Renal Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis are just 2 of several autoimmune connective tissue diseases that are primarily chronic in nature but can present to the emergency department by virtue of an acute exacerbation of disease. Beyond an acute exacerbation of disease, their predilection for invading multiple organ systems lends itself to the potential for patients presenting to the emergency department with either a single or isolated symptom or a myriad of signs and/or symptoms indicative of a degree of disease complexity and severity that warrant timely recognition and resuscitation.

25(OH)D3 and F-25(OH)D as indicators of chronic kidney disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency has been associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its exact role in patients with RA and CKD remains unclear. This cross-sectional study explored the relationship of 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, and Free 25(OH)D [F-25(OH)D] with CKD progression in patients with RA. Patients with RA (n = 1514) were enrolled and divided into the mild, moderate, and severe CKD groups. Total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D3, and F-25(OH)D in the moderate and severe CKD groups were lower than in the mild CKD group (all P < 0.05), while there were no differences in 25(OH)D2 levels (P = 0.095). As the severity of CKD progressed, total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D3, and F-25(OH)D decreased (all Padj.<0.05). When progressing from moderate to severe CKD, only 25(OH)D3 decreased significantly (Padj.=0.014). Partial correlation and multiple logistic regression analyses revealed a significant association between 25(OH)D3 and the progression of CKD deterioration, as did F-25(OH)D (all P < 0.05). Further seasonal stratified analysis showed that this correlation existed only in spring, summer, and autumn for 25(OH)D3 and only in spring and summer for F-25(OH)D (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the serum 25(OH)D3 and F-25(OH)D levels may be indicators of CKD progression in patients with RA to plan for timely intervention and management.

Dissolving microneedles: A transdermal drug delivery system for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that impacts around 1% of the global population. Up to 20% of people become disabled within a year, which has a severely negative impact on their health and quality of life. RA has a complicated pathogenic mechanism, which initially affects small joints and progresses to larger ones over time. It can damage the skin, eyes, heart, kidney, and lung. Oral medications, intra-articular injections, and other treatments are being used; nevertheless, they have drawbacks, including low bioavailability, numerous adverse effects, and poor patient compliance. Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) are a safe and painless method for transdermal drug delivery, achieved through their ability to physically penetrate the epidermal barrier. They enable targeted drug delivery, significantly enhancing the bioavailability of medications and improving patient compliance. DMNs are particularly effective in delivering both lipophilic and high molecular weight biomolecules. The superior bioavailability of DMNs is demonstrated by the fact that low-dose DMN administration can achieve up to 25.8 times higher bioavailability compared to oral administration. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the use of DMNs for RA treatment, encompassing various materials (such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, etc.), fabrication techniques (such as the two-step casting method, photopolymerization), and performance evaluations (including morphology, mechanical properties, skin penetration capability, solubility, and pharmacodynamics). Additionally, a thorough safety assessment has been conducted, revealing that DMNs cause minimal skin irritation and exhibit low cytotoxicity, ensuring their safety for clinical application. DMNs provide a highly effective and promising alternative to oral and injectable drug delivery systems, offering a novel therapeutic approach for RA patients that significantly improves treatment outcomes and enhances their quality of life.

Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis and kidney function decline: a large prospective registry study

INTRODUCTION

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The association of longitudinal RA disease activity with long-term kidney function has remained uncertain.

METHOD

We analysed a multicentre prospective RA registry in the USA from 2001 to 2022. The exposure was updated time-averaged Clinical Disease Activity Index (TA-CDAI) categories from study enrolment. The primary outcome was a longitudinal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) change. Secondary outcomes included developments of CKD stage G3a (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and stage G3b (eGFR<45 mL/min/1.73 m2). Results were adjusted for relevant time-fixed and time-varying covariates.

RESULTS

31 129 patients (median age: 58.0 years, female: 76.3%, median eGFR: 90.7 mL/min/1.73 m2) contributed 234 973 visits and 146 778 person-years of follow-up. Multivariable mixed-effect linear model showed an average annual eGFR decline during follow-up in the TA-CDAI-remission group of -0.83 mL/min/1.73 m2 and estimated additional annual declines (95% CI) of -0.09 (-0.15 to -0.03) in low, -0.17 (-0.23 to -0.10) in moderate and -0.18 (-0.27 to -0.08) mL/min/1.73 m2 in high disease activity patients. Compared with TA-CDAI remission, adjusted HRs (95% CI) for CKD stage G3a during follow-up were 1.15 (1.01 to 1.30) in low, 1.22 (1.06 to 1.40) in moderate and 1.27 (1.05 to 1.52) in high disease activity; for CKD stage G3b, 1.22 (0.84 to 1.76) in low, 1.66 (1.12 to 2.45) in moderate and 1.93 (1.16 to 3.20) in high disease activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher RA disease activity was associated with accelerated eGFR decline and increased risk of clinically relevant kidney dysfunction. Future intervention studies should attempt to replicate the association between RA disease activity and eGFR.

Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio for predicting risk of all-cause mortality and specific-cause mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evidence from NHANES 1999-2018

OBJECTIVE

To explore the relationship between urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) and all-cause/specific-cause mortality among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

This study included 1354 RA patients in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANESs) during 1999-2018. The mortality status was assessed by linkage to death certificate data reported in the National Death Index (NDI) until December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis were used to elucidate the relationship between uACR and all-cause/specific-cause mortality. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to visualize the association of uACR with all-cause mortality risk. Stratified analyses were employed to identify patients with higher mortality risk.

