forty-nine patients (18.6%) had discordant progesterone levels (defined as one progesterone measurement > and one ≤ to the threshold of 9.8 ng/ml) between FET1 and FET2. There were 37/264 women (14.0%) who had high intra-individual variability (defined as a difference in serum progesterone values >75th percentile (6.0 ng/ml)) between FET1 and FET2. No specific clinical parameter was associated with a high intra-individual variability nor a discordant P measurement.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

This study is limited by its retrospective design. Moreover, only women undergoing autologous blastocyst HRT-FET with MVP were included, thereby limiting the extrapolation of the study findings to other routes of P administration and other kinds of endometrial preparation for FET.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

No significant intra-individual variability was noted. The serum progesterone level appeared to be reproducible in >80% of cases. These findings suggest that the serum progesterone level measured on the day of the first transfer can be used to individualize luteal phase support in subsequent cycles.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No funding or competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

The "freeze-all" strategy seems to improve the chances of birth in adenomyosis-affected women

OBJECTIVE

To compare assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) outcomes between fresh vs. freeze-all strategies in infertile women affected by adenomyosis.

DESIGN

A single-center observational study.

SETTINGS

University hospital-based research center.

PATIENTS

Adenomyosis-affected women undergoing blastocyst embryo transfer after in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection between January 1, 2018, and November 31, 2021. The diagnosis of adenomyosis was based on imaging criteria (i.e., transvaginal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging).

INTERVENTION(S)

Women who underwent a freeze-all strategy were compared with those who underwent a fresh embryo transfer (ET) strategy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Cumulative live birth rate (LBR).

RESULTS

A total of 306 women were included in the analysis: 111 in the fresh ET group and 195 in the freeze-all group. The adenomyosis phenotype (internal diffuse adenomyosis, external focal adenomyosis, and adenomyoma) was not significantly different between the two groups. The cumulative LBR (86 [44.1%] vs. 34 [30.6%], respectively), and the cumulative ongoing pregnancy rate (88 [45.1%] vs. 36 [32.4%], respectively) were significantly higher in the freeze-all group compared with the fresh ET group. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the freeze-all strategy in women with adenomyosis was associated with significantly higher odds of live birth compared with fresh ET (odds ratio = 1.80; 95% confidence interval = 1.02-3.16).

CONCLUSION

The freeze-all strategy in women afflicted with adenomyosis undergoing ART was associated with significantly higher cumulative LBRs. Our preliminary results suggest that the freeze-all strategy is an attractive option that increases ART success rates. Additional studies, with a randomized design, should be conducted to further test whether the freeze-all strategy enhances the pregnancy rate in adenomyosis-affected women.

Association of serum progesterone levels on the transfer day with pregnancy outcomes in hormone replacement frozen-thawed cycles with oral dydrogesterone for strengthened luteal phase support

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of blastocyst transfer and pregnancy outcomes in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with oral dydrogesterone for strengthened luteal phase support (LPS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective study including 1176 FET cycles. All patients received 40 mg of intramuscular (IM) P daily for endometrium transformation plus oral dydrogesterone 10 mg BID from transfer day for strengthened LPS. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between serum P levels on the transfer day ≥10 ng/ml and <10 ng/ml. Furthermore, cycles were divided into 10 groups by deciles of P and ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) was calculated in each group. Analyses using deciles of serum P were completed to see if these could create further prognostic power.

RESULTS

No differences were observed in clinical pregnancy rates (CPRs), OPRs and live birth rates (LBRs) between serum P levels ≥10 ng/ml and <10 ng/ml. Patients with serum P levels <5.65 ng/ml (10th percentile) had a significantly lower OPR (48.31% vs. 58.98%, p = 0.03) and LBR (43.22% vs. 57.75%, p = 0.003) than the rest of the patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed serum P levels on the transfer day were not associated with pregnancy outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Measuring serum P levels on the day of HRT-FET is of clinical importance. Lower serum P levels impact the success of HRT-FET cycles, suggesting that there may be a threshold below which it is difficult to improve pregnancy outcomes via oral dydrogesterone to strengthen LPS.

Elevated serum progesterone levels before frozen embryo transfer do not negatively impact reproductive outcomes: a large retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether patients with high-serum progesterone levels before frozen embryo transfer (FET) under hormonal replacement therapy present with worse reproductive outcomes.

DESIGN

A cohort retrospective study.

SETTING

A university-affiliated fertility center.

