1
|
Bost C, Castro-Scholten S, Sadeghi B, Cano-Terriza D, Frías M, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Groschup MH, García-Bocanegra I, Fischer K. Approaching the complexity of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus serology: A study in swine. J Virol Methods 2024; 326:114915. [PMID: 38479590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic orthonairovirus of public health concern and widespread geographic distribution. Several animal species are known to seroconvert after infection with CCHFV without showing clinical symptoms. The commercial availability of a multi-species ELISA has led to an increase in recent serosurveillance studies as well as in the range of species reported to be exposed to CCHFV in the field, including wild boar (Sus scrofa). However, development and validation of confirmatory serological tests for swine based on different CCHFV antigens or test principles are hampered by the lack of defined control sera from infected and non-infected animals. For the detection of anti-CCHFV antibodies in swine, we established a swine-specific in-house ELISA using a panel of swine sera from CCHFV-free regions and regions with reported CCHFV circulation. We initially screened more than 700 serum samples from wild boar and domestic pigs and observed a correlation of ≃67% between the commercial and the in-house test. From these sera, we selected a panel of 60 samples that were further analyzed in a newly established indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA) and virus neutralization test. ELISA-non-reactive samples tested negative. Interestingly, only a subset of samples reactive in both ELISA and iIFA displayed CCHFV-neutralizing antibodies. The observed partial discrepancy between the tests may be explained by different test sensitivities, antibody cross-reactivities or suggests that the immune response to CCHFV in swine is not necessarily associated with eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Overall, this study highlights that meaningful CCHFV serology in swine, and possibly other species, should involve the performance of multiple tests and careful interpretation of the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bost
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems, Greifswald-Insel, Germany
| | - Sabrina Castro-Scholten
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems, Greifswald-Insel, Germany
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14004, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mario Frías
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14004, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems, Greifswald-Insel, Germany
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14004, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Riems, Greifswald-Insel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bíl M, Andrášik R, Bílová M. Wildlife-vehicle collisions: The disproportionate risk of injury faced by motorcyclists. Injury 2024; 55:111301. [PMID: 38158319 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We applied a generalized linear mixed-effects model to determine the factors leading to injuries from wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs). We used the Police database representing WVCs which took place on the Czech road network between 2009 and 2022. The majority of WVCs in Czechia are with roe deer, followed by wild boar, i.e., both relatively small ungulates. Less than 2 % of these encounters ends with an injury to the motor vehicle occupants. We found that the probability of sustaining injury was systematically higher for motorcyclists than for car occupants. The odds of sustaining an injury during WVC were roughly 1600 times higher for motorcyclists than for car occupants. When applying an evading manoeuvre, the odds of sustaining an injury were approximately 68 times higher for car occupants while only 2.3 times higher for motorcyclists compared to a direct hit to an animal. The lack of helmets (for motorcyclists) and missing seat belts (for car occupants) were additional factors which made the outcomes worse for WVCs. While the acceptance of a direct hit (preceded by braking) seems to be a reasonable strategy for car drivers, WVC awareness (including maintaining a lower speed during critical times and places) should be raised among motorcyclists as both manoeuvres are almost comparably dangerous for them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bíl
- CDV - Transport Research Centre, Líšeňská 33a, 636 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Andrášik
- CDV - Transport Research Centre, Líšeňská 33a, 636 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bílová
- CDV - Transport Research Centre, Líšeňská 33a, 636 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
TuckerWilliams E, Lepczyk CA, Morse W, Smith M. Perceptions of Wild Pig Impact, Management, and Policy in Alabama. Environ Manage 2024; 73:1032-1048. [PMID: 38466407 PMCID: PMC11023992 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Successful management of invasive species often requires working across public and private landownerships. A prime example of an invasive species that commonly occurs on privately and publicly owned and managed lands is the wild pig (Sus scrofa). Because of the multitude of negative impacts associated with wild pigs, management must occur across both private and public lands to achieve widespread control and sustained success. However, managing wild pigs across property boundaries is challenging as we know very little about differing management practices and landowner perspectives. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to understand wild pig management efforts on privately owned lands, the perceived economic, ecological, and human health impact of wild pigs, and beliefs related to policy. Generally, stakeholders believe wild pigs have negative impacts on wildlife, the economy, and ecological and public health, however less than half of landowners participate in wild pig control. Furthermore, stakeholders believe that the responsibility of managing and paying for damages associated with wild pigs lies with individual landowners. Our findings suggest that increased efficacy of wild pig control and collaboration between private and public landowners is not only possible but also necessary if wild pig population control is to be regionally successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellary TuckerWilliams
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Christopher A Lepczyk
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Wayde Morse
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bontrager HL, Hinton TG, Okuda K, Beasley JC. The impact of sampling scale: A comparison of methods for estimating external contaminant exposure in free-ranging wildlife. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171012. [PMID: 38369157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The impacts of contaminants on wildlife are dose dependent, and thus being able to track or predict exposure following contamination events is important for monitoring ecosystem health. However, the ability to track exposure in free-ranging wildlife is often severely limited. Consequently, researchers have predominantly relied on simple methods for estimating contaminant exposures in wildlife with little regard for spatial contaminant heterogeneity or an animal's use of diverse habitats. We evaluated the influence sampling scale (i.e., how finely contaminant distribution and organism's spatial use of the landscape is mapped) has on (1) realism and (2) conservativeness of exposure estimates. To do this, we monitored the actual exposure of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Fukushima, Japan to radioactive contamination using GPS-coupled contaminant monitors placed on individual animals. We compared empirical exposures to estimates generated by combining varying amounts of information about an individual boar's location and/or movement, with the distribution of contamination on the landscape. We found that the most realistic exposure estimates were produced when finer-scale contaminant distribution surveys (e.g., airborne surveys) were combined with more accurate estimates of an individual's space use (e.g., home ranges or core areas). Importantly, estimates of exposure based on single point surveys at a trap site (a simple method commonly used in the literature), did not correlate with actual exposure rates, suggesting dose-effects studies using this method may result in spurious conclusions. These results suggest that researchers seeking realistic estimates of exposure, such as in dose-effect studies, should ensure they have adequately accounted for fine-scale contaminant distribution patterns and areas of higher use by study organisms. However, conservative estimates of exposure (i.e., intentionally over-predicting exposure as is done in initial tiers of ecological risk analyses) were not as scale sensitive and could be achieved with a single known location and coarse contaminant distribution maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Bontrager
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | - Thomas G Hinton
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1433 Ås, Norway; Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Kei Okuda
- Faculty of Human Environmental Sciences, Hiroshima Shudo University, Hiroshima 731-3195, Japan
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferrara G, Piscopo N, Pagnini U, Esposito L, Montagnaro S. Detection of selected pathogens in reproductive tissues of wild boars in the Campania region, southern Italy. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:9. [PMID: 38443949 PMCID: PMC10916309 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring disease among wildlife is critical to preserving health in both domestic animals and wildlife, and it becomes much more critical when the diseases cause significant economic damage to the livestock industry or threaten public health. Given the continuous increase in populations and its role as a reservoir for several infections, wild boar (Sus scrofa) requires special attention regarding disease surveillance and monitoring. In this study, we investigated the molecular prevalence of selected pathogens in the wild boar population of Campania, southern Italy. The prevalence of pathogens causing reproductive problems in pigs (Sus domesticus), including porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine circovirus types 2 and 3 (PCV-2 and PCV-3), pseudorabies virus (PRV), Coxiella burnetii, and Brucella suis, was evaluated by testing the reproductive organs collected from 63 wild boars with polymerase chain reaction. The most common pathogens were PPV (44.4%) and two porcine circoviruses (14.3%). PRV and C. burnetii, on the other hand, showed a significantly lower prevalence (1.6%). No reproductive organs tested were positive for B. suis. Risk factor analysis revealed a correlation between age and PCV-2 positivity, with animals less than 12 months old having significantly higher prevalence rates.Our findings suggest that wild boars hunted in the Campania region harbour several infections potentially transmissible to other mammals' reproductive tracts. Furthermore, our results emphasized the importance of strict adherence to biosecurity protocols on domestic swine farms, especially on free-range farms, to avoid interactions between domestic and wild animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Via Delpino no. 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Piscopo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Via Delpino no. 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Via Delpino no. 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Via Delpino no. 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Via Delpino no. 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goicolea T, Cisneros-Araújo P, Vega CA, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Mateo-Sánchez MC, Bosch J. Landscape connectivity for predicting the spread of ASF in the European wild boar population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3414. [PMID: 38341478 PMCID: PMC10858927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious and highly fatal disease affecting wild and domestic swine, which is unstoppably spreading worldwide. In Europe, wild boars are one of the main drivers of spread, transmission, and maintenance of the disease. Landscape connectivity studies are the main discipline to analyze wild-species dispersal networks, and it can be an essential tool to predict dispersal-wild boar movement routes and probabilities and therefore the associated potential ASF spread through the suitable habitat. We aimed to integrate wild boar habitat connectivity predictions with their occurrence, population abundance, and ASF notifications to calculate the impact (i.e., the capacity of a landscape feature to favor ASF spread) and the risk (i.e., the likelihood of a habitat patch becoming infected) of wild boar infection across Europe. Furthermore, we tested the accuracy of the risk of infection by comparing the results with the temporal distribution of ASF cases. Our findings identified the areas with the highest impact and risk factors within Europe's central and Eastern regions where ASF is currently distributed. Additionally, the impact factor was 31 times higher on habitat patches that were infected vs non-infected, proving the utility of the proposed approach and the key role of wild boar movements in ASF-spread. All data and resulting maps are openly accessible and usable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Goicolea
