Aspergillus precipitating antibody in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: A cross-sectional study

Prevalence of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients With Mycobacterial and Non-Mycobacterial Tuberculosis Infection of the Lung: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Post-mycobacterial residual lung abnormality (PMLA) from prior tuberculous (PTLA) or non-tuberculous mycobacterial (PNTLA) lung infections predisposes to chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). However, the prevalence of CPA in patients with PMLA remains uncertain. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CPA in patients with PMLA.

METHODS

We performed a systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases up to January 31, 2025, to identify studies reporting CPA prevalence in patients with PTLA or PNTLA (excluding those with active tuberculosis). The pooled prevalence was calculated using frequentist meta-analysis (primary outcome), with Bayesian and trim-and-fill methods as sensitivity analyses. Study heterogeneity (I2) and publication bias were assessed. We performed multivariable meta-regression to evaluate factors affecting heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Thirty-one studies (4172 PTLA and 13,905 PNTLA) were included. Frequentist meta-analysis yielded a pooled CPA prevalence of 18% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.6-25.4). Bayesian analysis with informative priors estimated prevalence of 7.1% (95% Credible Index, 4.5-10.4), and trim-and-fill adjustment for publication bias suggested prevalence to be 3.4% (95% CI, 0.69-7.7). On a multivariable analysis, we found CPA prevalence higher in hospital-based studies, high TB burden settings and studies with prospective or cross-sectional study designs; although CPA prevalence was higher in PTLA (23.1%) than in PNTLA (7%), it was not significantly different. We detected substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 98.8%) and publication bias.

CONCLUSION

There is a high prevalence of CPA in patients with PMLA, particularly in TB-endemic regions and hospital settings. Patients with PMLA should be routinely screened for CPA in high prevalence settings.

Development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with nontuberculous mycobacterial-pulmonary disease successfully treated with dupilumab: A case report and literature review

Pulmonary manifestations in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and nontuberculous mycobacterial-pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) include bronchiectasis and mucus plugging. A 68-year-old woman, treated with antibiotics and inhaled corticosteroids for NTM-PD and asthma, presented with fever and wheezing. ABPA was diagnosed based on laboratory findings (elevated peripheral blood eosinophil counts and serum total IgE levels and positive Aspergillus-specific IgE and IgG) and imaging observation of a high-attenuation mucus plug. Systemic prednisolone was avoided to prevent NTM-PD progression. Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks IL-4/13, was introduced to improve the clinical findings. Herein, we discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this rare comorbidity.

Clinical Impact of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease and Role of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis

Objective Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is an important complication of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). However, its diagnosis is challenging, as both CPA and NTM-PD present as chronic cavitary disease. The present study evaluated the impact of CPA on the survival of patients with NTM-PD and revealed the key computed tomography findings for a prompt diagnosis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients newly diagnosed with NTM-PD in Tenri Hospital (Tenri City, Nara Prefecture, Japan) between January 2009 and March 2018; the patients were followed up until May 2021. Clinical and radiological characteristics were assessed, and patients with CPA were identified. Results A total of 611 patients were diagnosed with NTM-PD. Among them, 38 (6.2%), 102 (17%), and 471 (77%) patients were diagnosed with NTM-PD with CPA, cavitary NTM-PD without CPA, and non-cavitary NTM-PD without CPA, respectively. The 5-year survival rate of the NTM-PD with CPA group (42.8%; 95% confidence interval: 28.7-64.0%) was lower than that of the cavitary NTM-PD without CPA group (74.4%; 95% confidence interval: 65.4-84.6%). A multivariate analysis revealed that fungal balls and cavities with adjacent extrapleural fat were significant predictive factors for NTM-PD with CPA. Conclusion NTM-PD with CPA patients exhibited a worse prognosis than cavitary NTM-PD without CPA patients. Therefore, an unerring diagnosis of CPA is essential for managing patients with NTM-PD. Computed tomography findings, such as fungal balls and cavities with adjacent extrapleural fat, may be valuable diagnostic clues when CPA is suspected in patients with NTM-PD.

Lady Windermere syndrome with haemoptysis: suspected pulmonary aspergilloma and MAC pulmonary disease

We present a case of a woman in her 70s, with a history of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary disease, pectus excavatum, s-shaped thoracolumbar scoliosis, bronchiectasis of the right middle lobe, lingula of left upper lobe, and malnutrition with low body mass index of 14 kg/m2, who presented to the hospital due to worsening shortness of breath and small volume haemoptysis over 2 weeks. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary MAC infection for the first time in 1999 without known history of pulmonary disease. Later on, it was complicated by massive haemoptysis requiring bronchial artery embolisation; however, she was unable to complete an oral antibiotic regimen due to gastrointestinal adverse reactions. Chest CT identified a newly found mass in the left upper lobe bulla, consistent with a radiological finding of aspergilloma. We present a rare symptoms constellation, described as 'Lady Windermere syndrome' and chronic untreated MAC infection progressing from reticulonodular changes to fibrocavitary lung disease and suspected aspergilloma formation.