RESULTS

Over a median of 115 months of follow-up, 298 deaths occurred. Cox proportional hazards models indicated that RA patients with higher uACR had an increased risk of all-cause mortality, but not cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and cancer mortality. K-M survival curves showed a significant difference (log-rank, p < 0.001) in all-cause mortality among uACR tertiles. RCS analysis revealed an L-shaped association between uACR and all-cause mortality, and patients with uACR above the threshold points (5.96 mg/g) had a 13.2% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HRs 1.132; 95% CI 1.011, 1.267) for each ln unit increase in uACR. The stratified analysis revealed consistent patterns for correlations between uACR and all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

High uACR, even in the normal range, was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (not specific-cause mortality) in individuals with RA. Identifying high-risk populations using uACR assessment may contribute to target risk interventions among RA patients in the future. Key points • uACR, even within the normal range, significantly increased the hazard for all-cause mortality among RA patients. • uACR has good performance in identifying populations with different mortality risk levels in RA patients. • uACR, independent of varied well-recognized cardiovascular risk factors, is a predictor of mortality in RA patients.

Targeting inerleukin-6 for renoprotection

Sterile inflammation has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of non-infectious kidney diseases. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in injured kidney tissue promotes infiltration of immune cells serving to clear cell debris and facilitate tissue repair. However, excessive or prolonged inflammatory response has been associated with immune-mediated tissue damage, nephron loss, and development of renal fibrosis. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects including a major role in inflammation. IL-6 signals either via membrane-bound (classic signaling) or soluble receptor forms (trans-signaling) thus affecting distinct cell types and eliciting various metabolic, cytoprotective, or pro-inflammatory reactions. Antibodies neutralizing IL-6 or its receptor have been developed for therapy of autoimmune and chronic non-renal inflammatory diseases. Small molecule inhibitors of Janus kinases acting downstream of the IL-6 receptor, as well as recombinant soluble glycoprotein 130 variants suppressing the IL-6 trans-signaling add to the available therapeutic options. Animal data and accumulating clinical experience strongly suggest that suppression of IL-6 signaling pathways bears therapeutic potential in acute and chronic kidney diseases. The present work analyses the renoprotective potential of clinically relevant IL-6 signaling inhibitors in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation with focus on current achievements and future prospects.

Polyarthritis in Sjögren's Syndrome: Difficulties in Distinguishing Extraglandular Manifestation and Associated Rheumatoid Arthritis

Aim of the study was to investigate the demographic data and disease course characteristics of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and inflammatory joint pain of various origins and to search for factors that might help with the distinction of polyarthritis as an extraglandular manifestation and rheumatoid arthritis as an associated systemic autoimmune disorder. A total of 355 patients were retrospectively analyzed, 128 of whom served as controls (SS-C), while 159 had polyarthritis as an extraglandular symptom of Sjögren's syndrome (SS-pa) and 68 were diagnosed as having associated rheumatoid arthritis (SS-RA). The patients without any inflammatory joint manifestations were significantly older than the SS-pa patients, while, for the SS-RA group, the difference was not significant. The onset of joint pain appeared significantly earlier in the SS-RA patients. Regarding either extraglandular manifestations or associated autoimmune disorders, there were significant differences between the controls and both SS-pa and SS-RA groups, while no significant difference was found between the SS-pa and SS-RA groups. Thus, laboratory and imaging methods should be used to differentiate between the two conditions, but laboratory biomarkers are even more important for early diagnosis. A ROC curve analysis showed an acceptable diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between SS-pa and SS-RA patients using a binary logistic regression model, where highly positive rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) values, kidney involvement, and anti-Ro/SS-A positivity were shown to significantly raise the odds of having RA, whereas anti-La/SS-B positivity seemed to have a protective role, since it significantly decreased the odds of having it. Further biomarkers are needed to better classify SS patient cohorts with inflammatory joint pain of different origins and, consequently, different management requirements.

Impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis on Hospitalized Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: Study of Demographics, Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease gives rise to chronic intestinal inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint and systemic inflammation. IBD is often linked with various autoimmune diseases, with RA being one of the most common. The coexistence of IBD and RA results in an increased inflammatory state, significantly compromising quality of life. Understanding the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of IBD patients with RA is essential for optimizing their management and improving outcomes. Methodology This retrospective observational study utilized data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2016 to 2020. Patients aged 18 years and older with a primary discharge diagnosis of IBD were included. This population was subdivided into two groups based on the presence and absence of RA. The primary objective was to compare outcomes between hospitalized IBD patients with and without RA. Key outcomes assessed included mortality rates, hospital length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence of comorbidities and IBD-related complications. Results From 2016 to 2020, a total of 455,655 hospitalized IBD patients were identified, among whom 10,590 (2.32%) had an underlying diagnosis of RA. Patients with both IBD and RA were significantly older than those without RA (mean age 52.21 vs. 45.72 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher proportion of females (72.51% vs. 53.27%, p < 0.01). RA patients exhibited a greater risk of cardiovascular risk factors compared to non-RA patients, including diabetes [adjusted odd ratio (aOR ) 1.12 (1.09-1.16)], hypertension [aOR 1.19 (1.07-1.33)], hyperlipidemia [aOR 1.61 (1.60-1.63)], chronic kidney disease stage 1-4 [aOR 1.35 (1.29-1.41)], coronary artery disease [aOR 1.67 (1.65-1.69)], and heart failure [aOR 1.45 (1.43-1.48)]. However, there were no significant differences in the rates of IBD-related complications or in-hospital mortality between the two groups. The mean hospital LOS was 5.15 days for RA patients and 4.95 days for non-RA patients (p = 0.08), with similar total hospital charges ($48,442.7 vs. $48,720.3, p = 0.88). Conclusion This study shows hospitalized IBD patients with and without RA have similar hospitalization outcomes, however, patients with RA have a higher cardiovascular risk. The findings emphasize the importance of integrated, multidisciplinary management approaches for these patients, addressing not only their gastrointestinal and rheumatologic conditions but also their associated comorbidities.

Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Primary Care: A Scoping Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can lead to severe joint impairment and chronic disability. Primary care (PC), provided by general practitioners (GPs), is the first level of contact for the population with the healthcare system. The aim of this scoping review was to analyze the approach to RA in the PC setting. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using the MESH terms "rheumatoid arthritis" and "primary care" from 2013 to 2023. The search strategy followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The 61 articles selected were analyzed qualitatively in a table and discussed in two sections, namely criticisms and strategies for the management of RA in PC. The main critical issues in the management of RA in PC are the following: difficulty and delay in diagnosis, in accessing rheumatological care, and in using DMARDs by GPs; ineffective communication between GPs and specialists; poor patient education; lack of cardiovascular prevention; and increase in healthcare costs. To overcome these criticisms, several management strategies have been identified, namely early diagnosis of RA, quick access to rheumatology care, effective communication between GPs and specialists, active patient involvement, screening for risk factors and comorbidities, clinical audit, interdisciplinary patient management, digital health, and cost analysis. PC appears to be the ideal healthcare setting to reduce the morbidity and mortality of chronic disease, including RA, if a widespread change in GPs' approach to the disease and patients is mandatory.

Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib for chronic plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVES

To summarize and analyze the results of published randomized controlled trials of tofacitinib for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis(PsA) and discuss its efficacy and safety.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

An exhaustive systematic search encompassing PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to July 2023. Studies eligible for inclusion were analyzed, organized using Review Manager version 5.4.1 (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) and STATA 15.0 version (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) software.

RESULTS

A total of six articles, covering 1393 patients (844 treated with tofacitinib and 549 with placebo), were included. The foundational characteristics of tofacitinib and placebo group showed similarity, except for age and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) score, especially in the context of chronic plaque psoriasis. It is noteworthy that we discovered tofacitinib exhibited a significant impact on Psoriasis Area and Severity Index 75 (PASI75) response, Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) response, and adverse events (AEs) in cases of chronic plaque psoriasis. Similarly, tofacitinib demonstrated substantial influence on American College of Rheumatology 20/50 (ACR20/50) response, PASI75 response, as well as alterations in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) Score, Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Score, Dactylitis Severity Score (DSS), and Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI) Score in the context of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant impact of tofacitinib on serious adverse events (SAEs) in chronic plaque psoriasis, as well as on both adverse events (AEs) and SAEs in psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

CONCLUSIONS

A comprehensive analysis revealed that tofacitinib has a positive effect on addressing skin and joint symptoms, as well as improving the quality of life for patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). However, the safety of the drug's long-term usage even requires further validation. Key Points • In 6 analyses involving a total of 1393 patients, tofacitinib exhibits positive effect on the treatment of both chronic plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). • Although dose-based subgroup analyses have demonstrated effectiveness. Some studies indicate that the 5-mg dose (twice daily) may not show an effect due to the failure of non-inferiority trials comparing tofacitinib with placebo. Therefore, caution is required when interpreting its effectiveness. On the other hand, the 10-mg dose (BID) has been associated with an increase in adverse events and serious adverse events, and is recommended to be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular or uveitis risk factors. • Tofacitinib has efficacy in comorbid psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, or Alzheimer's disease) and inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis), but patients with comorbid renal insufficiency, hepatic dysfunction, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, or uveitis may need to be moderated or avoided with tofacitinib.

Rheumatoid arthritis - medication dosage in chronic kidney disease

Renal failure in the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a consequence of many factors, including drug-induced nephrotoxicity, comorbidities and chronic inflammation. Contemporary treatment strategies have reduced the incidence of renal failure in the population of RA patients. However, it remains a problem for approximately 25% of patients. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the potential need for dosage modifications of administered medications. Many drugs used in the therapy of rheumatic diseases have not been thoroughly studied for their safety in patients with reduced glomerular filtration, resulting in limited data in this area. The establishment of precise, transparent, and consistent dosage recommendations for antirheumatic drugs in chronic kidney disease would significantly facilitate the care of patients with RA. The following review provides a general summary of the available knowledge regarding the dosage of rheumatic medications in renal insufficiency and aims to highlight the need for further research in this area.

Circulating Th17/Treg as a promising biomarker for patients with rheumatoid arthritis in indicating comorbidity with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND

Immune and inflammatory responses have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This study aims to explore the change of peripheral lymphocytes, especially the absolute and relative changes in peripheral T cells in RA patients with and without ASCVD.

HYPOTHESIS

The changes in the lymphocyte subsets were assessed to provide a novel insight in diagnosing and preventing ASCVD in patients with RA.

METHODS

A propensity score matching system (1:1) was conducted to perform a matched case-control study with 169 pairs RA-ASCVD and RA participants. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between peripheral lymphocytes and RA-ASCVD.

RESULT

Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that Th17 cell absolute, Th17 cell Ratio, Th17/Treg were associated with a significantly higher risk of ASCVD after model adjustment. Then we focused on Th17/Treg, multivariate logistic analyses in tri-sectional Th17/Treg groups showed that the odds of ASCVD is gradually increasing with Th17/Treg rank's rising after model adjustment. Finally, the restricted cubic spline of Th17/Treg and odds ratio of RA-ASCVD was conducted. Interestingly, we found a critical point of Th17/Treg (critical point = 0.2399). Th17/Treg shows a protective role in the odds of ASCVD when Th17/Treg < 0.2399. With smaller Th17/Treg, the protective efficiency is more obvious when Th17/Treg < 0.2399.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested that increasing absolute and percentage of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RA was associated with the development of ASCVD. And Th17/Treg may be a promising biomarker for patients with RA in indicating comorbidity with ASCVD.

