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Jori F, Petit G, Civil N, Decors A, Charrier F, Casabianca F, Grosbois V. A questionnaire survey for the assessment of wild-domestic pig interactions in a context oedema disease outbreaks among wild boars (Sus scrofa) in South-Eastern France. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:4009-4015. [PMID: 36083807 PMCID: PMC10087242 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pig outdoor farming is gaining popularity and commercial success in the European Union, and its expansion, together with an increasing wild boar population, facilitates interactions between domestic and wild suids. In the Southern French Department of Ardèche, several episodes of mass mortalities due to infection with an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli causing oedema disease (OD) were reported in wild boar populations between 2013 and 2016. In order to investigate a potential link between those events and the frequency of interactions between wild boar and domestic pig, we analyzed regional vegetation and hunting bag data and implemented a semi-structured questionnaire survey among a total of 30 outdoor pig farmers and 30 hunters distributed inside and outside the identified area of OD emergence. One third of interviewed farmers (11/30) had experienced intrusions of wild boars in domestic pig premises during the previous year. Similarly, 23% of interviewed hunters reported interactions between wild boar and feral free-ranging pigs in recent years, and 60% reported the observation of free-ranging pigs with a phenotypic feature of Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs (55%). Our analysis identified that in the OD emergence area, several factors could facilitate the transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic suids including a predominance of forested vegetation, a higher estimated wild boar density, weaker levels of farm biosecurity, a higher level of reported wild boar intrusions in pig farms and several reports of feral pot-bellied pig presence. Although our sample was limited, our study suggested a widespread occurrence of situations facilitating the transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic suids. Similar studies in other rural regions in the European Union are recommended, in order to promote preparedness for the emergence and circulation of shared swine pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Jori
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - G Petit
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,INRAE, Center of Corsica, Corsica, France
| | - N Civil
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - A Decors
- OFB (Office Français de la Biodiversité), DRAS, Orléans, France
| | - F Charrier
- Tropical and Mediterranean Animal Production Systems, UMR SELMET, CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR LISIS, Gustave Eiffel University, INRAE, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | | | - V Grosbois
- UMR ASTRE (Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes), CIRAD-INRAE, Montpellier, France.,UMR ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Mary N, Iannuccelli N, Petit G, Bonnet N, Pinton A, Barasc H, Amélie F, Calgaro A, Grosbois V, Servin B, Ducos A, Riquet J. Genome‐wide analysis of hybridization in wild boar populations reveals adaptive introgression from domestic pig. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1115-1128. [PMID: 35899256 PMCID: PMC9309462 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The admixture of domestic pig into French wild boar populations has been monitored since the 1980s thanks to the existence of a cytogenetic difference between the two sub‐species. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36 in wild boar and 2n = 38 in pig, respectively. This difference makes it possible to assign the “hybrid” status to wild boar individuals controlled with 37 or 38 chromosomes. However, it does not make it possible to determine the timing of the hybridization(s), nor to guarantee the absence of domestic admixture in an animal with 2n = 36 chromosomes. In order to analyze hybridization in greater detail and to avoid the inherent limitations of the cytogenetic approach, 362 wild boars (WB) recently collected in different French geographical areas and in different environments (farms, free ranging in protected or unprotected areas, animals with 2n = 36, 37 or 38 chromosomes) were genotyped on a 70K SNP chip. Principal component analyses allowed the identification of 13 “outliers” (3.6%), for which the proportion of the genome of “domestic” origin was greater than 40% (Admixture analyses). These animals were probably recent hybrids, having Asian domestic pig ancestry for most of them. For the remaining 349 animals studied, the proportion of the genome of “wild” origin varied between 83% and 100% (median: 94%). This proportion varied significantly depending on how the wild boar populations were managed. Local ancestry analyses revealed adaptive introgression from domestic pig, suggesting a critical role of genetic admixture in improving the fitness and population growth of WB. Overall, our results show that the methods used to monitor the domestic genetic contributions to wild boar populations should evolve in order to limit the level of admixture between the two gene pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mary
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Bonnet
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Alain Pinton
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Harmonie Barasc
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Faure Amélie
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Anne Calgaro
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | | | - Bertrand Servin
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Alain Ducos
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
| | - Juliette Riquet
- GenPhySE Université de Toulouse INRAE, ENVT Castanet Tolosan France
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Iannuccelli N, Mary N, Bonnet N, Petit G, Valle C, Ducos A, Riquet J. Genotyping data of French wild boar populations using porcine genome-wide genotyping array. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:170. [PMID: 35562745 PMCID: PMC9102940 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The admixture of domestic pig into wild boar populations is controlled until now, by cytogenetic analysis. Even if a first-generation hybrid animal is discernable because of its 37-chromosome karyotype, the cytogenetic method is not applicable in the case of advanced intercrosses. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the use of SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers as an alternative technology to characterize recent or past hybridization between the two sub-species. The final goal would be to develop a molecular diagnostic tool. Data description The Geneseek Genomic Profiler High-Density porcine beadchip (GGP70KHD, Illumina, USA), comprising 68,516 porcine SNPs, was used on a set of 362 wild boars with diverse chromosomal statuses collected from different areas and breeding environments in France. We generated approximately 62,192–64,046 genotypes per wild boar. The present dataset might be useful for the community (i) for developing molecular tools to evaluate the admixture of domestic pig into wild boar populations, and (ii) for genetic diversity studies including wild boar species or phylogeny analyses of Suidae populations. Raw data files and a processed matrix data file were deposited in the ArrayExpress at European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) data portal under accession number E-MTAB-10591.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Mary
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Carine Valle
- Technological Center, Genomics and Transcriptomics Platform, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, UMR 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Ducos
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Juliette Riquet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Perrat A, Branchu P, Decors A, Turci S, Bayon-Auboyer MH, Petit G, Grosbois V, Brugère H, Auvray F, Oswald E. Wild Boars as Reservoir of Highly Virulent Clone of Hybrid Shiga Toxigenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Responsible for Edema Disease, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:382-393. [PMID: 35075992 PMCID: PMC8798679 DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.211491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema disease is an often fatal enterotoxemia caused by specific strains of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that affect primarily healthy, rapidly growing nursery pigs. Recently, outbreaks of edema disease have also emerged in France in wild boars. Analysis of STEC strains isolated from wild boars during 2013–2019 showed that they belonged to the serotype O139:H1 and were positive for both Stx2e and F18 fimbriae. However, in contrast to classical STEC O139:H1 strains circulating in pigs, they also possessed enterotoxin genes sta1 and stb, typical of enterotoxigenic E. coli. In addition, the strains contained a unique accessory genome composition and did not harbor antimicrobial-resistance genes, in contrast to domestic pig isolates. These data thus reveal that the emergence of edema disease in wild boars was caused by atypical hybrid of STEC and enterotoxigenic E. coli O139:H1, which so far has been restricted to the wildlife environment.
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