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology (Botany), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cisneros-Araújo
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Aguilar Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - MCruz Mateo-Sánchez
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Bosch
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamasaki H, Sugiyama H, Morishima Y, Kobayashi H. Description of Spirometra asiana sp. nov. (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) found in wild boars and hound dogs in Japan. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102798. [PMID: 37659580 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
According to the latest taxonomy of Spirometra species, six species (lineages) have been tentatively classified as valid. These species are Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, S. folium, S. mansoni, undescribed Spirometra sp. 1, and S. decipiens complex 1 and 2. Among these species, the undescribed species was first discovered as plerocercoid larvae in wild boars in Japan and further studies have confirmed that this species is a new taxon belonging to the genus Spirometra. Here, we describe Spirometra asiana sp. nov., which is difficult to distinguish morphologically from known Spirometra species. However, it is genetically easily distinct from other Spirometra species, thus facilitating identification. We also emphasize that S. mansoni and S. asiana, but not S. erinaceieuropaei, are etiological agents that cause human sparganosis and/or spirometrosis in Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamasaki
- Department of Parasitology National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hiromu Sugiyama
- Department of Parasitology National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morishima
- Department of Parasitology National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moreno A, Musto C, Gobbi M, Maioli G, Menchetti M, Trogu T, Paniccià M, Lavazza A, Delogu M. Detection and molecular analysis of Pseudorabies virus from free-ranging Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus) in Italy - a case report. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:9. [PMID: 38172819 PMCID: PMC10765938 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The only natural hosts of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) are members of the family Suidae (Sus scrofa scrofa). In mammals, the infection is usually fatal and typically causes serious neurologic disease. This study describes four Aujeszky's disease cases in free-ranging Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus). In Italy, the wolf is a strictly protected species and is in demographic expansion. CASE PRESENTATION Three wolves (Wolf A, B, and C) were found in a regional park in Northern Italy, and one (Wolf D) was found in Central Italy. Wolf A and D were alive at the time of the finding and exhibited a fatal infection with epileptic seizures and dyspnoea, dying after a few hours. Wolf B presented scratching lesions under the chin and a detachment of the right earlobe, whilst Wolf C was partially eaten. The wolves showed hepatic congestion, diffuse enteritis, moderate pericardial effusion, severe bilateral pneumonia, and diffuse hyperaemia in the brain. The diagnostic examinations included virological analyses and detection of toxic molecules able to cause serious neurological signs. All four wolves tested positive for pseudorabies virus (PrV). The analysed sequences were placed in Italian clade 1, which is divided into two subclades, "a" and "b". The sequences of Wolf A, B, and C were closely related to other Italian sequences in the subclade b, originally obtained from wild boars and hunting dogs. The sequence from Wolf D was located within the same clade and was closely related to the French hunting dog sequences belonging to group 4. CONCLUSION Results showed the presence of PrV strains currently circulating in wild boars and free-ranging Italian wolves. The genetic characterisation of the PrV UL44 sequences from the four wolves confirmed the close relationship with the sequences from wild boars and hunting dogs. This fact supports a possible epidemiological link with the high PrV presence in wild boars and the possibility of infection in wolves through consumption of infected wild boar carcasses or indirect transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first detection of Pseudorabies virus in free-ranging Italian wolves in northern and central Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carmela Musto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Giulia Maioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marika Menchetti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Division, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Padua, 35030, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Paniccià
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sgroi G, D'Alessio N, Varcasia A, Degli Uberti B, Fani C, Trotta M, Fusco G, Doi K, Veneziano V. Morphometric, histopathological and molecular findings of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infection in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from continental Italy. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 104:102110. [PMID: 38070400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Although Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus is a neglected acanthocephalan of suids occasionally responsible for severe infections in humans, the spread of wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations in Europe could promote the circulation. Herein, we report the first morphometric, histological and molecular characterization of a severe M. hirudinaceus infection in a boar from continental Italy. The boar's intestine displayed granulomatous enteritis due to 24 helminths (14 females, 10 males), identified as adults of M. hirudinaceus by a combined morphometric/molecular approach. The phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 gene revealed a close relationship of the M. hirudinaceus sequence type found herein with those from Hungary and insular Italy. The high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity of M. hirudinaceus specimens would suggest its rapid demographic expansion in the Mediterranean basin. More research is needed to assess the presence of M. hirudinaceus in susceptible beetle species and the role of boars in the epidemiology of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici 80055, Italy.
| | - Nicola D'Alessio
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici 80055, Italy; Wildlife Observatory of the Campania region, Naples 80133, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Barbara Degli Uberti
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici 80055, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Kandai Doi
- Department of Wildlife Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Wildlife Observatory of the Campania region, Naples 80133, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80137, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rajala E, Gröndal H, Sternberg Lewerin S. The first outbreak of African swine fever in Sweden: a survey of pig farmers' perceptions of information received, risks, biosecurity measures and future prospects. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:58. [PMID: 38110953 PMCID: PMC10729408 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF), a viral hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar with up to 100% case fatality, was confirmed in Swedish wild boar in September 2023. The responsible authorities launched a control programme to eradicate the infection. The aim of the current study was to understand (i) how Swedish pig farmers have perceived the information issued by authorities and other stakeholders since the discovery of ASF in wild boar, (ii) which risks they see for introducing the infection to their farm, (iii) what biosecurity measures they have taken on their farms, and (iv) their outlook on the future. Such information is important for evaluating the effectiveness of the early stages of ASF control in Sweden. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to members of the Swedish pig producers' organisation. RESULTS A total of 155 farmers responded to the survey (response rate 36%). Almost all respondents had received general information about ASF (91%, n = 138), and 72% (n = 109) had received information about how they can protect their farm from ASF introduction. A majority (87%, n = 118) thought the information was easy to understand, 90% (n = 137) that is was relevant, and 77% (n = 117) that they currently did not lack any information. If given the resources necessary, 58% (n = 84) of the farmers would like to take additional measures such as fencing, and heavily reduce or eradicate the wild boar population. Wild boars were considered the greatest risk for introduction of ASF into their herd (39%, n = 57), followed by people (30%, n = 44), and transports (16%, n = 23). Many farmers (66%, n = 88) had a positive outlook on the future, and 89% (n = 127) have not changed their plans for the future since the ASF outbreak. CONCLUSIONS The responding farmers were in general satisfied with the information received in the beginning of the ASF outbreak. The majority have a positive outlook on the future and the outbreak has not caused them to change their plans. Actions that were highlighted as important to safeguard Sweden's pig production included measures to control the wild boar population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rajala
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hedvig Gröndal
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Sternberg Lewerin
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carrera-Faja L, Espunyes J, Cardells J, Fernández Aguilar X, Pailler-García L, Napp S, Cabezón O. Dynamics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in two wild ungulate hosts during a disease-induced population collapse. One Health 2023; 17:100622. [PMID: 38024274 PMCID: PMC10665167 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the role that host species play in pathogen transmission and maintenance is crucial for disease control, but it is a difficult task, in particular for vector-borne and multi-host pathogens, and especially when wildlife species are involved. This is the case for a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) hotspot in north-eastern Spain, where Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are involved, but their roles in disease transmission are unclear. In this context, we studied the dynamics of CCHFV transmission in these two species during the collapse of an Iberian ibex population due to a sarcoptic mange outbreak. We carried out a repeated cross-sectional study measuring the trends of CCHFV seroprevalence in Iberian ibex and wild boar and their abundances. In addition, we identified the tick species present in this area on the vegetation and on wild boars, and evaluated relevant meteorological factors. Results show that while the trends in CCHFV seroprevalence in Iberian Ibex and density of wild boars remained constant (p = 1.0 and p = 0.8, respectively), both the trends in Iberian ibex census and CCHFV seroprevalence in wild boars decreased significantly (p = 0.003 and p = 0.0001, respectively), and were correlated (Spearman's rank, 0.02 < p-adjusted<0.05). The correlation between the patterns of reduction of Iberian ibex abundance and the decrease of seroprevalence in wild boars suggests some sort of shared transmission cycle between the two species. Data from tick species in the area suggest a possible role of Rhipicephalus bursa in CCHFV transmission. The dynamics of CCHFV were unlikely caused by changes in meteorological variables such as temperature or water vapor pressure deficit. Further studies will be needed to confirm these hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrera-Faja
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Johan Espunyes
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc Street 7, Alfara del Patriarca 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernández Aguilar
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Napp