Occurrence of radiopaque and mixed lesions at periapical region in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have different effects on bones, cartilage and joints, sometimes destroying the spine and joints, and other times causing new bone formation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of RA and AS on the types (radiolucent, radiopaque and mixed) of periapical lesions in jaw bones.

METHODS

This study included 708 individuals (97 with AS, 327 with RA and 284 healthy controls (C)) and a total of 17,118 teeth (AS: 2,442; RA: 7,638; C: 7,038). The number of teeth, extracted teeth and teeth with root canal treatment and the presence of radiopaque, radiolucent and mixed periapical lesions were recorded from dental panoramic radiographs. Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The frequency of radiopaque lesions in the AS and RA groups was similar (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than in the C group (p < 0.05) (AS: 13.4%; RA: 6.1%; C: 2%). Mixed lesions (AS: 3.1%; RA: 4.0%; C: 0.4%) were statistically significantly higher for the RA group compared to the C group (p < 0.05), while the AS-C and AS-RA groups were similar (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in terms of radiolucent lesions among groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Radiopaque apical lesions were frequent in RA and AS patients, while mixed lesions were significantly higher in RA patients.

Hepatorenal pathologies in TNF-transgenic mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis are alleviated by anti-TNF treatment

OBJECTIVE

To examine and quantify liver and kidney lesions and their response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy in a TNF-Tg mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

Female TNF-Tg (Tg3647) mice were used as the animal model for chronic RA. Ultrasound, immunofluorescence, histological staining, serology tests, and real-time RT-PCR were used to examine the pathological changes in the liver and kidney.

RESULTS

TNF-Tg mice showed a significant decrease in the body weight and a dramatic increase in the volumes of the gallbladder, knee cavity, and popliteal lymph nodes. The liver and kidneys of TNF-Tg mice showed increased chronic inflammation and accumulation of immune cells and fibrosis, compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, upregulation of inflammatory factors and impaired normal function were observed in the liver and kidneys of TNF-Tg mice. Inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis of the liver and kidneys of female TNF-Tg mice were improved after anti-TNF treatment, and better treatment effects were achieved at 4.5-month-old mice when they were received 8 weeks of intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that TNF drives the development of liver and kidney pathology in female TNF-Tg mice and that there are limitations to the loss of utility of anti-TNF for the prolonged treatment of RA-associated hepatic and renal injury. This study provides a reliable and clinically relevant animal model for further studies exploring the molecular mechanisms and drug discovery for hepatorenal pathologies in RA.

Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis are just 2 of several autoimmune connective tissue diseases that are primarily chronic in nature but can present to the emergency department by virtue of an acute exacerbation of disease. Beyond an acute exacerbation of disease, their predilection for invading multiple organ systems lends itself to the potential for patients presenting to the emergency department with either a single or isolated symptom or a myriad of signs and/or symptoms indicative of a degree of disease complexity and severity that warrant timely recognition and resuscitation.

Methyl gallate nanomicelles impairs neutrophil accumulated in zymosan-induced arthritis

Arthritis is a chronic disease that affects, approximately, 1 % of the total global population. It is characterized by chronic inflammation, accompanied in most of the cases of motor disability and sever pain. The main therapies available have high risk of failure and advanced treatments are scarce and highly cost. In this scenario, search for effective, safe and low-cost treatments is quite desirable. Methyl gallate (MG) is a plant-derived phenolic compound described to present remarkable anti-inflammatory effect in experimental models of arthritis. Thus, in this study we formulated nanomicelles of MG using Pluronic (F-127) as matrix and evaluated in vivo the pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and its effect in the mice model of zymosan-induced arthritis. The nanomicelles were formed with a size 126 nm. The biodistribution showed a ubiquitous tissue deposition with a renal excretion. The pharmacokinetics showed elimination half-life of 1.72 h and a clearance of 0.006 L/h. The oral pretreatment with nanomicelles containing MG (3.5 or 7 mg/kg) demonstrated a reduction in total leukocytes, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells from the inflammation site. The data supports the use of methyl gallate nanomicelles as an alternative drug for arthritis. DATA AVAILABILITY: All the data of this study are transparent.

Pathogenesis of Extraarticular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis-A Comprehensive Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is among the most prevalent and debilitating autoimmune inflammatory chronic diseases. Although it is primarily characterized by destructive peripheral arthritis, it is a systemic disease, and RA-related extraarticular manifestations (EAMs) can affect almost every organ, exhibit a multitude of clinical presentations, and can even be asymptomatic. Importantly, EAMs largely contribute to the quality of life and mortality of RA patients, particularly substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) which is the leading cause of death in RA patients. In spite of known risk factors related to EAM development, a more in-depth understanding of its pathophysiology is lacking. Improved knowledge of EAMs and their comparison to the pathogenesis of arthritis in RA could lead to a better understanding of RA inflammation overall and its initial phases. Taking into account that RA is a disorder that has many faces and that each person experiences it and responds to treatments differently, gaining a better understanding of the connections between the joint and extra-joint manifestations could help to create new treatments and improve the overall approach to the patient.

Rheumatoid Arthritis With Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints and, to a lesser extent, other systems. Renal involvement in RA is rare and might be due to the presence of systemic inflammation or the toxic effect of the medications used. Of the many types of renal diseases that can affect RA patients, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is rarely encountered. In this report, we present a rare co-existence of RA and FSGS in a 50-year-old female with RA who was found to have FSGS as a possible cause of proteinuria and an extraarticular manifestation of RA. The patient's RA started as palindromic rheumatism, which progressed later to chronic symmetrical polyarthritis of the small and large joints. Along with the flare of her joint disease, she was found to have lower limb edema. Her workup showed persistent proteinuria of more than one gram per day. Renal biopsy showed unexpected findings of FSGS. Our patient was treated with tapering doses of steroids, methotrexate, candesartan, and a diuretic that controlled joint disease, blood pressure, and proteinuria. Follow-up at two years showed normal kidney function tests, a significant decline in proteinuria, and controlled joint disease. Our case portrays a possible relationship between FSGS as a cause of proteinuria in patients with RA. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of FSGS in RA patients, which can affect the management plan, medication efficacy, and overall prognosis.

Signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for targeted therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable systemic autoimmune disease. Disease progression leads to joint deformity and associated loss of function, which significantly impacts the quality of life for sufferers and adds to losses in the labor force. In the past few decades, RA has attracted increased attention from researchers, the abnormal signaling pathways in RA are a very important research field in the diagnosis and treatment of RA, which provides important evidence for understanding this complex disease and developing novel RA-linked intervention targets. The current review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of RA, including a general introduction to the disease, historical events, epidemiology, risk factors, and pathological process, highlight the primary research progress of the disease and various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms, including genetic factors, epigenetic factors, summarize the most recent developments in identifying novel signaling pathways in RA and new inhibitors for treating RA. therapeutic interventions including approved drugs, clinical drugs, pre-clinical drugs, and cutting-edge therapeutic technologies. These developments will hopefully drive progress in new strategically targeted therapies and hope to provide novel ideas for RA treatment options in the future.

Drug treatment algorithm and recommendations from the 2020 update of the Japan College of Rheumatology clinical practice guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis-secondary publication

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to update the Japan College of Rheumatology (JCR) clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA; JCR CPG for RA) according to recent changes in the medical environment in Japan. This article is a digest version of the guidance.

METHODS

We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method to update the 2014 JCR CPG for RA. A consensus was formed by CPG panel members.

RESULTS

We identified 36 important clinical questions regarding drug treatment and developed corresponding recommendations for RA. The recommendations included the following RA medications: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, anti-receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand antibodies, and Janus kinase inhibitors, as well as the tapering and discontinuation of these medications. Recommendations regarding the efficacy and safety of treatments in the elderly and patients with comorbidities were also developed. Finally, we used these recommendations to create an original algorithm for drug treatment for RA based on the Treat-to-Target approach.

CONCLUSION

The 2020 JCR CPG for RA provides a useful tool for rheumatologists, health care professionals, and patients with RA, enabling shared decision-making in a variety of clinical situations.

New Chromones from Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl with Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activity

The extract, fractions, and compounds of the Bouvardia ternifolia root were evaluated as an antiarthritic using a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model in mice and NF-κB inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Four active compounds, including two new compounds, ternifoliol and ternifolial, were isolated by open column chromatography and identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, resulting in benzochromone-like structures with aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups, which could be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity and inhibitory NF-κB. Changes in the joint cytokine profile monitored the antiarthritic effect. A decrement was observed in the local concentration of the following cytokines with different treatments: IL-17 by 64% and 70.3% with the aqueous extract (BtAq), ethyl acetate extract (BtAcOEt), and M3 fraction; interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) by 10.2% and 15.7% with BtAq and the M4 fraction, respectively; IL-6 with M1, M2, M3, and M4 between 42% and 64%; necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by 60.9% with M4. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased between 94% and 99% with M1, M2, M3, and M4. Kidney IL-6 decreased with BtAq, M1, M2, M3, and M4 between 68.9% and 85.8%. TNF-α decreased with BtAcOEt, BtAq, M1, M2, and M4 between 34% and 80.2%. The NF-κB pathway was inhibited with BtAcOEt (90.1%), M1 (85%), M2 (93.5%), M3 (84.5%), M4 (90.3%), ternifoliol (75.6%), bouvardin (20.4%), and scopoletin (89%). We conclude that B. ternifolia modulated the inflammatory response at the joint and kidney levels and the NF-κB pathway.

Impact of kidney biopsy on the management of patients in the rheumatology department: retrospective study

Background. Kidney involvement is a common manifestation of the systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of kidney diseases, however this method has not yet become the standard-of-care in rheumatology practice. Aim. To assess the diagnostic value of kidney biopsy in the management of patients of the rheumatology department. Materials and methods. In this retrospective observational study we analyzed the medical documentation including kidney morphology findings in the patients of the Department of Rheumatology at Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases. All patients included in the research had signs of kidney involvement and had undergone needle biopsy of the kidney or re-evaluation of the kidney tissue received previously. Results. From June 2016 to October 2021, 3110 patients were admitted to the rheumatology department. Among them 63 (2%) underwent kidney biopsy and were included in the study. Twenty (32%) were male. Mean age was 42.513.9 years. The most common preliminary diagnoses before kidney biopsy were ANCA-associated vasculitis (n=17), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=12), and AA-amyloidosis associated with inflammatory joint diseases (n=7). In 14 (27%) patients diagnosis was unspecified at the time of biopsy. Among 49 patients with established preliminary diagnosis morphological findings were in line 38 (78%) with the pre-liminary diagnosis. However, in 11 (22%) patients morphological findings resulted in the change of the diagnosis. In all 14 patients with unspecified condition kidney biopsy helped to establish clinical diagnosis. Ultrasound evaluation demonstrated hematoma formation in 18 (31%) patients, and among them two required blood component transfusions. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates significant value and safety of kidney biopsy in the patients with autoimmune rheumatic conditions. We suggest that kidney biopsy should be implemented in the management of this category of patients.

Complete remission of tip lesion variant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) with the Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib

A 67-year-old woman with transverse myelitis and seizure disorder secondary to suspected central nervous system (CNS) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis had two episodes of severe nephrotic syndrome 15 years apart. She underwent a renal biopsy in both episodes, showing tip lesion variant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The patient responded both times to prednisone treatment, achieving a complete remission within 2 months in the first episode and remission 4 months in the second episode. A year after her second episode, the patient had a third episode of severe nephrotic syndrome. She achieved an equally rapid complete remission in 3 months without steroid treatment, as she was concomitantly treated with the Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib for a flare of rheumatoid arthritis. This case report suggests that JAK inhibitors may have therapeutic use in FSGS, which is supported by experimental data in the medical literature.