Clinical Features and Prognosis of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pleuritis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Rationale: The clinical features and prognosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pleuritis and pleural effusion combined with NTM lung disease remain unclear. Objectives: To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of NTM pleuritis. Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients with NTM pleuritis from January 2001 to June 2018 across eight hospitals in Japan. NTM pleuritis was defined by a positive NTM culture of pleural effusion samples. We matched patients with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease (MAC-LD) without pleuritis by sex and age to obtain comparative data and investigated the association between clinical parameters and the prognosis. Results: We identified 64 patients with NTM pleuritis (median age, 73 yr; 37 female patients). The median follow-up duration was 11 months, and 27 patients died. Patients with MAC pleuritis had a significantly lower survival rate than matched patients with MAC-LD without pleuritis. Multivariate analysis revealed that pleuritis (adjusted hazard ratio, 6.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-19.00) and underlying pulmonary diseases (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.44-6.28) were independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients with MAC-LD. Conclusions: The prognosis of MAC pleuritis is poorer than that of MAC-LD without pleuritis. Pleuritis is an independent prognostic factor in patients with MAC-LD.

Simultaneous treatment for M ycobacterium-avium complex lung disease and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A case report

Recently, there are several reports of simultaneous allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and Mycobacterium-avium complex (MAC) lung disease. However, the strategies for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for patients with both ABPA and MAC lung disease have not been established. Here, we report a case with ABPA complicated by MAC lung disease, which was successfully diagnosed and treated by simultaneous administration of systemic steroids and antimycobacterial drugs. Bronchoscopy can be useful in the diagnosis of such cases. Furthermore, in a patient with concurrent ABPA and MAC lung disease, simultaneous treatments for both diseases could reduce both diseases.

Longitudinal validity and prognostic significance of the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire in Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND

Although previous cross-sectional studies showed the feasibility and clinical association of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) in Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), its longitudinal validity is poorly understood. We aimed to determine the longitudinal validity and prognostic significance of SGRQ.

METHODS

In this prospective observational study conducted between May 2012 and August 2018, we evaluated 269 enrolled patients with MAC-PD and examined associations between baseline SGRQ total scores and mortality or clinical variables (anchors), including serum C-reactive protein levels and pulmonary function test results.

RESULTS

Age- and sex-matched SGRQ scores indicated significantly greater impairment in patients with MAC-PD than in the general population (P < 0.001). On multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the SGRQ total score ≥25 was an independent risk factor for mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.65-37.7) as well as age, body mass index, and forced vital capacity (FVC). Mixed-effect model results showed a significant association between SGRQ symptom/total scores and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), FVC, and diffusing carbon monoxide capacity. Older age, a positive smear, non-nodular/bronchiectatic form, and cavity regions were associated with SGRQ total score deterioration. Patients with a greater decline from baseline FEV₁ (% predicted) exhibited significantly worse impairment in the SGRQ total score (mean ± SE, 4.69 ± 10.9 points, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

SGRQ showed longitudinal validity in assessing disease severity and was sensitive to changes in patients with MAC-PD, especially changes in %FEV_1. The SGRQ total score may be an important prognostic factor.

Development of lung cancer in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease

BACKGROUND

As lung cancer development in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) has never been reported, we investigated its incidence and clinical characteristics.

METHODS

Prospective observational cohort registry (from June 2012 to June 2017), and retrospective identification by the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (between March 2010 and March 2018), were used to identify NTM-LD patients aged ≥20 years who developed lung cancer.

RESULTS

Eight patients (two men and six women, one with smoking history), having Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD) were identified. Four were identified from retrospective chart reviews and four from the prospective observational cohort registry (n = 361, 289 women; 311 never-smokers). All patients underwent chest computed tomography (CT) at least once a year. The incidence rate of lung cancer developing in NTM-LD patients was 124.6 per 100,000 patient-years, which was higher than the lung cancer rate in Japan. The mean age at diagnosis of MAC-LD and lung cancer was 63.6 and 74.4 years, respectively. The most common lung cancer types were adenocarcinoma (six patients) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (two patients). Lung cancer was diagnosed at early and advanced clinical stages in seven and one patients, respectively. Outcomes were favorable, except in two patients: one with advanced stage disease, and another with poor performance status.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified the clinical characteristics of eight MAC-LD patients who developed lung cancer. NTM-LD may be a risk factor for lung cancer development. Periodic follow-up with chest CT might contribute to early diagnosis and curative therapy for lung cancer.

Quantitative assessment of erector spinae muscles in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

No reports exist regarding skeletal muscle involvement in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD). The cross-sectional area of the erector spinae muscles (ESM_CSA) reflects physical activity and can be assessed by computed tomography (CT). We investigated the relationship between ESM_CSA and physiological parameters and prognosis in MAC-LD patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this prospective observational study, the ESM_CSA was measured on single-slice axial CT images. MAC-LD patients and sex- and age-matched controls (non-MAC-LD participants) were evaluated. We evaluated the relationship between the ESM_CSA and physiological parameters and prognosis.

RESULTS

A total of 260 patients (209 female; median age, 69 years; 190 with nodular/bronchiectatic disease; 74 with cavitary lesions) were enrolled. The ESM_CSA was not different between MAC-LD patients and controls. In MAC-LD patients, the ESM_CSA was significantly associated with age, body mass index (BMI), pulmonary function, CT severity, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses revealed that an ESM_CSA < -1 standard derivation (hazards ratio [HR], 2.76; P = 0.047) was significantly associated with all-cause mortality, along with BMI < 18.5 kg/m² (HR, 3.67; P = 0.02) and presence of cavitary lesions (HR, 5.84; P = 0.001). However, the ESM_CSA was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality when current treatment status, % predicted functional vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were added to the analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the prognostic impact was limited, ESM_CSA was significantly associated with HRQL and prognostic physiological parameters, such as BMI and pulmonary function.