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oscar Cabezón
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hayama Y, Sawai K, Murato Y, Yamaguchi E, Kondo S, Yamamoto T. Analysis of effective spatial range of oral vaccination against classical swine fever for wild boar. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106080. [PMID: 38029645 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) re-emerged in Gifu Prefecture, central Japan, in September 2018 and is currently widespread in wild boar populations. Due to its widespread in wild boars, an oral mass vaccination strategy was initiated in March 2019, employing a commercial bait vaccine that is a live attenuated vaccine. To enhance the effectiveness of oral vaccination, it is crucial to determine the vaccine's effective spatial range. This understanding is essential for devising a comprehensive vaccination strategy, which should also include a preliminary investigation of wild boar habitats before vaccination. This study aimed to estimate the effective range of oral vaccination for wild boars against CSF by analyzing the geographical relationship between immune wild boars and vaccination points within the vaccination areas in Gifu Prefecture. This study utilized oral vaccination data from April 2021 to March 2022. The prevalence of CSF infections in wild boars remained below 5% in this period, suggesting limited disease transmission and immune wild boars were considered to be induced by the effect of vaccination. Two vaccination campaigns were conducted during this period, with almost 2000 vaccination points each. To investigate the factors associated with the intensity (i.e., density) of immune wild boar, the nearest distances to a vaccination point and to a susceptible wild boar were evaluated as explanatory variables. The Rhohat procedure and point process model were utilized to analyze the relationship between the intensity of immune wild boars and the explanatory variables. The point process model revealed a significant decrease in the intensity of immune wild boars when the distance from the nearest vaccination point exceeded 500 m, indicating that the effective spatial range of bait vaccination is within 500 m of the vaccination point. Although the distance to the nearest susceptible animal did not show significance in the model, Rhohat plots indicated that the intensity of immune wild boars decreased at distances greater than 1200 m from the nearest susceptible wild boar. This finding highlights the importance of investigating susceptible wild boar populations within a range of at least 1200 m from a vaccination point before implementation. The present study revealed the effective range of oral vaccination for wild boars against CSF and indicated the importance of investigating susceptible wild boar habitats around vaccination points before the implementation of vaccination. These findings may help improve the effectiveness of oral vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Sawai
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murato
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sonoko Kondo
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pacifico L, Rubiola S, Buono F, Sgadari M, D'Alessio N, Scarcelli S, Sgroi G, Buglione M, Chiesa F, Restucci B, Fioretti A, Prakas P, Veneziano V. Molecular differentiation of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis using a new multiplex PCR targeting the mtDNA cox1 gene in wild boars in southern Italy. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105039. [PMID: 37812987 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The increase of wild boar populations density and their meat consumption across Europe could expose humans to a plethora of foodborne diseases as sarcocystosis, caused by the zoonotic protozoan Sarcocystis suihominis. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) containing S. suihominis sarcocysts. Despite this, to date very few data are available on the risk of infection by this parasite to wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat consumers. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence of Sarcocystis spp. in wild boars from southern Italy, applying both histology and a new multiplex PCR assay targeting the cox1 gene. Between 2019 and 2020, 997 muscle tissues (i.e., n = 269 oesophagus, n = 277 diaphragms, n = 298 hearts, n = 153 tongues) from 311 wild boars were collected and screened by a combined histological and molecular approach. Overall, 251 (80.7%) animals tested were positive for Sarcocystis spp., and S. miescheriana whose definitive hosts are canids, was the only molecularly identified species. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection was found according to the wild boar age and muscle tissue. Findings outlined the low zoonotic potential of infection to humans via wild boar meat consumption in Italy and the importance of the application of new molecular methods in distinguishing different Sarcocystis species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pacifico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy; Department of Prevention, Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Area, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Caserta, Via Feudo di San Martino 10, Caserta, Italy
| | - Selene Rubiola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariafrancesca Sgadari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alessio
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of southern Italy, Portici, via Salute 2, Italy; Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Scarcelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of southern Italy, Portici, via Salute 2, Italy
| | - Maria Buglione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 26, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy; Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Petras Prakas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy; Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Topp AK, Springer A, Mischke R, Rieder J, Feige K, Ganter M, Nagel-Kohl U, Nordhoff M, Boelke M, Becker S, Pachnicke S, Schunack B, Dobler G, Strube C. Seroprevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild and domestic animals in northern Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102220. [PMID: 37356181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a tick-transmitted flavivirus, which can infect humans and animals, sometimes even with a fatal outcome. Since many decades, TBEV is endemic in southern Germany, while only sporadic occurrence has been noted in northern parts of the country so far. Nevertheless, autochthonous human clinical cases are increasing in the federal state of Lower Saxony in north-western Germany, and several natural foci of TBEV transmission have recently been detected in this federal state. In order to shed more light on the current distribution of TBEV in Lower Saxony, the present study examined blood samples from wild and domestic animals for antibodies against TBEV. Overall, samples from 4,085 animals were tested by ELISA, including wild boar (N = 1,208), roe deer (N = 149), red deer (N = 61), fallow deer (N = 18), red foxes (N = 9), nutria (N = 9), raccoon dogs (N = 3), raccoons (N = 3), badgers (N = 1), European pine martens (N = 1), horses (N = 574), sheep (N = 266), goats (N = 67), dogs (N = 1,317) and cats (N = 399). Samples with an ELISA result of ≥60 Vienna units (VIEU)/ml were subjected to confirmatory serum neutralization tests (SNT). In total, 343 of 4,085 (8.4%) animals tested positive for anti-TBEV-IgG by ELISA, of which 60 samples were confirmed by SNT. Samples of 89 animals showed a cytotoxic effect in the SNT and were excluded from seroprevalence calculation, resulting in an overall seroprevalence of 1.5% (60/3,996). Seroprevalence was higher among wild animals (wild boar: 2.9% [34/1,190], roe deer: 2.7% [4/149], red deer: 1.7% [1/60], fallow deer: 5.6% [1/18]) than among domestic animals (dogs: 1.1% [15/1,317], horses: 0.8% [4/505], sheep: 0.4% [1/266]). No anti-TBEV-antibodies were detected in the other wild animal species as well as goats and cats. A notable clustering of positive samples was observed in districts where TBEV transmission foci have been described. Further clusters in other districts suggest the existence of so far undetected transmission foci, underlining the fact that both wild and domestic animals are useful sentinels for monitoring the spread of TBEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Topp
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Reinhard Mischke
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Johanna Rieder
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - Uschi Nagel-Kohl
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Institute Hannover, Hannover 30173, Germany
| | - Marcel Nordhoff
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26133, Germany
| | - Matthias Boelke
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Stefanie Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Schunack
- Elanco Animal Health, Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Monheim 40789, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- National Reference Laboratory for TBEV, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich 80937, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, Hannover 30559, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Holgado-Martín R, Arnal JL, Sibila M, Franzo G, Martín-Jurado D, Risco D, Segalés J, Gómez L. First detection of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) in Europe. Virol J 2023; 20:230. [PMID: 37817216 PMCID: PMC10566016 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) is a novel virus recently discovered (2019) in domestic pigs from China, although several studies have proven its circulation since 2008. Later, PCV-4 was also detected in wild boar populations from China and domestic pigs from South Korea and Thailand. Currently, Asia is so far the only continent where this novel virus has been reported; few studies carried out in South America and Europe failed in the attempt to detect it. The objective of this Comment is to communicate the first detection of PCV-4 in Europe, specifically in wild boar and domestic pigs from Mid-South-Western Spain. A retrospective study was carried out on wild boar and domestic pigs, both extensively (Iberian breed) and intensively raised, from Spain and Italy, sampled between 1998 and 2022. PCV-4 genome detection was attempted using different conventional or quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) protocols and some positive results were confirmed through Sanger sequencing. A total of 57 out of 166 (34.3%) Spanish wild boar and 9 out of 223 (4%) Iberian pigs (both geographically located in the Mid-South-Western Spain) were qPCR positive, while the rest of tested animals from North-Eastern Spain and Italy were negative. Partial sequences of Rep or Cap genes of selected samples confirmed the presence of PCV-4. The relatively high prevalence in wild boar and the low one in Iberian pigs from the same areas suggests intra- and interspecific transmission, being the wild boar a potential viral reservoir. The epidemiological and clinical importance of these findings are currently unknown, but guarantees further research on this novel virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Holgado-Martín
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatomía Patológica y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain
| | - José Luís Arnal
- Exopol, Autovaccines and Veterinary Diagnostics, Polígono Río Gállego D/14, San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, 50840, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Programa de Sanitat Animal, IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- WOAH collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Padua University, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Desireé Martín-Jurado
- Exopol, Autovaccines and Veterinary Diagnostics, Polígono Río Gállego D/14, San Mateo de Gállego, Zaragoza, 50840, Spain
| | - David Risco
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatomía Patológica y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Programa de Sanitat Animal, IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
| | - Luís Gómez