C3-Epimer of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 as a Superior Marker for Predicting the Severity of Chronic Kidney Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Objective. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) is involved in oxidative stress regulation by upregulating the expression of antioxidant genes except for mineral homeostasis physiological role. C3-epimer of 25(OH)D3 (C3-epi-25[OH]D3) is a form of vitamin D metabolite with low bioaffinity in vivo, but little is known about the relationship between C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and diseases. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Method. A total of 318 RA inpatients were enrolled and divided into mild ( $n=247$ ), moderate ( $n=46$ ), and severe ( $n=25$ ) CKD groups according to the CKD prognosis criterion of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. Serum levels of 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, C3-epi-25(OH)D3, and free 25(OH)D (F25[OH]D) were measured, and the value of 25(OH)D was calculated. The relationship and changing trend of the indexes based on CKD severity were analyzed. Results. The serum levels of 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D3, and F25(OH)D showed a decreasing trend ( $z=-2.781–-3.996$ , $P<0.01$ ) in RA patients with CKD progression from mild to severe, while C3-epi-25(OH)D3 showed an increasing trend ( $z=6.741$ , $P<0.001$ ) and 25(OH)D2 showed no significant difference among the groups ( $z=0.976$ , $P=0.329$ ). Only levels of C3-epi-25(OH)D3 presented significant differences between adjacent CKD severity groups in RA patients (mild to moderate: $z=3.963$ , $Padj<0.001$ ; moderate to severe: $z=3.269$ , $Padj=0.002$ ). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that 25(OH)D3 and C3-epi-25(OH)D3 were significant predictors for CKD progression in RA patients, and C3-epi-25(OH)D3 had a better predictive advantage (moderate vs. mild: $\text{OR}=4.79$ , $P<0.001$ ; severe vs. mild: $\text{OR}=17.85$ , $P<0.001$ ). Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal that C3-epi-25(OH)D3 is a dominant predictor of CKD severity in RA patients. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between C3-epi-25(OH)D3 and other diseases.

Frequency of Renal Function Parameter Abnormalities in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Real-World Evidence from Clinical Practice

Objective: Patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly develop renal dysfunction due to either systemic inflammation or drug-related nephrotoxicity. This study compared renal function parameters in patients with PsA versus those with RA and examined the impact of clinical remission or disease relapse on renal function. Methods: This single-center retrospective study was conducted at the University Hospital of Messina, Italy. Adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with PsA or RA who attended the rheumatology clinic within the past 6 months were identified from electronic medical records. Results: In total, 45 patients with PsA (n = 23) or RA (n = 22) were included. The mean (standard deviation) age was 55.6 (15.9) years, and 78% of participants were female. Patient age, renal function, and medical history were generally similar between the two disease groups, although significantly more RA patients were smokers, and more PsA patients had comorbid hypertension. The prevalence of estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≤90 mL/min/1.73 m² at 1, 6, and 12 months of treatment ranged from 38.5% to 58.3% in the PsA group and from 45.5% to 54.5% in the RA group and did not significantly differ between disease groups. Clinical remission did not appear to affect renal function parameters in either disease group; however, relapse was associated with significantly higher serum creatinine levels in PsA patients at the same timepoint. Conclusion: In this study, patients with PsA and RA had a similar prevalence of renal function parameter abnormalities over 12 months of treatment. Disease relapse may impact renal function in patients with PsA.

Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis are just 2 of several autoimmune connective tissue diseases that are primarily chronic in nature but can present to the emergency department by virtue of an acute exacerbation of disease. Beyond an acute exacerbation of disease, their predilection for invading multiple organ systems lends itself to the potential for patients presenting to the emergency department with either a single or isolated symptom or a myriad of signs and/or symptoms indicative of a degree of disease complexity and severity that warrant timely recognition and resuscitation.

Impact of Concomitant Chronic Kidney Disease on Hospitalized Infections and Remission in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from the IORRA Cohort

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD) on unfavourable clinical events and remission in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

We included 5,103 patients with RA with CKD from the Institute of Rheumatology Rheumatoid Arthritis (IORRA) cohort in 2012. CKD stages were classified into four groups: CKD with normal eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and proteinuria; mild CKD, eGFR ≥45-<60; moderate CKD, eGFR ≥30-<45; and severe CKD, eGFR <30. We assessed the association between concomitant CKD and the occurrence of unfavourable clinical events or achieving remission during a 5-year observational period.

RESULTS

Of the 5,103 patients with RA, 686 (86.6%) had CKD. Concomitant CKD was associated with hospitalized infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-2.13, p=0.02), especially in the moderate to severe CKD group (aHR 1.93, 95% CI 1.12-3.13, p=0.02). Of all subjects, 2,407 (47.2%) had active RA at baseline and 401 (16.7%) had CKD. Concomitant CKD was also associated with failure of achieving remission (aHR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68-0.99, p=0.04).

