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Yoshitani GD, Camilo SLO, Fritzen JTT, Oliveira MV, Lorenzetti E, Lisbôa JAN, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Serological Profile for Major Respiratory Viruses in Unvaccinated Cows from High-Yielding Dairy Herds. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1256. [PMID: 38731260 PMCID: PMC11083270 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the serological profile of high-yielding dairy cows for four main viruses (bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)) related to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle herds worldwide. In this survey, 497 blood serum samples were collected from non-vaccinated dairy cows without clinical respiratory signs in 39 herds in the central-eastern mesoregion of Paraná State, South Brazil. The presence of neutralizing antibodies was determined by virus neutralization (VN) tests. VN antibodies against BoAHV1, BVDV, BPIV3, and BRSV were detected in 355 (71.4%), 280 (56.3%), 481 (96.8%), and 315 (63.4%) serum samples, respectively. The frequencies of seropositive herds for BoAHV1, BVDV, BPIV3, and BRSV were 79.5 (n = 31), 82.0 (n = 32), 100 (n = 39), and 84.6% (n = 33), respectively. The frequencies of seropositive cows varied according to the type of herd management and the number of cows in the herd. The detection of VN antibodies in unvaccinated dairy cattle herds demonstrated the endemic circulation of the four viruses in the herds evaluated. For BRD prevention, it is recommended to implement a vaccination program for cows that provides passive immunity in calves and active immunity in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovana Depieri Yoshitani
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (G.D.Y.); (J.T.T.F.); (M.V.O.); (E.L.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Stefany Lia Oliveira Camilo
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (S.L.O.C.); (J.A.N.L.)
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (G.D.Y.); (J.T.T.F.); (M.V.O.); (E.L.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Marcos Vinicius Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (G.D.Y.); (J.T.T.F.); (M.V.O.); (E.L.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (G.D.Y.); (J.T.T.F.); (M.V.O.); (E.L.); (A.F.A.)
- Post Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Pitágoras Unopar Anhanguera, Arapongas 86702-670, PR, Brazil
| | - Julio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (S.L.O.C.); (J.A.N.L.)
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (G.D.Y.); (J.T.T.F.); (M.V.O.); (E.L.); (A.F.A.)
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil; (G.D.Y.); (J.T.T.F.); (M.V.O.); (E.L.); (A.F.A.)
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
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Werid GM, Van TD, Miller D, Hemmatzadeh F, Fulton RW, Kirkwood R, Petrovski K. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus Detection Methods and Prevalence in Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:494. [PMID: 38338137 PMCID: PMC10854990 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V) is an important respiratory pathogen in cattle, contributing to syndromes in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Despite its significance, the understanding of its prevalence remains fragmented, especially within the larger framework of BRDC. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of BPI3V in cattle using varied detection methods and to highlight associated risk factors. Of 2187 initially retrieved articles, 71 were selected for analysis, covering 32 countries. Depending on the detection method employed, the meta-analysis revealed significant variations in BPI3V prevalence. In the general cattle population, the highest prevalence was observed using the antibody detection method, with a proportion of 0.64. In contrast, in cattle with BRDC, a prevalence of 0.75 was observed. For the antigen detection method, a prevalence of 0.15 was observed, exclusively in cattle with BRDC. In nucleic acid detection, a prevalence of 0.05 or 0.10 was observed in the general and BRDC cattle populations, respectively. In virus isolation methods, a prevalence of 0.05 or 0.04 was observed in the general and BRDC cattle populations, respectively. These findings highlight the differences in the detection ability of different methods in identifying BPI3V. Other factors, such as country, study year, coinfections, farm size, the presence of respiratory signs, sex, and body weight, may also affect the prevalence. Most studies were anchored within broader BRDC investigations or aimed at detecting other diseases, indicating a potential under-representation of focused BPI3V research. BPI3V plays an important role in BRDC, with its prevalence varying significantly based on the detection methodology. To further understand its unique role within BRDC and pave the way for targeted interventions, there is an evident need for independent, dedicated research on BPI3V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Thien D. Van
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Darren Miller
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Robert W. Fulton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Broken Arrow, OK 74014, USA
| | - Roy Kirkwood