PATIENT(S)

A total of 3,183 FET cycles in patients receiving hormonal replacement therapy between March 2009 and December 2020 were included. The luteal phase was covered with 200 mg per 8 hours of vaginal micronized progesterone either alone or in combination with a daily subcutaneous injection of 25 mg of progesterone. A total of 1,360 cycles corresponded to frozen homologous embryo transfer (ET) (hom-FET), 1,024 were euploid ET (eu-FET) after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies, and 799 cycles were frozen heterologous ET (het-FET). All patients had adequate serum progesterone levels (≥10.6 ng/mL) before the procedure.

INTERVENTION(S)

Frozen embryo transfer cycles.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth rates (LBRs).

RESULTS

Median (P25; P75) serum progesterone level before FET was 14.39 (12.43-17.49) ng/mL. Progesterone levels were significantly higher in the group under vaginal plus subcutaneous progesterone (15.96 [13.74-21.60] vs. 14.09 [12.19-16.95]). No differences in clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, and LBR were observed based on the use of vaginal or vaginal plus subcutaneous progesterone for each of the groups (hom-FET, eu-FET, and het-FET). Live birth rates were comparable among patients in the highest centile of serum progesterone levels (≥p90) (22.33 ng/mL) and the rest of the patients (p<90) (43.9% vs. 41.3%). Patients with progesterone levels ≥p90 presented lower body mass index than those in the lower centiles (

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated serum progesterone levels before FET do not impair reproductive outcomes in patients receiving artificially prepared cycles with vaginal or vaginal plus subcutaneous progesterone.

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Key Words

• Serum progesterone levels
• artificial endometrial preparation
• frozen embryo transfer
• hormonal replacement therapy
• luteal phase support

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MESH Headings

• Pregnancy
• Humans
• Female
• Progesterone
• Retrospective Studies
• Abortion, Spontaneous/diagnosis
• Abortion, Spontaneous/etiology
• Embryo Transfer/methods
• Cohort Studies
• Pregnancy Rate
• Live Birth

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Affiliation(s)

Iñaki González-Foruria Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain.
Sandra García Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
Manuel Álvarez Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
Annalisa Racca Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
María Hernández Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
Nikolaos P Polyzos Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
Buenaventura Coroleu Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Clinical factors associated with low serum progesterone levels on the day of frozen blastocyst transfer in hormonal replacement therapy cycles

STUDY QUESTION

Which factors are associated with low serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of frozen embryo transfer (FET), in HRT cycles?

SUMMARY ANSWER

BMI, parity and non-European geographic origin are factors associated with low serum P levels on the day of FET in HRT cycles.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

The detrimental impact of low serum P concentrations on HRT-FET outcomes is commonly recognized. However, the factors accounting for P level disparities among patients receiving the same luteal phase support treatment remain to be elucidated, to help clinicians predicting which subgroups of patients would benefit from a tailored P supplementation.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Observational cohort study with 915 patients undergoing HRT-FET at a tertiary care university hospital, between January 2019 and March 2020.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Patients undergoing single autologous blastocyst FET under HRT using exogenous estradiol and vaginal micronized progesterone for endometrial preparation. Women were only included once during the study period. The serum progesterone level was measured in the morning of the FET, in a single laboratory. Independent factors associated with low serum P levels (defined as ≤9.8 ng/ml, according to a previous published study) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Two hundred and twenty-six patients (24.7%) had a low serum P level, on the day of the FET. Patients with a serum P level ≤9.8 ng/ml had a lower live birth rate (26.1% vs 33.2%, P = 0.045) and a higher rate of early miscarriage (35.2% vs 21.5%, P = 0.008). Univariate analysis showed that BMI (P < 0.001), parity (P = 0.001), non-European geographic origin (P = 0.001), the duration of infertility (P = 0.018) and the use of oral estradiol for endometrial preparation (P = 0.009) were significantly associated with low serum P levels. Moreover, the proportion of active smokers was significantly lower in the 'low P concentrations' group (P = 0.002). After multivariate analysis, BMI (odds ratio (OR) 1.06 95% CI (1.02-1.11), P = 0.002), parity (OR 1.32 95% CI (1.04-1.66), P = 0.022), non-European geographic origin (OR 1.70 95% CI (1.21-2.39), P = 0.002) and active smoking (OR 0.43 95% CI (0.22-0.87), P = 0.018) remained independent factors associated with serum P levels ≤9.8 ng/ml.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The main limitation of this study is its observational design, leading to a risk of selection and confusion bias that cannot be ruled out, although a multivariable analysis was performed to minimize this.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Extrapolation of our results to other laboratories, or other routes and/or doses of administering progesterone also needs to be validated. There is urgent need for future research on clinical factors affecting P concentrations and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, to help clinicians in predicting which subgroups of patients would benefit from individualized luteal phase support.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

No funding/no conflicts of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.