CONCLUSION

Concomitant CKD was a risk factor for hospitalized infections in Japanese patients with RA and failure of achieving remission in patients with active RA.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ozone Therapy in an Experimental Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis

To verify the influence of ozone (O₃) therapy on an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 30 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to 2 groups, control (C) and treatment (T), and subdivided into control (C12, C48, C72) and treatment (T12, T48, T72) groups. RA was induced by administration of collagenase plus complete Freud's adjuvant in the knee joint region. The animals were treated with ozone therapy (1 ml O₃ injection in the knee i.a.) according to group assignment: T12, 2 h; T48, 2 and 24 h; and T72, 2, 24, and 48 h post-RA induction. The different animal groups were euthanized 12, 24, or 72 h post-RA induction, respectively. Synovial exudate levels of IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-α, INF-γ, and MCP-1 were assessed by flow cytometry, and histopathological analysis of the knee cartilage was conducted. Ozone therapy effectively decreases inflammation, reducing IL-12 and TNF-α, and increasing IL10. O₃ did not statistically affect INF-γ or MCP-1 levels. More expressive results were obtained with group T72, i.e., treated 2, 24, and 48 h post-RA induction, which indicates that longer-term ozone treatment is more effective than a single acute application. Ozone therapy effectively reduced inflammation with effects, at least in part, mediated through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Patient Characteristics and Indicators of Treatment Initiation with Repository Corticotropin Injection in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Claims Database Analysis

Repository corticotropin injection (RCI) is indicated as adjunctive, short-term therapy in selected patients with RA. To characterize RCI users and identify predictors of RCI initiation in RA, we compared preindex characteristics, treatment patterns, comorbidities, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and costs for patients who had initiated RCI treatment (RCI cohort) versus patients with no RCI claims and ≥ 1 targeted synthetic or biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (ts/bDMARD) claim (non-RCI ts/bDMARD cohort). We analyzed pharmacy and medical claims data from a large commercial and Medicare supplemental administrative database. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years, ≥ 1 inpatient or ≥ 2 outpatient claims with RA diagnosis (January 1, 2007–December 31, 2018), and 12-month continuous medical and pharmacy coverage preindex. Results from baseline cohort comparisons informed multiple logistic regression analysis. Compared with the non-RCI ts/bDMARD cohort (n = 162,065), the RCI cohort (n = 350) had a greater proportion of patients with higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) scores; higher mean claims-based index of RA severity and CCI scores; greater frequency of almost all comorbidities; higher use of nontraditional DMARDs, glucocorticoids, and opioids; higher all-cause HCRU; and higher medical and total costs. By multivariable analysis, the most significant predictors of RCI initiation were intermittent glucocorticoid use at any dose (odds ratio [OR] 1.67), extended-use glucocorticoids at medium (OR 2.03) and high doses (OR 2.99), nontraditional DMARD use (OR 2.09), anemia (OR 1.39), and renal disease (OR 2.45). Before RCI initiation, patients had more severe RA, higher comorbidity burden, greater use of glucocorticoids and opioids, and higher HCRU compared with non-RCI initiators. The most significant predictors for starting RCI in patients with RA were intermittent use of glucocorticoids at any dose, extended-use high-dose glucocorticoids, use of nontraditional DMARDs, and comorbid anemia and renal disease.

Comorbidities in rheumatic diseases need special consideration during the COVID-19 pandemic

Comorbidities in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) not only increase morbidity and mortality but also confound disease activity, limit drug usage and increase chances of severe infections or drug-associated adverse effects. Most RMDs lead to accelerated atherosclerosis and variable manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Literature on COVID-19 in patients with RMDs, and the effects of various comorbidities on COVID-19 was reviewed. The initial data of COVID-19 infections in RMDs have not shown an increased risk for severe disease or the use of different immunosuppression. However, there are some emerging data that patients with RMDs and comorbidities may fare worse. Various meta-analyses have reiterated that pre-existing hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, lung disease or obesity predispose to increased COVID-19 mortality. All these comorbidities are commonly encountered in the various RMDs. Presence of comorbidities in RMDs pose a greater risk than the RMDs themselves. A risk score based on comorbidities in RMDs should be developed to predict severe COVID-19 and death. Additionally, there should be active management of such comorbidities to mitigate these risks. The pandemic must draw our attention towards, and not away from, comorbidities.

The effects of drug transporters on the efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families consist of common drug transporters that mediate the efflux and uptake of drugs, respectively, and play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in vivo. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by erosive arthritis, and there are many RA patients worldwide. Methotrexate (MTX), the first-choice treatment for RA, can reduce the level of inflammation, prevent joint erosion and functional damage, and greatly reduce pain in RA patients. However, many patients show resistance to MTX, greatly affecting the efficacy of MTX. Many factors, such as irrational drug use and heredity, are associated with drug resistance. Considering the effect of drug transporters on drugs, many studies have compared the expression of drug transporters in drug-resistant and drug-sensitive patients, and abnormal transporter expression and transport activity have been found in patients with MTX resistance. Thus, drug transporters are involved in drug resistance. This article reviews the effects of transporters on the efficacy of MTX in the treatment of RA.

Renal dysfunction among rheumatoid arthritis patients: A retrospective cohort study

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common rheumatological disease which can involve a variety of different renal manifestations. This may be explained by disease effect itself or by medications used for treatment that may lead to renal dysfunction and its complications.

We aimed to identify the prevalence and factors that played a role in renal dysfunction among RA Jordanian patients.

Method

285 patients with RA visiting outpatient clinic between March 2016 and March 2017 were included in a retrospective study design. Age, gender, comorbidities, duration of the disease, medications and laboratory results were gathered and scoring of RA activity was done.

Results

Data gathered from the 285 patients showed a female predominance with 88.4% female and 11.6% male. The average disease duration was 6.7 years. Age, DM, HTN, and serum CRP were associated with worse renal function on univariate analysis. 44 patients (18.8%) presented with microscopic hematuria, 16 (6.9%) with proteinuria and only 5 (2.1%) patients presented with both microscopic hematuria and proteinuria. Patients with eGFR <60 ml/min had longer disease duration with a mean of 11 years (±7.7) in comparison to 6.4 years (±6.1) for those with eGFR>90 ml/min (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Renal dysfunction is not common in RA Jordanian population and has variable presentations. Age and the duration of illness play a major role in the progression of CKD if present. Future prospective studies evaluating renal biopsies in RA patients are needed.