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Wong JT, Lane JK, Allan FK, Vidal G, Vance C, Donadeu M, Jackson W, Nwankpa V, Abera S, Mekonnen GA, Kebede N, Admassu B, Amssalu K, Lemma A, Fentie T, Smith W, Peters AR. Reducing Calf Mortality in Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162126. [PMID: 36009716 PMCID: PMC9405078 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Disease and death of young livestock cause financial and production difficulties to farmers around the world. High rates of disease and death occur in various production systems in Ethiopia, hampering livestock production, reducing incomes, and damaging livelihoods. Over the last 10 years, studies carried out in Ethiopia have reported death and disease incidence rates in young livestock as high as 31% and 67%, respectively. Diarrhea and respiratory infections are the two leading causes of disease and death in calves in all production systems. In this paper, we describe findings from the experience of the Young Stock Mortality Reduction Consortium. This unique group produced important information on the main causes of disease and death in Ethiopia and created activities for small-scale farmers to address these problems. We found that several diseases caused diarrhea and respiratory infections in young calves in Ethiopia. Improving farmer knowledge and behaviors with respect to basic livestock management led to considerable reductions in young livestock disease and death and has the potential to help improve livestock productivity and human livelihoods in Ethiopia. Abstract Morbidity and mortality of young stock present economic and production challenges to livestock producers globally. In Ethiopia, calf morbidity and mortality rates, particularly due to diarrhea and respiratory disease, are high, limiting production, incomes, and the ability of farmers to improve their livelihoods. In this paper, we present findings from the combined experience of the Young Stock Mortality Reduction Consortium, which conducted epidemiological and intervention testing in calves across three production systems. This innovative alliance identified Cryptosporidium parvum and E. Coli K99 as the most common causes of diarrhea in pastoral and peri-urban calves; Strongyloides spp. as the most common fecal parasite in mixed crop–livestock and peri-urban calves; and bovine adenovirus, parainfluenza virus-3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus as the most common respiratory pathogens in peri-urban calves. Furthermore, by improving producer knowledge with respect to fundamental livestock husbandry, feeding, housing, and neonatal care practices, calf mortality risk across production systems was reduced by 31.4 to 71.4% compared to baseline (between 10.5 and 32.1%), whereas risk of diarrhea was reduced by 52.6–75.3% (baseline between 11.4 and 30.4%) and risk of respiratory disease was reduced by 23.6–80.8% (baseline between 3.3 and 16.3%). These findings have informed scaling strategies and can potentially contribute to improved livestock productivity and human livelihoods in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T. Wong
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jennifer K. Lane
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Fiona K. Allan
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gema Vidal
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ciara Vance
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Wendi Jackson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Veronica Nwankpa
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Shubisa Abera
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia
| | | | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Admassu
- Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kassaw Amssalu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 62347, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Lemma
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaw Fentie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Tewodros Campus, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 169, Ethiopia
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew R. Peters
- Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Oucheriah Y, Heleili N, Colin A, Mottet C, Tardy F, Becker CAM. Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Algeria and Characterisation of the Isolated Clones. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:910799. [PMID: 35669175 PMCID: PMC9163989 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.910799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in calves in Algeria, but to date, Mycoplasma bovis has never been monitored as a potential etiological agent. Here, to assess the presence (direct detection) and circulation (indirect detection) of M. bovis, broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and serum samples were collected from 60 veal calf farms in Algeria. A commercial ELISA kit (ID Screen® ELISA) was used to screen for the presence of specific antibodies against M. bovis in 351 blood sera collected from both diseased and healthy calves, and 69% (241 sera) tested positive. BALFs from the 176 diseased calves were used to screen for M. bovis by real-time-PCR (rt-PCR), and 102 (58%) tested positive. A non-exhaustive set of 53 clones were isolated from 44 calves and further subtyped using polC gene sequencing. No predominant subtype was found, and two clones exhibited a new subtype. Fourteen clones were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, and results showed a high degree of genetic diversity, with some clones having new alleles and subtypes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5 antimicrobials regularly used to treat BRD was determined on 45 clones. Susceptibility profiles showed very broad diversity, confirming the variety of clones actively circulating. We detected clones with high MICs, including increased MICs of enrofloxacin (n = 5). This is the first study to report the presence of M. bovis in Algeria in calves with BRD. This research also finds broad genetic and phenotypic diversity in the actively circulating isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nouzha Heleili