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Unidad de Anatomía Patológica y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Banaszkiewicz S, Tabiś A, Wałecki B, Łyżwińska K, Bystroń J, Bania J. spa Types and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Wild Boar. Microb Ecol 2023; 86:2184-2191. [PMID: 37156959 PMCID: PMC10497643 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the structure of S. aureus population and the enterotoxin gene content in wild boar. In 1025 nasal swabs from wild boars, 121 S. aureus isolates were identified. Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes were identified in 18 isolates (14.9%). The seb gene was found in 2 S. aureus isolates, sec in 2 isolates, the see and seh genes were found in 4 and 11 isolates, respectively. The production of SEs was evaluated in bacteria grown in microbial broth. Concentration of SEB reached 2.70 µg/ml after 24 h and 4.46 µg/ml at 48 h. SEC was produced at 952.6 ng/ml after 24 h and 7.2 µg/ml at 48 h. SEE reached 124.1 ng/ml after 24 h and 191.6 ng/ml at 48 h of culture. SEH production reached 4.36 µg/ml at 24 h and 5.42 µg/ml at 48 h of culture. Thirty-nine spa types were identified among S. aureus isolates. The most prevalent spa types were t091 and t1181, followed by t4735 and t742, t3380 and t127. Twelve new spa types, i.e., t20572‒t20583 were identified. The wild boar S. aureus population was shown to contain previously identified animal/human-associated spa types and spa types not identified in humans or animals. We also indicate that wildlife animals can be a significant reservoir of see-positive S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Banaszkiewicz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tabiś
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wałecki
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Łyżwińska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gong W, Du H, Wang T, Sun H, Peng P, Qin S, Geng H, Zeng Z, Liang W, Ling H, Tu C, Tu Z. Epizootiological surveillance of porcine circoviruses in free-ranging wild boars in China. Virol Sin 2023; 38:663-670. [PMID: 37660950 PMCID: PMC10590700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Four species of porcine circoviruses (PCV1-4) have been reported to circulate in Chinese domestic pigs, while the epizootiology of these viruses in free-ranging wild boars in China remains unknown. In this study, tissue and serum samples collected from diseased or apparently healthy wild boars between 2018 and 2020 in 19 regions of China were tested for the prevalence of PCV1-4 infections. Positive rates of PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3 DNA in the tissue samples of Chinese wild boars were 1.6% (4/247), 58.3% (144/247), and 10.9% (27/247) respectively, with none positive for PCV4. Sequence analysis of viral genome showed that the four PCV1 strains distributed in Hunan and Inner Mongolia shared 97.5%-99.6% sequence identity with global distributed reference strains. Comparison of the ORF2 gene sequences showed that 80 PCV2 strains widely distributed in 18 regions shared 79.5%-100% sequence identity with reference strains from domestic pigs and wild boars, and were grouped into PCV2a (7), PCV2b (31) and PCV2d (42). For PCV3, 17 sequenced strains shared 97.2%-100% nucleotide identity at the genomic level and could be divided into PCV3a (3), PCV3b (2) and PCV3c (12) based on the phylogeny of ORF2 gene sequences. Serological data revealed antibody positive rates against PCV1 and PCV2 of 11.4% (19/167) and 53.9% (90/167) respectively. The data obtained in this study improved our understanding about the epidemiological situations of PCVs infection in free-ranging wild boars in China and will be valuable for the prevention and control of diseases caused by PCVs infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Haiying Du
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Heting Sun
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Haidong Geng
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Wangwang Liang
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Hongquan Ling
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Zhongzhong Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bandino E, Gomez-Morales MA, Brundu D, Soddu M, Ludovisi A, Cabras PA, Loi F, Pintore A, Pozio E. The illegal rearing and slaughtering of pigs in the wild on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia favor an increase in the biomass of Trichinella britovi in wild boars (Sus scrofa) but do not affect the serological prevalence of infection. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:323. [PMID: 37697408 PMCID: PMC10496314 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worms of the nematode genus Trichinella are zoonotic pathogens with a worldwide distribution. The first report of Trichinella on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia was for Trichinella britovi, one of the four species of this genus circulating in Europe, which was identified in 2005 following an outbreak of trichinellosis in humans due to the consumption of pork from pigs reared in the wild. Since then, T. britovi larvae have been repeatedly isolated from free-ranging pigs, foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) sampled in the central-eastern region of the island (Orgosolo municipality), but have never been isolated from samples from other areas of the island. The aim of this study was to investigate the parasitological and serological prevalence of T. britovi infection in wild boars in Sardinia over space [eight wild boar hunting management units (HMUs)] and time (seven wild boar hunting seasons). METHODS Muscle and serum samples of boars killed in the 2014-2015 to 2020-2121 hunting seasons were collected from eight HMUs of central and south-western Sardinia. Trichinella sp. larvae were detected by artificial digestion of predilection muscles. A total of 4111 serum samples of wild boar were collected from the investigated HMUs and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a screening test and by western blot as a confirmatory test using excretory/secretory antigens. RESULTS Trichinella britovi muscle larvae were detected in six (0.03%) of the 17,786 wild boars tested. All of the Trichinella sp.-positive wild boars had been hunted in Orgosolo municipality (central-eastern area of the island), except for one, hunted in a neighboring municipality. An overall serological prevalence of 3.8% (95% confidence interval, 3.3-4.5) was detected by western blot. No statistical differences were detected between the HMUs where T. britovi larvae were detected in wild boars, foxes, and free-ranging pigs and those where wild boars, foxes and free-ranging pigs tested negative. CONCLUSIONS The serological prevalence did not vary between the wild boar populations in which the larval load was detectable by artificial digestion (Orgosolo municipality) and those in which the larval load was below the detection limit. Furthermore, the serological prevalence of anti-Trichinella immunoglobulin G in the wild boar populations remained constant during the study period, which covered seven wild boar hunting seasons. As the transmission events (i.e., the serological prevalence) are stable, the high biomass of the parasite in Orgosolo municipality can only have arisen as a consequence of factors independent of its natural cycle, i.e., the presence of a high number of free-ranging pigs, and the concomitant presence of African swine fever, due to illegal pig slaughtering in the field. This epidemiological situation suggests that the natural cycle of T. britovi may be influenced by inappropriate pig husbandry and slaughtering practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Bandino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Nuoro, Italy
| | | | - Diego Brundu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Manuela Soddu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Loi
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Pintore
- Laboratorio Fauna Selvatica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suzuki T, Ikeda T, Higashide D, Nose T, Shichijo T, Suzuki M. Assessing mammal fence crossing and local fence management in relation to classical swine fever spread in Japan. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105980. [PMID: 37549564 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases at the wildlife-livestock-human interface have become a crucial issue, and evidence-based measures are growing increasingly important. One countermeasure against animal diseases in wildlife is using fencing to contain and reduce disease spread and transmission rates between wild populations; however, quantitative assessments on fencing are rare. Moreover, existing research on fencing has highlighted knowledge gaps on the social and ecological aspects relevant to the use and design of fences. To control the spread of classical swine fever, fences were installed from the east to west in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, by March 2019, with the aim of restricting wild boar movement. To clarify the process of installation and maintenance of the fences, we conducted semi-structured interviews with prefectural government officers in Gifu Prefecture. Additionally, we installed infrared-triggered cameras at fence locations with and without gaps to evaluate the fence permeability of mammals. We used a generalized linear mixed model to evaluate the relationship between the presence of gaps and the relative abundance and permeability of each mammal. Our findings showed that the occurrence of gaps was inevitable during the installation and management of wide-area perimeter fence in Japan, partly because of social factors. For example, fences could not be installed on roads that were frequently used by residents and were not adequately maintained owing to budgetary reasons in some cases. Analysis of footage from the infrared-triggered cameras revealed that several mammal species crossed the fence at gaps and even had the ability to cross the gapless parts of the fences. Wild boars crossed through the gaps regularly. It is possible that Sika deer, Japanese serows, raccoons, Japanese badgers, raccoon dogs, Japanese macaques, and feral cats crossed through fence gaps because their relative abundance was high at gap locations. In contrast, Japanese hares slipped through the fence mesh rather than crossing through the gaps. In conclusion, we suggest that coordination and collaboration among related parties, a sufficient supply of fence materials, and securing a budget for fence maintenance are important for fence installation and maintenance. Furthermore, as fence gaps are inevitable, technical development of countermeasures for these gaps could be effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Suzuki
- Research Center for Wildlife Management, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Gifu Wildlife Management Promotion Center, Gifu Prefecture, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Research Center for Wildlife Management, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Gifu Wildlife Management Promotion Center, Gifu Prefecture, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Daishi Higashide
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Tsugumi Nose
- Graduate School of Humanities and Human Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Shichijo
- Research Center for Wildlife Management, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Masatsugu Suzuki
- Gifu Wildlife Management Promotion Center, Gifu Prefecture, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martínez Avilés M, Bosch J, Ivorra B, Ramos ÁM, Ito S, Barasona JÁ, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Epidemiological impacts of attenuated African swine fever virus circulating in wild boar populations. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104964. [PMID: 37531717 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II has been present in wild boar in the European Union since 2014. Control measures have reduced the incidence of the ASF, but highly virulent as well as attenuated ASFV strains continue to circulate. We present the intraherd epidemiological parameters of low and highly virulent ASFV in wild boar from experimental data, and for the first time, evaluate the impact of attenuated strain circulation through unique deterministic compartmental model simulations under various potential scenarios and hypotheses. Using an estimated PCR infectious threshold of TPCR = 36.4, we obtained several transmission parameters, like an Rx (experimental intraherd R0) value of 4.5. We also introduce two novel epidemiological parameters: infectious power and resistance power, which indicate the ability of animals to transmit the infection and the reduction in infectiousness after successive exposures to varying virulence strains, respectively. The presence of ASFV attenuated strains results in 4-17% of animals either remaining in a carrier state or becoming susceptible again when exposed to highly virulent ASFV for more than two years. The timing between exposures to viruses of different virulence also influences the percentage of animals that die or remain susceptible. The findings of this study can be utilized in epidemiological modelling and provide insight into important risk situations that should be considered for surveillance and future potential ASF vaccination strategies in wild boar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez Avilés
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (Animal Health Research Centre), CISA-INIA, CSIC. Madrid, 28130, Spain.
