1
|
Cordeiro R, Moura S, Castelo-Branco D, Rocha MF, Lima-Neto R, Sidrim JJ. Coccidioidomycosis in Brazil: Historical Challenges of a Neglected Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:85. [PMID: 33513773 PMCID: PMC7911456 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is a deep-seated fungal infection that occurs exclusively in semiarid areas in the Americas. In Brazil, coccidioidomycosis occurs exclusively in rural areas in the northeast region and affects counties that are hit by recurrent droughts, poverty and economic stagnation. Since 1978, approximately 136 cases of the disease have been reported in Brazil, according to scientific publications. However, a lack of governmental epidemiological data as well as a similarity to tuberculosis have led scientists and experts to assume that a greater number of cases occur in the country, which are not diagnosed and/or reported. In this review, general characteristics of coccidioidomycosis are presented, followed by a description of the main clinical and epidemiological data of cases in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to discuss the inclusion of coccidioidomycosis in the list of neglected tropical diseases. We believe that the adoption of coccidioidomycosis as a neglected tropical disease will enable the creation of an effective epidemiological surveillance system and the development of feasible public health solutions for its control in vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Santiago Moura
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Débora Castelo-Branco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60740-000, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Lima-Neto
- Center of Medical Sciences, Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife-PE 50740-600, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Sidrim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ashraf N, Kubat RC, Poplin V, Adenis AA, Denning DW, Wright L, McCotter O, Schwartz IS, Jackson BR, Chiller T, Bahr NC. Re-drawing the Maps for Endemic Mycoses. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:843-865. [PMID: 32040709 PMCID: PMC7416457 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Endemic mycoses such as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and talaromycosis are well-known causes of focal and systemic disease within specific geographic areas of known endemicity. However, over the past few decades, there have been increasingly frequent reports of infections due to endemic fungi in areas previously thought to be “non-endemic.” There are numerous potential reasons for this shift such as increased use of immune suppressive medications, improved diagnostic tests, increased disease recognition, and global factors such as migration, increased travel, and climate change. Regardless of the causes, it has become evident that our previous understanding of endemic regions for these fungal diseases needs to evolve. The epidemiology of the newly described Emergomyces is incomplete; our understanding of it continues to evolve. This review will focus on the evidence underlying the established areas of endemicity for these mycoses as well as new data and reports from medical literature that support the re-thinking these geographic boundaries. Updating the endemic fungi maps would inform clinical practice and global surveillance of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ashraf
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ryan C Kubat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Victoria Poplin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Antoine A Adenis
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane, Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - David W Denning
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Wright
- Geographic Research Analysis and Services Program, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Orion McCotter
- Mycotic Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ilan S Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brendan R Jackson
- Mycotic Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tom Chiller
- Mycotic Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reyes-Montes MDR, Frías-De-León MG, Victoriano-Pastelín I, Acosta-Altamirano G, Duarte-Escalante E. Design and evaluation of an AFLP molecular marker for the detection of Coccidioides spp. in biological samples. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:322-330. [PMID: 31539511 PMCID: PMC9428003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no standardized marker that is routinely used in clinical laboratories to diagnose coccidioidomycosis. Thus, the goals of this study were to obtain a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for the identification of Coccidioides spp., evaluate its specificity and sensitivity in fungal DNA-spiked blood and sputum samples, and compare it with previously described molecular markers. Specific amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) amplicons for Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii were cloned into the vector pGEM® -T Easy vector and sequenced to develop a SCAR marker. Oligonucleotides were designed to identify Coccidioides spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the specificity and sensitivity of these oligonucleotides were tested with the DNA from related pathogens. The specificity and sensitivity of the SCAR marker was evaluated with blood and sputum samples spiked with Coccidioides DNA and compared with other previously described markers (621, GAC2, and Ag2/PRA). In addition, the conditions for its use were established using biological samples. A specific marker named SCAR300 was obtained to identify Coccidioides spp. that exhibited good sensitivity and specificity. The results showed that all of the markers tested in this study can identify Coccidioides spp. However, the SCAR300 and 621 markers were the most sensitive, whereas the SCAR300 marker was the most specific. Thus, the SCAR300 marker is a useful tool to identify Coccidioides spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rocío Reyes-Montes
- Facultad de Medicina (UNAM), Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Isai Victoriano-Pastelín
- Facultad de Medicina (UNAM), Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Dirección de Investigación, Ixtapaluca, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Duarte-Escalante
- Facultad de Medicina (UNAM), Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan Province, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Primary and Disseminated Cutaneous Coccidioidomycosis: Clinical Aspects and Diagnosis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-016-0263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|