- Université de Batna, Laboratoire de Recherche ESPA, Batna, Algeria
| | - Adélie Colin
- Université de Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Mottet
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Anses, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Lyon, France
| | - Claire A M Becker
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Anses, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Muasya D, Van Leeuwen J, Gitau G, McKenna S, Heider L, Muraya J. Evaluation of antibody and antigen cross-reaction in Kenyan dairy cattle naturally infected with two pestiviruses: Bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus. Vet World 2022; 15:1290-1296. [PMID: 35765487 PMCID: PMC9210842 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1290-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are important pathogens of cattle and pigs, respectively, and belong to the genus Pestivirus. As CSFV has been shown to infect cattle, it can create diagnostic challenges of BVDV results through possible cross-reactivity where cattle could be exposed to pigs and CSFV. This study aimed to determine the possible cross-reactivity of BVDV and CSFV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results for antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) among smallholder dairy cattle in Kenya. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on a single visit to farms to collect serum samples and other descriptive farm-level and animal-level information. Testing for BVDV Ag and Ab was conducted on serum samples from 320 dairy cows and heifers, with CSFV Ag and Ab testing conducted on a subset of 133 and 74 serum samples, respectively. CSFV testing was based on BVDV test results and the availability of enough sample volume from farms that kept pigs. The Ag and Ab tests utilized IDEXX ELISA for both BVDV and CSFV. Results: For the 74 samples with Ab tests for both viruses, 40 (54.0%) were BVDV Ab positive, while 63 (85.1%) were CSFV Ab positive. Of the 40 BVDV Ab positive samples, 36 cattle (90.0%) tested positive for CSFV Ab. However, of the 34 BVDV Ab negative samples, 27 (79.4%) were CSFV Ab test-positive. For the 133 samples with Ag tests for both viruses, 125 (94.0%) were BVDV Ag positive, while 2 (1.5%) samples were CSFV Ag positive. None of the eight BVDV Ag negative samples was positive for CSFV Ag and only two (1.6%) of the 125 BVDV Ag positive samples were positive for CSFV Ag. Conclusion: The results indicate either substantial cross-reactivity of the two Ab ELISA tests, or reactivity with some other protein in the samples that led to the positive Ab test results. There was only limited evidence for cross-reactivity of the two Ag ELISA tests. We recommend that Pestivirus genus cross-reactivity be considered when interpreting BVDV ELISA results in cattle, more for Ab than Ag tests. Further research is needed to clarify the levels of cross-reactivity between BVDV and other Pestivirus Ag and Ab tests from animals on mixed-species farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Muasya
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Van Leeuwen
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - George Gitau
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Luke Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Joan Muraya
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ortega DO, Sarmiento RAM, Torreglosa JCT, Rocha JF. Prevalence and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle. Vet World 2020; 13:1487-1494. [PMID: 33061218 PMCID: PMC7522956 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1487-1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is present in most cattle-raising countries around the world, and it has a negative economic impact in cattle herds. In Colombia, previous studies have estimated the prevalence of BVDV in specific locations. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BVDV in cattle herds located at several municipalities across the country and to identify the associated risk and protective factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of BVDV in Colombian cattle populations at farm and animal-levels. A total of 387 herds and 8110 animals located in seven different departments were included in this study. Results: An animal- and farm-level prevalence of 36% and 69%, respectively, were estimated. A high variation for the farm-level prevalence was found among the municipalities studied. Moreover, seropositive cattle to the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (odds ratio (OR)=2.38, p=0.0479) and Neospora caninum (OR=3.15, p=0.0122) were more likely to be seropositive for BVDV, while the practice of burning dead animals at the farm was identified as a protective factor (OR=0.17, p=0.014). Conclusion: The prevalence of BVDV varied more at farm-level compared to animal-level. Two risk factors and one protective factor were identified. The results of the current study are essential to understand the epidemiology of BVDV in Colombia, and to formulate strategies in the region to mitigate the impact of this virus on the productive and reproductive indicators of cattle farms at the regional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ortiz Ortega
