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Peek V, Neumann E, Inoue T, Koenig S, Pflieger FJ, Gerstberger R, Roth J, Matsumura K, Rummel C. Age-Dependent Changes of Adipokine and Cytokine Secretion From Rat Adipose Tissue by Endogenous and Exogenous Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1800. [PMID: 32973755 PMCID: PMC7466552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue but recently also brown adipose tissue have emerged as endocrine organs. Age-associated obesity is accompanied by prolonged and elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness symptoms and increased cytokine and adipokine levels in the circulation partially originating from adipose tissue. In the present study, ex vivo fat explants were used to investigate how the exogenous pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) LPS or the endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) and biglycan modulate the release of cytokines and adipokines/batokines and, thus, could influence systemic and/or local inflammation. The response of adipose tissue (epididymal, retroperitoneal, subcutaneous, and brown) was compared between young lean and old obese rats (2 vs. 24 months old). LPS induced a strong interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha release into the supernatant of all adipose tissue types investigated. HMGB1 (subcutaneous) and biglycan (retroperitoneal) led to an increased release of IL-6 and TNFalpha (HMGB1) and decreased visfatin and adiponectin (biglycan) secretion from epididymal adipose tissue (young rats). Visfatin was also decreased by HMGB1 in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of old rats. We found significantly higher leptin (all fat pads) and adiponectin (subcutaneous) levels in supernatants of adipose tissue from old compared to young rats, whereas visfatin secretion showed the opposite. The expression of the biglycan receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 as well as the LPS and HMGB1 receptors TLR4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were reduced with age (TLR4/RAGE) and by stimulation with their ligands (subcutaneous). Overall, we revealed that adipokines/adipose-tissue released cytokines show some modulation of their release caused by mediators of septic (batokines) and sterile inflammation with potential implication for acute and chronic disease. Moreover, aging may increase or decrease the release of fat-derived mediators. These data show that DAMPS and LPS locally modulate cytokine secretion while only DAMPS but not LPS can locally alter adipokine secretion during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sandy Koenig
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Joachim Roth and Christoph Rummel, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kiyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Joachim Roth and Christoph Rummel, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
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Microdialysis of Large Molecules. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3233-3242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Keeler GD, Durdik JM, Stenken JA. Comparison of microdialysis sampling perfusion fluid components on the foreign body reaction in rat subcutaneous tissue. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 57:60-7. [PMID: 24239995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis sampling is a commonly used technique for collecting solutes from the extracellular space of tissues in laboratory animals and humans. Large molecular weight solutes can be collected using high molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) membranes (100kDa or greater). High MWCO membranes require addition of high molecular weight dextrans or albumin to the perfusion fluid to prevent fluid loss via ultrafiltration. While these perfusion fluid additives are commonly used during microdialysis sampling, the tissue response to the loss of these compounds across the membrane is poorly understood. Tissue reactions to implanted microdialysis sampling probes containing different microdialysis perfusion fluids were compared over a 7-day time period in rats. The base perfusion fluid was Ringer's solution supplemented with either bovine serum albumin (BSA), rat serum albumin (RSA), Dextran-70, or Dextran-500. A significant inflammatory response to Dextran-70 was observed. No differences in the tissue response between BSA and RSA were observed. Among these agents, the BSA, RSA, and Dextran-500 produced a significantly reduced inflammatory response compared to the Dextran-70. This work demonstrates that use of Dextran-70 in microdialysis sampling perfusion fluids should be eliminated and replaced with Dextran-500 or other alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Keeler
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jeannine M Durdik
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Julie A Stenken
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Kostapanos MS, Kei A, Elisaf MS. Current role of fenofibrate in the prevention and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:470-478. [PMID: 24073298 PMCID: PMC3782684 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i9.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common health problem with a high mortality burden due to its liver- and vascular-specific complications. It is associated with obesity, high-fat diet as well as with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Impaired hepatic fatty acid (FA) turnover together with insulin resistance are key players in NAFLD pathogenesis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in lipid and glucose metabolic pathways. The novel concept is that the activation of the PPARα subunit may protect from liver steatosis. Fenofibrate, by activating PPARα, effectively improves the atherogenic lipid profile associated with T2DM and MetS. Experimental evidence suggested various protective effects of the drug against liver steatosis. Namely, fenofibrate-related PPARα activation may enhance the expression of genes promoting hepatic FA β-oxidation. Furthermore, fenofibrate reduces hepatic insulin resistance. It also inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators involved in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis pathogenesis. These include tumor necrosis factor-α, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Consequently, fenofibrate can limit hepatic macrophage infiltration. Other liver-protective effects include decreased oxidative stress and improved liver microvasculature function. Experimental studies showed that fenofibrate can limit liver steatosis associated with high-fat diet, T2DM and obesity-related insulin resistance. Few studies showed that these benefits are also relevant even in the clinical setting. However, these have certain limitations. Namely, these were uncontrolled, their sample size was small, fenofibrate was used as a part of multifactorial approach, while histological data were absent. In this context, there is a need for large prospective studies, including proper control groups and full assessment of liver histology.