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First study in the country to discuss the prevalence of renal involvement in rheumatoid arthritis.

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Renal involvement is rare in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

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Different drugs can affect renal outcome in a different ways.

Case report: a man with untreated rheumatoid arthritis, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, membranous nephropathy and pulmonary sarcoidosis

Background

Glomerular involvement in rheumatoid arthritis has been known to be associated with treatment side effects from medications and secondary amyloidosis. However, limited basic science and clinical studies have been performed to address the potential disease specific immune-mediated mechanisms causing secondary glomerular pathology, its various types of presentation, and the potential treatments.

Case presentation

A 41-year-old man with chronic active rheumatoid arthritis presented with nephrotic syndrome and was found to have membranous nephropathy with eosinophilic intracapillary thrombi on renal biopsy. Proteinuria persisted despite complete withdrawal from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Throughout the disease course, he developed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and pulmonary sarcoidosis, both of which achieved clinical resolution with glucocorticoids. However, only partial improvement was observed in proteinuria with treatment of steroids and Rituximab.

Conclusion

Our case presented a unique and complicated clinical phenotype of active rheumatoid arthritis, with clinical features of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, histopathologic features of membranous and cryoglobulinemic nephropathy in the absence of DMARDs use, as well as pulmonary sarcoidosis. We speculate that there is a wider spectrum of glomerular disease in patients with untreated rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the potential association between rheumatoid arthritis and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis should probably be revisited and requires further studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and treatment options.

Homotherapy for heteropathy active components and mechanisms of Qiang-Huo-Sheng-Shi decoction for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

Qiang-Huo-Sheng-Shi decoction (QHSSD), a classic traditional Chinese herbal formula, which has been reported to be effective in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). However, the concurrent targeting mechanism of how the aforementioned formula is valid in the two distinct diseases OA and RA, which represents the homotherapy-for-heteropathy principle in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have not yet been clarified. In the present study, network pharmacology was adopted to analyze the potential molecular mechanism, and therapeutic effective components of QHSSD on both OA and RA. A total of 153 active ingredients in QHSSD were identified, 142 of which associated with 59 potential targets for the two diseases were identified. By constructing the protein-protein interaction network and the compound-target-disease network, 72 compounds and 10 proteins were obtained as the hub targets of QHSSD against OA and RA. The hub genes of ESR1, PTGS2, PPARG, IL1B, TNF, MMP2, IL6, CYP3A4, MAPK8, and ALB were mainly involved in osteoclast differentiation, the NF-κB and TNF signaling pathways. Moreover, molecular docking results showed that the screened active compounds had a high affinity for the hub genes. This study provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms behind how QHSSD presents homotherapy-for-heteropathy therapeutic efficacy in both OA and RA. For the first time, a two-disease model was linked with a TCM formula using network pharmacology to identify the key active components and understand the common mechanisms of its multi-pathway regulation. This study will inspire more innovative and important studies on the modern research of TCM formulas.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, evaluating the garlic supplement effects on some serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, and quality of life in women with rheumatoid arthritis

AIM

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is a prevalent immune-inflammatory disease, which is associated with disabling pain. Oxidative stress might play a role in RA pathogenesis and outcomes. According to the antioxidant properties of garlic, the current study was performed to evaluate the garlic supplement effects on some serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

METHODS

Seventy women with RA participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design trial. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, receiving two tablets of either 500 mg garlic or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and quality of life were determined at baseline and end of week 8. A health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) was used to evaluate the quality of life related to health.

RESULTS

Of 70 patients enrolled in the trial, 62 subjects were included in the final analysis. At the end of the study, there was a significant increase in serum levels of TAC in the garlic group as compared with the placebo group (26.58 ± 77.30 nmol of Trolox equivalent/ml vs 16.11 ± 0.92 nmol of Trolox equivalent/mL; P = .026). In addition, MDA levels were significantly decreased in the intervention group compared with the control group (-0.82 ± 1.99 nmol/mL vs 0.36 ± 2.57 nmol/mL; P = .032). Pain after activity and HAQ scores decreased in the garlic group compared with the placebo (-11.96 ± 13.43 mm vs -0.06 ± 13.41 mm; P < .001, 0.17 ± 20 vs 0.05 ± 0.15; P < .001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that garlic supplementation for 8 weeks resulted in significant improvements in oxidative stress, HAQ in women with RA.

Perioperative management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing orthopaedic surgery

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which is characterised by systemic inflammation. In the recent decades, the advent of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs have reduced the need for orthopaedic procedures. However, there are numerous patients in which pharmacological treatment fails and these patients require surgical intervention. Complications can arise due to the underlying pathology and multitude of medications these patients can be on, specifically increased infection rates due to use of immunosuppressive agents. An understanding into the disease itself, as well as perioperative management, may improve overall patient outcomes and prevent future complications.

The Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Links Vascular Dysfunctions and the Autoimmune Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis

Diet and microbiota each have a direct impact on many chronic, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. As the field develops, a new perspective is emerging. The effects of diet may depend on the microbiota composition of the intestine. A diet that is rich in choline, red meat, dairy, or egg may promote the growth, or change the composition, of microbial species. The microbiota, in turn, may produce metabolites that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews our current understanding of the effects of the molecule trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) obtained from food or produced by the microbiota. We review the mechanisms of actions of TMAO, and studies that associate it with cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. We introduce a novel concept: TMAO is one among a group of selective uremic toxins that may rise to high levels in the circulation or accumulate in various organs. Based on this information, we evaluate how TMAO may harm, by exacerbating inflammation, or may protect, by attenuating amyloid formation, in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.