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | | | | | - Juan Felipe Rocha
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia
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Kipyego ES, Gitau G, Vanleeuwen J, Kimeli P, Abuom TO, Gakuya D, Muraya J, Makau D. Sero-prevalence and risk factors of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (type 1) in Meru County, Kenya. Prev Vet Med 2020; 175:104863. [PMID: 31837607 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the antibody sero-prevalence of Bovine Herpesvirus-1 which cause Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and to identify risk factors associated with BHV-1 antibody seropositivity among smallholder dairy farms in Meru County, Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Naari area of Meru County, Kenya between September-October 2016 and March-April 2017. The 149 farmers were randomly selected from members of the Naari Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society who were actively delivering milk to the society at the time of the study. Serum samples were obtained from 403 female dairy cattle. Farm level management and animal factors were collected through direct interviews with the owner or someone who was knowledgeable about the animals. All serum samples were processed with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gB ELISA) to determine the presence of antibodies to BHV-1. The overall farm-level and animal-level sero-prevalences of BHV-1 antibodies were 30.9 % (95 % CI: 23.6%-39.0%) and 17.4 % (95 % CI: 13.8%-21.4%), respectively. In the final multivariable analysis, the factors significantly associated with BHV-1 antibodies included; age of the dairy cattle (OR = 1.200, p = 0.001), age of the principal female farmers (OR = 0.182, p = 0.001) and rearing goats in the farm (OR = 26.77, p = 0.000). There was a significant interaction between rearing goats on the farm and age of the dairy cattle (p < 0.010); younger cattle seemed to have been exposed to BHV or a cross-reacting caprine herpesvirus when goats were on the farm. The results showed that BHV-1 was circulating among the cattle population in the Naari area of Meru County. Given that there is not BHV-1 vaccination use in this study population, training on the importance of biosecurity and vaccination for BHV-1 are recommended to reduce the transmission and impacts of BHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Kimeli
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Prince Edward Island
| | | | | | - Joan Muraya
- University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Prince Edward Island
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Olum MO, Mungube EO, Njanja J, Kidali J, Njenga E, Maichomo M, Tsuma VT, Mugambi J. Seroprevalence of canine neosporosis and bovine viral diarrhoea in dairy cattle in selected regions of Kenya. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 2:154-158. [PMID: 31984679 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is the causative agent for canine neosporosis (CN), a disease of potential zoonotic importance causing reproductive losses in cattle while causing neuromuscular disease in dogs. Bovine viral diarrhoea on the other hand is caused by the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and is one of the most important reproductive diseases of cattle worldwide. In Kenya, these infections are of economic importance due to the losses they cause in farms in which they are diagnosed or are subclinical. Such losses include reduced milk production, reduced conception, early embryonic deaths and abortions which lead to reproductive wastage. This study was conducted between April 2017 and July 2018 and determined the seroprevalence of neoporosis and BVD in select dairy herds in Kenya. Kakamega, Nandi and Makueni Counties from where dairy farms were purposively sampled were used. Serum samples were collected from randomly selected dairy animals aged at least 2 years in the selected farms and screened for BVDV and CN antibodies. Seroprevalence of N. caninum was 24.1% (n = 552) and BVD, 52.3% (n = 545) across all the counties. Co-infection where antibodies against the two infective agents were present was in 14.6% (n = 541) animals. Chi-square tests of association between prevalence and county were significant for BVD (p = .000) but not for neosporosis (p = .626). Further chi-square tests of association between the two infections were not significant (p = .105) neither were the associations of BVD (p = .575) and neosporosis (p = .626) on pregnancy status. These two diseases are rarely investigated as causes of bovine infertility. Detection of antibodies in the studied dairy herds underpins the need for enhanced surveillance by laboratories and for further studies to understand associated risk factors to formulate effective control strategies in dairy cattle to forestall abortions and production and reproduction losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses O Olum
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Erick O Mungube
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - James Njanja
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - John Kidali
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Edward Njenga
- Clinical Studies Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monicah Maichomo