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Wedellova Z, Kovacova Z, Tencerova M, Vedral T, Rossmeislova L, Siklova-Vitkova M, Stich V, Polak J. The Impact of Full-Length, Trimeric and Globular Adiponectin on Lipolysis in Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipocytes of Obese and Non-Obese Women. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66783. [PMID: 23805277 PMCID: PMC3689658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Contribution of individual adiponectin isoforms to lipolysis regulation remains unknown. We investigated the impact of full-length, trimeric and globular adiponectin isoforms on spontaneous lipolysis in subcutaneous abdominal (SCAAT) and visceral adipose tissues (VAT) of obese and non-obese subjects. Furthermore, we explored the role of AMPK (5'-AMP-activated protein kinase) in adiponectin-dependent lipolysis regulation and expression of adiponectin receptors type 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in SCAAT and VAT. Primary adipocytes isolated from SCAAT and VAT of obese and non-obese women were incubated with 20 µg/ml of: A) full-length adiponectin (physiological mixture of all adiponectin isoforms), B) trimeric adiponectin isoform or C) globular adiponectin isoform. Glycerol released into media was used as a marker of lipolysis. While full-length adiponectin inhibited lipolysis by 22% in non-obese SCAAT, globular isoform inhibited lipolysis by 27% in obese SCAAT. No effect of either isoform was detected in non-obese VAT, however trimeric isoform inhibited lipolysis by 21% in obese VAT (all p<0.05). Trimeric isoform induced Thr172 p-AMPK in differentiated preadipocytes from a non-obese donor, while globular isoform induced Ser79 p-ACC by 32% (p<0.05) and Ser565 p-HSL by 52% (p = 0.08) in differentiated preadipocytes from an obese donor. AdipoR2 expression was 17% and 37% higher than AdipoR1 in SCAAT of obese and non-obese groups and by 23% higher in VAT of obese subjects (all p<0.05). In conclusion, the anti-lipolytic effect of adiponectin isoforms is modified with obesity: while full-length adiponectin exerts anti-lipolytic action in non-obese SCAAT, globular and trimeric isoforms show anti-lipolytic activity in obese SCAAT and VAT, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Wedellova
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- 2 Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kovacova
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vedral
- General Surgery Department, University Hospital of Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Rossmeislova
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine and INSERM Unite 586, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Siklova-Vitkova
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Stich
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine and INSERM Unite 586, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Polak
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- 2 Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Clough GF, Stenken JA, Church MK. High Molecular Weight Targets and Treatments Using Microdialysis. MICRODIALYSIS IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4815-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Koschwanez HE, Broadbent E. The use of wound healing assessment methods in psychological studies: A review and recommendations. Br J Health Psychol 2011; 16:1-32. [DOI: 10.1348/135910710x524633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ekström M, Halle M, Bjessmo S, Liska J, Kolak M, Fisher R, Eriksson P, Tornvall P. Systemic inflammation activates the nuclear factor-kappaB regulatory pathway in adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E234-40. [PMID: 20484010 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00115.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is a store of energy but also an endocrine organ with the capacity to produce and release proinflammatory mediators into the circulation. The mechanism that may trigger human AT inflammation on a cellular level still remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an acute systemic inflammation increases AT inflammatory activity, focused on innate immunity. Open heart surgery results in an extensive acute systemic inflammation. Therefore, we investigated the in vivo gene expression and production of inflammatory mediators in omental and subcutaneous AT stimulated by surgery. Biopsies from omental and subcutaneous AT were collected before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood samples were collected at the same time as the AT biopsies and plasma IL-6 levels were measured with ELISA. RT-PCR was used for quantification of relative AT gene expression. To verify the gene expression results on a protein level, we used immunohistochemistry and microdialysis. After surgery, in both omental and subcutaneous AT, there was a strong upregulation of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated genes, e.g., chemokine ligand-2, E-selectin, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and Toll-like receptor-2. Immunohistochemistry showed staining for E-selectin associated with a high number of macrophages in close contact with and in the vascular wall. Increased levels of IL-6 were detected in microdialysate from subcutaneous AT. In conclusion, we present the novel finding that this model of inflammation induced a strong inflammatory response in both omental and subcutaneous AT including adhesion of macrophages to an activated endothelium and release of IL-6 from AT interstitium. It can be hypothesized that AT exerts a modulatory effect on innate immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Ekström
- Cardiology Unit and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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