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - Benjamin Ivorra
- Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute (IMI), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Manuel Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute (IMI), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - José Ángel Barasona
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Keresztény T, Libisch B, Orbe SC, Nagy T, Kerényi Z, Kocsis R, Posta K, Papp PP, Olasz F. Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria With Probiotic Attributes From Different Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Free-living Wild Boars in Hungary. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10113-2. [PMID: 37353593 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the microbiota play an important role in human and animal health and, when used as probiotics, can contribute to an increased growth performance in livestock management. Animals living in their native habitat can serve as natural sources of microorganisms, so isolation of LAB strains from wild boars could provide the opportunity to develop effective probiotics to improve production in swine industry. In this study, the probiotic potential of 56 LAB isolates, originated from the ileum, colon, caecum and faeces of 5 wild boars, were assessed in vitro in details. Their taxonomic identity at species level and their antibacterial activity against four representative strains of potentially pathogenic bacteria were determined. The ability to tolerate low pH and bile salt, antibiotic susceptibility, bile salt hydrolase activity and lack of hemolysis were tested. Draft genome sequences of ten Limosilactobacillus mucosae and three Leuconostoc suionicum strains were determined. Bioinformatic analysis excluded the presence of any known acquired antibiotic resistance genes. Three genes, encoding mesentericin B105 and two different bacteriocin-IIc class proteins, as well as two genes with possible involvement in mesentericin secretion (mesE) and transport (mesD) were identified in two L. suionicum strains. Lam29 protein, a component of an ABC transporter with proved function as mucin- and epithelial cell-adhesion factor, and a bile salt hydrolase gene were found in all ten L. mucosae genomes. Comprehensive reconsideration of all data helps to select candidate strains to assess their probiotic potential further in animal experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Keresztény
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Libisch
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Stephanya Corral Orbe
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life, Sciences, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kerényi
- Hungarian Dairy Research Institute Ltd, 9200, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Róbert Kocsis
- Hungarian Dairy Research Institute Ltd, 9200, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Katalin Posta
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Péter P Papp
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yamaguchi E, Takagi M, Osaki M, Hayama Y, Yamamoto T. Sex-based differences in the distribution of Aujeszky's disease-seropositive Japanese wild boar. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 37312154 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) primarily infects domestic pigs and wild boars, causing the abortion and death of young piglets due to central nervous system disorders. In Japan, the national eradication program for ADV in domestic pigs has been successful in most prefectures; however, concern has been raised regarding ADV-infected wild boars as a source of transmission to domestic pigs. RESULTS We assessed the nationwide seroprevalence of ADV among wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Japan. Moreover, we determined the sex-based differences in the spatial clustering of seropositive animals. Serum samples were obtained from a total of 1383 wild boars acquired by hunting in 41 prefectures in three fiscal years (April-March in 2014, 2015, and 2017). Seropositivity tests for ADV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the latex agglutination and neutralization tests showed 29 boars seropositive for ADV (29/1383, 2.1% [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4-3.0%]), with 28 of these boars originating from three prefectures in the Kii Peninsula (28/121, 23.1% [95% CI: 16.0-31.7%]). The degree of spatial clustering of these ADV-seropositive adult boars in the Kii Peninsula was evaluated using the K-function and data from sera samples of 46 (14 seropositive) male and 54 (12 seropositive) female boars. The degree of clustering among females was significantly higher in seropositive animals than in tested animals; however, such a difference was not observed for seropositive males. CONCLUSIONS The spatial dynamics of ADV among adult wild boars may be characterized based on sex, and is likely due to sex-based differences in behavioral patterns including dispersal among wild boars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Yamaguchi
- Epidemiology Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michihiro Takagi
- Biologicals Production Office, Department of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
- Virus Group, Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Epidemiology Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Epidemiology Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Konjević D, Sučec I, Turk N, Barbić L, Prpić J, Krapinec K, Bujanić M, Jemeršić L, Keros T. Epidemiology of Aujeszky disease in wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) in Croatia. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:631-639. [PMID: 36319813 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aujeszky disease (AD) or pseudorabies is a viral disease of domestic and wild animals caused by the Suid alphaherpesvirus 1. In wild boar infection usually undergo latent phase but under certain conditions reactivation of the virus can result in a disease. Seroprevalence in wild boars ranges from 0.8 to 100%, and is among other influenced by region, type of management, age and sex of the studied animals. In this study we analyzed blood, lungs, olfactory bulbs and spleen from 222 free-living wild boars from different localities in Croatia and compared results obtained by ELISA with PCR, sex, age and locality. Total seroprevalence was 33.78%, ranging from 25.26% in males to 40.15% in females (p = 0.0346; χ2 = 4.47). According to the age categories prevalence was 10% in offspring, 27.53% in subadults, and 66.75% in adults. Seroprevalence in adult males (66.66%) and females (65.30%) was almost identical. In males, significantly lower seroprevalence was detected in offspring compared to subadults (χ2 = 4.07, p < 0.05) and adults (χ2 = 31.04; p < 0.05), and in subadults compared to adults (χ2 = 15.13; p < 0.0001). Among females, adults had a significantly higher prevalence compared to offspring (χ2 = 19.27; p < 0.0001) and subadults (χ2 = 8.62; p < 0.01). Analysis between counties revealed Sisačko-moslavačka county as a hot-spot for AD. None of the samples was positive for ADV antigens. The observed trend in prevalence points to the fact that the main transmission occurs during one part of the year (most probably the mating season). Also, triggers for virus reactivation might be more complex than previously thought, since none of our samples, collected during the mating and hunting season, was PCR positive. Finally, we can conclude that adult males represent the main transmission link between different wild boar groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Konjević
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - I Sučec
- Ministry of Agriculture, A. von Humboldta 4b, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Turk
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lj Barbić
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Prpić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - K Krapinec
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 23, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Bujanić
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Jemeršić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Keros
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bolzoni L, Bonardi S, Tansini C, Scaltriti E, Menozzi I, Morganti M, Conter M, Pongolini S. Different Roles of Wild Boars and Livestock in Salmonella Transmission to Humans in Italy. Ecohealth 2023; 20:122-132. [PMID: 36918504 PMCID: PMC10014403 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the most widely distributed large wildlife mammal worldwide. To investigate the transmission of Salmonella enterica amongst wild boars (Sus scrofa), humans, and livestock, we compared via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole genome sequences the isolates of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (biphasic and monophasic variants) and Enteritidis collected from wild boars, food-producing animals, and human patients in Emilia-Romagna region (Northern Italy) between 2017 and 2020. Specifically, we analysed 2175 isolates originated from human (1832), swine (117), bovine (128), poultry (76), and wild boar (22). The genomic analyses showed that wild boars shared most of their lineages of biphasic Typhimurium with bovines and most of Enteritidis with poultry, whilst we did not find any lineage shared with swine. Moreover, almost 17% of human biphasic Typhimurium and Enteritidis belonged to genomic clusters including wild boar isolates, but the inclusion of bovine and poultry isolates in the same clusters and the peculiar spatial distribution of the isolates suggested that human cases (and wild boar infections) likely originated from bovines and poultry. Consequently, wild boars appear not to play a significant role in infecting humans with these serovars, but seem to get infected themselves from livestock, probably through the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Strada dei Mercati 13/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Cesare Tansini
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Erica Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Strada dei Mercati 13/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Menozzi
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Strada dei Mercati 13/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Morganti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Strada dei Mercati 13/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Conter
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Inspection of Food of Animal Origin, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Sezione di Parma, Strada dei Mercati 13/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Buragohain L, Barman NN, Sen S, Bharali A, Dutta B, Choudhury B, Suresh KP, Gaurav S, Kumar R, Ali S, Kumar S, Singh Malik Y. Transmission of African Swine Fever Virus to the Wild Boars of Northeast India. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 36786106 PMCID: PMC10124978 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2178689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India recorded the first outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in North-eastern region (NER) in the year 2020. AIM The current study was undertaken to investigate the transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the wild boars of Northeast India, particularly of Assam. MATERIAL AND METHODS ASF suspected mortal tissue remains and blood samples of wild boars collected from different locations of Assam were screened for molecular detection of swine viruses which includes Classical swine fever virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and ASFV. RESULTS One sample each from Manas and Nameri National Parks were detected positive for ASFV. Besides this, one of the samples was positive for CSFV and one of the ASFV positive samples was also positive for PCV2. Several striking gross and microscopic alterations were noticed in different organs of ASFV infected animals. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of B646L gene confirmed the presence of ASFV genotype-II in wild boars. Circulation of similar genotype in domestic pigs of NER in the contemporary period as well as locations near to the aforementioned national parks indicates the transmission of ASFV from domestic to wild boars. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The detection of ASFV in the wild boars of Assam is alarming as it is an impending threat to pig population and other endangered species (particularly Pygmy hog), making it increasingly daunting to control the disease. CONCLUSION Chances are high for ASFV to become endemic in Assam region if stringent measures are not taken at proper time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukumoni Buragohain
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Suparna Sen
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arpita Bharali
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Biswajit Dutta
- College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Samsul Ali