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Veterinary Science Research Institute, Muguga North, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Victor T Tsuma
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Mugambi
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Nairobi, Kenya
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Ma JG, Tian AL, Zheng WB, Zou Y, Zhang YT, Yang ZQ. First report of bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) in Tibetan Plateau, China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:719-722. [PMID: 30269235 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) are important pathogens, which cause serious disease in animals. However, information about BVDV and MAP infection in Tibetan sheep in China is limited. Two thousand one hundred and eighty-seven blood samples were collected from Tibetan sheep between April 2013 and March 2014 from the Tibetan Plateau and tested for BVDV and MAP antibodies using commercial ELISA kits. The overall seroprevalence of BVDV and MAP in Tibetan sheep was 36.7 and 11.29%, respectively. Furthermore, risk factor analysis indicated that the age of sheep was statistically significant associated with BVDV infection and the region was considered as the risk factor of MAP infection in sheep (P < 0.05), gender and season were not considered as risk factors. This is the first report of seroprevalence and risk factors associated with BVDV and MAP infection in Tibetan Sheep in China, which will provide baseline information for controlling BVDV and MAP infection in ruminants in the Tibetan Plateau, western China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ti Zhang
- Tai'erzhuang District Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office, Tai'erzhuang, 277400, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Qi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Torsson E, Berg M, Misinzo G, Herbe I, Kgotlele T, Päärni M, Roos N, Blomström AL, Ståhl K, Johansson Wensman J. Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017; 7:1368336. [PMID: 29081918 PMCID: PMC5645728 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1368336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Livestock husbandry is critical for food security and poverty reduction in a low-income country like Tanzania. Infectious disease is one of the major constraints reducing the productivity in this sector. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most important diseases affecting small ruminants, but other infectious diseases may also be present. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Methods: Serum samples were collected in 2014 and 2015, and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies to the five pathogens. Results and discussion: This is the first description of seroprevalence of FMD and BT among small ruminants in Tanzania. Risk factor analysis identified sex (female) (OR for 2014: PPR: 2.49, CCPP: 3.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 12.4, OR for 2015: PPR: 14.1, CCPP: 1.10, FMD: 2.67, BT: 1.90, BVD: 4.73) and increasing age (>2 years) (OR for 2014: PPR: 14.9, CCPP: 2.34, FMD: 7.52, BT: 126, OR for 2015: PPR: 8.13, CCPP: 1.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 7.83, BVD: 4.74) as risk factors for exposure to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeli Torsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ida Herbe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tebogo Kgotlele
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Malin Päärni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Roos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Ståhl
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Rajeev M, Mutinda M, Ezenwa VO. Pathogen Exposure in Cattle at the Livestock-Wildlife Interface. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:542-551. [PMID: 28470362 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land use is an important driver of variation in human infectious disease risk, but less is known about how land use affects disease risk in livestock. To understand how land use is associated with disease risk in livestock, we examined patterns of pathogen exposure in cattle across two livestock ranching systems in rural Kenya: private ranches with low- to medium-intensity cattle production and high wildlife densities, and group ranches with high-intensity cattle production and low wildlife densities. We surveyed cattle from six ranches for three pathogens: Brucella spp., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Leptospira serovar Hardjo. We found that exposure risk for Leptospira was higher on private ranches than on group ranches, but there was no difference in exposure by ranch type for Brucella or BVDV. We hypothesize that variation in livestock and wildlife contact patterns between ranch types may be driving the pattern observed for Leptospira exposure and that the different relationships we found between exposure risk and ranch type by pathogen may be explained by differences in transmission mode. Overall, our results suggest that wildlife-livestock contact patterns may play a key role in shaping pathogen transmission to livestock and that the magnitude of such effects likely depend on characteristics of the pathogen in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Rajeev
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA
| | | | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA.
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