- Wildlife Trust of India, CWRC, Kaziranga, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Felder C, Trompeter L, Skutlarek D, Färber H, Mutters NT, Heinemann C. Exposure of a single wild boar population in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) to perfluoroalkyl acids. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:15575-15584. [PMID: 36169825 PMCID: PMC9908673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) are among the leading chemical pollutants in the twenty-first century. Of these, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been widely detected in a large number of animal and environmental samples. Wild boars accumulate PFAA in their livers, but it has not yet been clarified to what extent wild boars of the same population accumulate different PFAA in their livers or whether any conclusions can be drawn from any differences found in regard to environmental contamination. In this study, liver samples from wild boars killed during driven hunts in 2019 and 2020 from a defined forest area in North Rhine-Westfalia, Germany were analyzed for 13 different PFAA. A mean load of 493 µg/kg (± 168 µg/kg) PFAA was measured in 2020. Perfluorosulfonic acids accounted for 87% of the total load in both years, with PFOS dominating this group. These results were similar to those of 14 liver samples collected from other regions of Germany for comparison. In addition, the livers of hunted pregnant sows and fetuses were examined. The load of short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (< C8) in the fetus liver was as high as that of the sows, whereas the concentrations of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (≥ C8) were lower than in the dams. This result shows for the first time that fetuses take up PFAA from their mothers in utero. Our study shows that PFAA content in wild boar livers is comparably high in all animals in a local population and indicates a need for further research regarding a nationwide background exposure to PFAA in wild boars and their surrounding environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Felder
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Building 63, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Trompeter
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Building 63, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Skutlarek
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Building 63, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald Färber
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Building 63, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Nico Tom Mutters
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Building 63, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Céline Heinemann
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Barroso P, Serrano E, Carpio AJ, Acevedo P, Vicente J, Gortázar C. Low impact of tuberculosis severity on wild boar body condition. Res Vet Sci 2023; 155:161-7. [PMID: 36706665 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Body condition (BC), is a measure to assess the health status of domestic and wild animals. When food resources are abundant, a decrease in BC may indicate an increase in the energetic expenditure due to the effects of growth, reproduction, or disease. BC impoverishment is one of the most common clinical effects of diseases progressing chronically, such as animal tuberculosis (TB) caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the main wild TB reservoir in the Mediterranean basin. The specific aims of this work were to assess the relationship between sex, age and TB severity altogether on the BC of wild boar. For this purpose, we used the kidney fat index (KFI), to assess the impact of TB progression on the BC of 1372 hunter-harvested free-ranging wild boar in seven populations in southern Spain. Surprisingly, TB had only slight effects on wild boar BC and individuals exhibiting severe TB showed greater BC than TB-free individuals. The age (adults had greater BC than juveniles) and sex (females had greater BC than males) were the main BC determinants in wild boar. Sampling population and season explained more BC variability than individual factors, suggesting that other external factors might play an important role in the BC, and probably on the impact of the disease on this wild reservoir. The low impact of TB on wild boar BC suggests that individuals with severe TB and good BC represent potential long-term super-shedders of this pathogen.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lénárt Z, Bartha A, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Lehel J. Monitoring of metal content in the tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and its food safety aspect. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:15899-15910. [PMID: 36178655 PMCID: PMC9908636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study was performed on 10 female and 10 male wild boars (Sus scrofa) after shooting during the regular hunting season to investigate the concentration of metals in the muscle and fat tissue. The concentrations of essential and non-essential elements were determined (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn)) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The concentrations of As, Hg, and Cd were below the limit of detection (As, Hg: < 0.5 mg/kg, Cd: < 0.05 mg/kg) in every tissue sample of both sexes. The lead was detected as 0.36 ± 0.16 mg/kg and 0.22 ± 0.06 mg/kg in the muscle of females and males, respectively, showing a significant difference between the sexes (p = 0.0184). The measured concentration of Cr was 0.14 ± 0.08 mg/kg and 0.13 ± 0.06 mg/kg, and that of copper was 1.22 ± 0.14 mg/kg and 1.06 ± 0.16 mg/kg in the muscle of females and males, respectively. The same tendency was observed in the case of copper content of fat tissues (female: 0.13 ± 0.10 mg/kg; male: 0.13 ± 0.04 mg/kg; p = 0.2707). Manganese concentration of muscle was 0.45 ± 0.30 mg/kg (female) and 1.36 ± 0.96 mg/kg (male), and that of fat tissue was 0.32 ± 0.22 mg/kg (female) and 0.74 ± 0.75 mg/kg (male). The Zn was detected as 56.75 ± 7.86 mg/kg and 1.83 ± 0.76 mg/kg in the muscle and fat of females and 52.12 ± 11.51 mg/kg and 1.94 ± 0.57 mg/kg in males, respectively. Based on data, the consumption of fat and muscle tissues of the wild boars tested can be food toxicologically objectionable, mainly due to the lead content, and thus pose a risk to frequent consumers of this type of game meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Lénárt
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Bartha
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Lehel
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tavoloni T, Stramenga A, Stecconi T, Gavaudan S, Moscati L, Sagratini G, Siracusa M, Ciriaci M, Dubbini A, Piersanti A. Brominated flame retardants (PBDEs and HBCDs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Central Italy. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159745. [PMID: 36349633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six samples of wild boar liver and muscle from the Central Apennine Mountain (Italy) were analysed for 19 perfluoro-alkyl substances (PFASs), 10 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). All samples were analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PBDEs and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PFASs and HBCDs, using an in-house developed analytical procedure. The brominated flame retardants (BFR) levels in livers were negligible: Σ10PBDEs reached a maximum value of 0.079 μg/kg, whereas HBCDs were not quantified in almost all of the samples analysed. BFR concentrations in muscles were higher, but not significantly therefore, for Σ10PBDEs lower bound, a mean value of 0.045 μg/kg (0.005-0.155 μg/kg range) was measured, while α-HBCD was quantified with a maximum of 0.084 μg/kg in 9 of the samples. Only two muscles contained all 3 HBCD isomers at concentrations of approximately 0.200 μg/kg. Σ19PFAS in the 26 wild boar livers was in the range 31.9-228 μg/kg, with a mean value of 87.7 μg/kg, reaching levels significantly higher than in muscles, which exhibited a mean concentration of 3.08 μg/kg (0.59-9.12 μg/kg range). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most prevalent compound in all liver samples, accounting for more than half of the total PFASs contamination, confirming that the liver is the primary target organ for PFOS exposure Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA), which accounts for 25-30-% of the total contamination, was the most abundant compound in the muscle, followed by PFOS. The estimated daily intake (EDIs) of BFRs remained below the estimated chronic human daily dietary intake (Dr,h) defined from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Furthermore, the exposure to PFASs in muscle was 7.7 times lower than the EFSA's tolerable daily intake (TDI). In contrast, exposure due to liver consumption was significant: the EDI exceeded the EFSA's 2020 TDI by approximately 7 times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tavoloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Arianna Stramenga
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Stecconi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gavaudan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Livia Moscati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Melania Siracusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Martina Ciriaci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Dubbini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Arianna Piersanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sgroi G, D'Alessio N, Marucci G, Pacifico L, Buono F, Deak G, Anastasio A, Interisano M, Fraulo P, Pesce A, Toscano V, Romano AC, Toce M, Palazzo L, De Carlo E, Fioretti A, Veneziano V. Trichinella britovi in wild boar meat from Italy, 2015-2021: A citizen science approach to surveillance. One Health 2023; 16:100480. [PMID: 36632478 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the increase of game meat intended for human consumption through Europe, a plethora of food-borne diseases, including trichinellosis, may occur in consumers, posing a relevant public health threat. Thus, this study aims to a citizen science approach to monitor the occurrence of Trichinella spp. in wild boar meat intended for human consumption, evaluating the risk of infection for consumers. Following the European Regulation 2015/1375 (laying down specific rules on official controls for Trichinella in meat), from 2015 to 2021, hunters (n = 478) were involved to collect diaphragm pillar samples of wild boars from mainland southern Italy, which were tested for Trichinella spp. L1 larvae via HCl-pepsin digestion and Multiplex PCR. Overall, 139,160 animals were collected (average of 19,880 per year), being 14 (i.e., 0.01%) tested positive to Trichinella britovi by the combined biochemical and molecular approach. An average larval burden of 28.4 L1 per gram of meat was found (minimum 3.2 - maximum 132.6). A statistically significant difference was found in the prevalence according to hunting seasons (p < 0.01, with higher values in 2016 and 2021) and regions of the study area (p < 0.01). No statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of T. britovi throughout the study period was found (p = 0.51), except in Apulia region (p < 0.01). These findings revealed a stable prevalence of T. britovi in wild boar meat intended for human consumption, suggesting a risk of infection for consumers, especially hunters and local markets users. Citizen science surveillance models could be promoted to improve trichinellosis control and prevention in a One Health perspective.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ezanno P, Picault S, Bareille S, Beaunée G, Boender GJ, Dankwa EA, Deslandes F, Donnelly CA, Hagenaars TJ, Hayes S, Jori F, Lambert S, Mancini M, Munoz F, Pleydell DRJ, Thompson RN, Vergu E, Vignes M, Vergne T. The African swine fever modelling challenge: Model comparison and lessons learnt. Epidemics 2022; 40:100615. [PMID: 35970067 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust epidemiological knowledge and predictive modelling tools are needed to address challenging objectives, such as: understanding epidemic drivers; forecasting epidemics; and prioritising control measures. Often, multiple modelling approaches can be used during an epidemic to support effective decision making in a timely manner. Modelling challenges contribute to understanding the pros and cons of different approaches and to fostering technical dialogue between modellers. In this paper, we present the results of the first modelling challenge in animal health - the ASF Challenge - which focused on a synthetic epidemic of African swine fever (ASF) on an island. The modelling approaches proposed by five independent international teams were compared. We assessed their ability to predict temporal and spatial epidemic expansion at the interface between domestic pigs and wild boar, and to prioritise a limited number of alternative interventions. We also compared their qualitative and quantitative spatio-temporal predictions over the first two one-month projection phases of the challenge. Top-performing models in predicting the ASF epidemic differed according to the challenge phase, host species, and in predicting spatial or temporal dynamics. Ensemble models built using all team-predictions outperformed any individual model in at least one phase. The ASF Challenge demonstrated that accounting for the interface between livestock and wildlife is key to increasing our effectiveness in controlling emerging animal diseases, and contributed to improving the readiness of the scientific community to face future ASF epidemics. Finally, we discuss the lessons learnt from model comparison to guide decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Servane Bareille
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; INRAE, ENVT, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Christl A Donnelly
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ferran Jori
- CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Lambert
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Mancini
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300 Nantes, France; INRAE, ENVT, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Facundo Munoz
- CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - David R J Pleydell
- CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Robin N Thompson
- Mathematics Institute and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Matthieu Vignes
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Basak SM, Hossain MS, O'Mahony DT, Okarma H, Widera E, Wierzbowska IA. Public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters - A decade of change. Sci Total Environ 2022; 834:155603. [PMID: 35523348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Europe is currently undergoing dynamic land use changes causing the expansion of urban habitat, which is driving wildlife species to colonise conurbations, resulting in an increased likelihood of human-wildlife conflict (HWC). Understanding people's attitudes toward wildlife is essential to manage these conflicts. This study assessed people's attitudes toward urban wildlife, the types of conflicts that existed, preferences for managing conflict situations, and determined any changes in perceptions of urban wildlife over a decade. A questionnaire survey of residents of Krakow, the second-largest city in Poland, was conducted in 2010 (n = 721) and repeated in 2020 (n = 887). We found that encounters with certain urban wildlife such as wild boars, red squirrels, roe deer, brown hares, and red foxes had increased significantly in 2020 compared to 2010. Respondents reported that wild boar and beavers did not show fear when encountering humans. Stone martens were considered the most nuisance wildlife species in 2010, while in 2020 wild boar were the most conflictual wildlife species. There were additional reports of conflicts with roe deer and red foxes. The most frequent HWC responses were personal anxiety, intrusion into property and destruction of crops, which increased significantly over the decade, independent of respondents' gender. Respondents preferred nonlethal methods to mitigate conflicts. The study provides valuable information and knowledge on changes in people's attitudes toward urban wildlife that can help with wildlife management in urban areas. Incorporating perception and attitude data from the public, along with a multi-stakeholder approach that includes wildlife professionals, in the planning and design of future urban environments is critical to minimise HWC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani M Basak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Md Sarwar Hossain
- Environmental Science and Sustainability, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Glasgow, Dumfries, UK
| | - Declan T O'Mahony
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Henryk Okarma
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Widera
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela A Wierzbowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal and highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild pigs, listed as a notifiable disease reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Despite its limited host range and absent zoonotic potential, the socio-economic and environmental impact of ASF is very high, representing a serious threat to the global swine industry and the many stakeholders involved. Currently, only control and eradication measures based mainly on early detection and strict stamping-out policies are available, however, the rapid spread of the disease in new countries, and in new regions in countries already affected, show these strategies to be lacking. In this review, we discuss approaches to ASF vaccinology, with emphasis on the advances made over the last decade, including the development of virulence-associated gene deleted strains such as the very promising ASFV-G-ΔI177L/ΔLVR, that replicates efficiently in a stable porcine epithelial cell line, and the cross-protecting BA71ΔCD2 capable of stably growing in the commercial COS-1 cell line, or the naturally attenuated Lv17/WB/Rie1 which shows solid protection in wild boar. We also consider the key constraints involved in the scale-up and commercialization of promising live attenuated and virus-vectored vaccine candidates, namely cross-protection, safety, lack of suitable animal models, compatibility with wildlife immunization, availability of established and licensed cell lines, and differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Urbano
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon.,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS)
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon.,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Anderson D, Kaneko S, Harshman A, Okuda K, Takagi T, Chinn S, Beasley JC, Nanba K, Ishiniwa H, Hinton TG. Radiocesium accumulation and germline mutations in chronically exposed wild boar from Fukushima, with radiation doses to human consumers of contaminated meat. Environ Pollut 2022; 306:119359. [PMID: 35487469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic effects and radioactive contamination of large mammals, including wild boar (Sus scrofa), have been studied in Japan because of dispersal of radionuclides from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011. Such studies have generally demonstrated a declining trend in measured radiocesium body burdens in wildlife. Estimating radiation exposure to wildlife is important to understand possible long-term impacts. Here, radiation exposure was evaluated in 307 wild boar inhabiting radioactively contaminated areas (50-8000 kBq m-2) in Fukushima Prefecture from 2016 to 2019, and genetic markers were examined to assess possible germline mutations caused by chronic radiation exposures to several generations of wild boar. Internal Cs activity concentrations in boar remained high in areas near the power plant with the highest concentration of 54 kBq kg-1 measured in 2019. Total dose rates to wild boar ranged from 0.02 to 36 μGy h-1, which was primarily attributed to external radiation exposure, and dose rates to the maximally exposed animals were above the generic no-effects benchmark of 10 μGy h-1. Using the estimated age of each animal, lifetime radiation doses ranged from <0.1 mGy to 700 mGy. Despite chronic exposures, the genetic analyses showed no significant accumulation of mutation events. Because wild boar is an occasional human dietary item in Japan, effective dose to humans from ingesting contaminated wild boar meat was calculated. Hypothetical consumption of contaminated wild boar meat from radioactively contaminated areas in Fukushima, at the per capita pork consumption rate (12.9 kg y-1), would result in an average effective annual dose of 0.9 mSv y-1, which is below the annual ingestion limit of 1 mSv y-1. Additionally, a consumption rate of about 1.4 kg y-1 of the most contaminated meat in this study would not exceed annual ingestion limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Anderson
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan; Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Shingo Kaneko
- Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Amber Harshman
- Environmental Protection Services Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Kei Okuda
- Faculty of Human Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Shudo University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihito Takagi
- Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sarah Chinn
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ishiniwa
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Thomas G Hinton
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Winter M, Marfil MJ, La Sala LF, Suarez M, Maidana C, Rodriguez C, Mesplet M, Abate S, Rosas C, Peña Martinez J, Barandiaran S. Serological survey suggests circulation of coronavirus on wild Suina from Argentina, 2014-2017. Ecohealth 2022; 19:159-163. [PMID: 35652967 PMCID: PMC9161765 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses affecting pigs have been studied sporadically in wildlife. In Argentina, epidemiological surveillance of TGEV/PRCV is conducted only in domestic pigs. The aim was to assess the prevalence of TGEV/PRCV in wild Suina. Antibodies against these diseases in wild boar and captive collared peccary were surveyed by ELISA. Antibodies against TGEV were found in three collared peccaries (n = 87). No TGEV/PRCV antibodies were detected in wild boar (n = 160). Preventive measures should be conducted in contact nodes where the transmission of agents may increase. Epidemiological surveillance in wildlife populations and in captive animals before their reintroduction should be attempted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Winter
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia Río Negro, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro-Sede Atlántica, R8500 Viedma, Río Negro Argentina
| | - María Jimena Marfil
- Catedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Cs Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano Francisco La Sala
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur, Universidad Nacional del Sur (CONICET-UNS), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcos Suarez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Exóticas, Dirección de Laboratorios y Control Técnico, SENASA, ACD1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celia Maidana
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Exóticas, Dirección de Laboratorios y Control Técnico, SENASA, ACD1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Exóticas, Dirección de Laboratorios y Control Técnico, SENASA, ACD1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mesplet
- Catedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Cs Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Abate
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia Río Negro, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro-Sede Atlántica, R8500 Viedma, Río Negro Argentina
| | - Carolina Rosas
- Endangered Species and Environments Restoration Program, Rewilding Argentina Foundation, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Peña Martinez
- Endangered Species and Environments Restoration Program, Rewilding Argentina Foundation, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soledad Barandiaran
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Iannuccelli N, Mary N, Bonnet N, Petit G, Valle C, Ducos A, Riquet J. Genotyping data of French wild boar populations using porcine genome-wide genotyping array. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:170. [PMID: 35562745 PMCID: PMC9102940 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The admixture of domestic pig into wild boar populations is controlled until now, by cytogenetic analysis. Even if a first-generation hybrid animal is discernable because of its 37-chromosome karyotype, the cytogenetic method is not applicable in the case of advanced intercrosses. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the use of SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers as an alternative technology to characterize recent or past hybridization between the two sub-species. The final goal would be to develop a molecular diagnostic tool. Data description The Geneseek Genomic Profiler High-Density porcine beadchip (GGP70KHD, Illumina, USA), comprising 68,516 porcine SNPs, was used on a set of 362 wild boars with diverse chromosomal statuses collected from different areas and breeding environments in France. We generated approximately 62,192–64,046 genotypes per wild boar. The present dataset might be useful for the community (i) for developing molecular tools to evaluate the admixture of domestic pig into wild boar populations, and (ii) for genetic diversity studies including wild boar species or phylogeny analyses of Suidae populations. Raw data files and a processed matrix data file were deposited in the ArrayExpress at European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) data portal under accession number E-MTAB-10591.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Mary
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Carine Valle
- Technological Center, Genomics and Transcriptomics Platform, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, UMR 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Ducos
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Juliette Riquet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pacifico L, Sgadari MF, D'Alessio N, Buono F, Restucci B, Sgroi G, Ottaviano M, Antoniciello M, Fioretti A, Tamponi C, Varcasia A, Veneziano V. First description of Eucoleus garfiai (Gallego and Mas-Coma, 1975) in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Italy. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1683-1689. [PMID: 35362744 PMCID: PMC9098567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eucoleus garfiai (syn. Capillaria garfiai) is a nematode infecting lingual tissue of domestic and wild swine. Prevalence data for this parasite are scant and often related to accidental findings, occurring only in Japan and a few European countries. In this study, an epidemiological survey was performed in order to identify E. garfiai in wild boar from the Campania region, southern Italy. A total of 153 wild boar carcasses were inspected over the course of two hunting seasons (2019-2020). Histological examinations were performed on tongue samples fixed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The scraping of dorsal tongue tissue was carried out to collect adult worms for parasitological examination. Out of 153 wild boars, 40 (26.1%, 95% CI: 19.8-33.6%) tested positive for helminths and/or eggs in tongue tissues. Parasites were identified morphologically and identification was confirmed by molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, showing a 99% nucleotide match with E. garfiai sequences available in literature. No statistically significant differences were found according to age, sex nor hunting province. Our findings agree with previous histopathological data confirming the low pathogenic impact of this nematode. The present study represents the first report of E. garfiai in wild boar from Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pacifico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Sgadari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alessio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy.,Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Martina Ottaviano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Antoniciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stroffolini G, Rossi L, Lupia T, Faraoni S, Paltrinieri G, Lipani F, Calcagno A, Bonora S, Di Perri G, Calleri G. Trichinella britovi outbreak in Piedmont, North-West Italy, 2019-2020: Clinical and epidemiological insights in the one health perspective. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 47:102308. [PMID: 35276355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinellosis, a foodborne zoonosis due to nematodes of the genus Trichinella, occurs in the form of outbreaks following meat consumption. North Italy has been rarely involved. We report here the most significant wildlife derived trichinellosis outbreak ever registered in the Piedmont region. METHOD We retrospectively included 96 outpatients referred to our institution (December 20th, 2019-January 15th, 2020) 2020 after consuming raw sausages prepared from a single wild boar hunted in the Susa Valley, 59 km away from Torino, in November 2019. RESULTS We confirmed 35 cases and found additional 10 probable/suspected cases. Our cohort found that 47% of patients were symptomatic, with a median time from symptoms to presentation at clinic and serology testing of 14 days. Peripheral blood eosinophilia >500/μl and CK alterations were common. Further qualitative and quantitative analysis at the International Trichinella Reference Center c/o ISS, Rome identified T. britovi as the causative agent. CONCLUSIONS No autochthonous human case has ever been detected in Torino province, and a single wild boar has tested positive for Trichinella since active surveillance was implemented in 2013. This outbreak should raise attention on the preventive role of veterinary surveillance and the need to optimize sampling procedures and targeted health education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Stroffolini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Faraoni
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Lipani
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Calleri
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Morita S, Sato S, Maruyama S, Miyagawa A, Nakamura K, Nakamura M, Asakura H, Sugiyama H, Takai S, Maeda K, Kabeya H. Prevalence and whole-genome sequence analysis of Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from wild deer and boar in Japan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 82:101766. [PMID: 35176619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a part of risk analysis for consumption of meat from wild animals, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in wild deer and boar in Japan was investigated. C. hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis (C. hyointestinalis) was isolated from 2.8% (7/253) of the wild deer and 22.1% (71/321) of the wild boar examined. All 23 wild deer isolates and 141 (72.7%) wild boar isolates carried both chcdt-I and chcdt-II genes. The remaining 53 (27.3%) wild boar isolates had only the chcdt-II gene. By whole-genome sequence analysis, we detected 38-40 virulence- and survival-associated genes (motility, chemotactic, adhesion, invasion, toxin, glycosylation, iron uptake, drug resistance, and stress response), which had been identified in C. jejuni and C. coli. In conclusion, our study highlights C. hyointestinalis as a possible cause of food-borne disease in humans and emphasizes the importance of food hygiene in the processing of wild meats for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252- 0880, Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Soichi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Asuka Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252- 0880, Japan
| | - Kiriko Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252- 0880, Japan
| | - Mizuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252- 0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiromu Sugiyama
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kabeya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252- 0880, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Perez F, Piao Z, Liu X. Habitat suitability for a community of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and their prey in Changbaishan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:12249-12260. [PMID: 34561809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Changbaishan reserve and the forests around it are one of the priority areas for Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) recovery in northeastern China. Previous habitat suitability analyses only took the ecological requirements of tigers into consideration, so this study aims to determine habitat suitability for a tiger-prey community in the region, by analysing ungulate prey availability and habitat suitability for both predator and prey. Three prey species were found, using the snow tacking method: red deer (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and roe deer (Capreolus pygargus). Habitat suitability was evaluated for tigers, red deer, and wild boar, using a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) process. MCE results showed that (1) habitat suitability is generally low outside the reserve for all three species; (2) suitability values were the lowest for tigers due to high intensity of human impact in the area, with suitable habitat restricted to the centre of the reserve; and (3) red deer and wild boar would find pockets of suitable habitat outside the reserve. A combination of low forest quality and high human impact intensity imposes significant environmental pressure to those ungulates. To recover tiger population in Changbaishan, forest quality and human impacts should be properly managed, which should increase prey availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Perez
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengji Piao
- Jilin Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Antu County, Jilin, Province, 133613, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rhimi W, Sgroi G, Aneke CI, Annoscia G, Latrofa MS, Mosca A, Veneziano V, Otranto D, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Cafarchia C. Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) as Reservoir of Zoonotic Yeasts: Bioindicator of Environmental Quality. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:235-248. [PMID: 35072853 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife animals are recognized as reservoirs for zoonotic fungi and their faeces might play an important role in introducing pathogens into the environment. Thought wild boar (Sus scrofa) population has dramatically increased across Europe, information about their possible role in dissemination of zoonotic pathogenic yeasts in the environment is scant. Therefore, fecal samples (n = 124) from wild boars from Campania region (Southern Italy) were collected and yeasts identified biochemically and molecularly by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region and their phylogenetical relationship assessed. The antifungal susceptibility profiles of yeasts were also investigated using AFST-EUCAST method. Yeasts were isolated from 50.1% of the samples with the highest occurrence in samples from the province of Salerno (61.1%). A total of 368 Candida strains belonging to nine species were identified, with Candida albicans (45.7%), followed by Candida krusei (15.2%), Kazachstania slooffiae (9.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (7.6%) as the most prevalent identified species. Among C. albicans four sequence types (i.e., ST1-ST4) were identified with an intraspecific nucleotide difference up to 0.21%. The ML tree grouped all representative sequence types as paraphyletic clades with those of the references yeast species, respectively and supported by high bootstrap values. Fluconazole was the less active drug whereas, posaconazole, voriconazole, and isavuconazole the most active one. No resistance phenomena were observed for C. albicans and high MICs values for 5FC, azoles and echinocandines were registered in non-albicans Candida spp. This study showed, for the first time, the important role of wild boars in dissemination of pathogenic fungi in the environment. The absence of resistance phenomena in the Candida spp. might reflect environmental free from residues of azoles antifungals pollution or chemicals and suggests the role of wild boar as bio indicators of environment quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Giada Annoscia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Mosca
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Medical Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ciarello FP, Moreno A, Miragliotta N, Antonino A, Fiasconaro M, Purpari G, Amato B, Ippolito D, Di Marco Lo Presti V. Aujeszky's disease in hunting dogs after the ingestion of wild boar raw meat in Sicily (Italy): clinical, diagnostic and phylogenetic features. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:27. [PMID: 34996475 PMCID: PMC8742332 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aujeszky's disease is caused by Suid Herpes Virus-1 and species belonging to the genus Sus scrofa are the main reservoir hosts. This virus, however, is capable of infecting and causing severe disease, with an almost constant fatal outcome in other species, both domestic and wild (carnivores, monogastric herbivores and ruminants). Moreover, the possibility of transmission to humans has been demonstrated. This study reports and describes the clinical, diagnostic, pathological and phylogenetic aspects of two cases of Aujeszky's disease in two hunting dogs following the ingestion of infected wild boar raw meat. These cases are contextualized in the province of Messina (Sicily), where a high prevalence of Aujeszky's disease has been recorded (average of 12,20% in the period 2010–2019) in farmed pig, and with evidence of spread to other species. A severe outbreak in cattle has recently been reported in these areas. Nevertheless, cases of Aujeszky's disease in dogs are rarely reported and this study represents the first well-documented report in this species in Sicily. Case presentation After a wild boar hunt, two dogs showed neurological symptoms and intense itching unresponsive to therapy. Diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease was made based on clinical suspicion, anamnestic information and confirmed by the isolation of the virus from the brain of both dogs. In addition, molecular typing, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Real-Time PCR products were performed. The sequences studied were placed in the Italian Clade 1 along with the sequences obtained from wild boars and hunting dogs from Italy and France. Conclusions The finding of this disease in non-natural hosts in Sicilian multi-host epidemiological contexts suggests that the risk of inter-species transmission is concrete and that attention should be paid to developing disease control programs in these territories. The data obtained from genome sequencing of the two SuHV-1 isolates contribute to the enrichment of the GenBank with unknown sequences and the phylogenetic analysis implementation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03138-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Pruiti Ciarello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- National Reference Center for Aujeszky's Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna " Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9 - 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Miragliotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aliberti Antonino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Fiasconaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Benedetta Amato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jiménez-Ruiz S, Laguna E, Vicente J, García-Bocanegra I, Martínez-Guijosa J, Cano-Terriza D, Risalde MA, Acevedo P. Characterization and management of interaction risks between livestock and wild ungulates on outdoor pig farms in Spain. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:2. [PMID: 34986896 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To control the transmission of relevant shared diseases, such as animal tuberculosis (TB) and African swine fever (ASF), it is essential to reduce the risk of interaction between livestock and wild ungulates. In Eastern and Central Europe, the current spread of ASF virus affecting wild boar and domestic pigs (especially those raised outdoors and/or in backyards) has devastated the pig sector in affected regions and is seriously threatening other exporting countries. Here, we evaluated the risk of wildlife-livestock interactions on 45 outdoor pig farms in Spain, the second largest pork producer in the EU and then proposed biosecurity-related actions. An integrated, systematic wildlife risk mitigation protocol based on interviews, questionnaires and field audits was developed and applied on each farm. Results Most of the interaction risk points were associated with water sources (84.2%; 701/832), mainly springs and ponds, which accounted for almost all the specific points with high or very high risk scores. The risk of interaction at feeding points (6.9%; 57/832) and those associated with facilities for livestock and/or game management (8.9%; 74/832) were rated as low and very low risk, respectively. Wild boar were present and hunted on 69% of the farms. Supplementary feeding for wild ungulate species (mainly wild boar) was provided on almost half (48.9%; 22/45) the surveyed farms. Risk mitigation actions were categorised to target water access, waterers, food, other livestock species, grazing, wildlife, and offal disposal. Of the total number of actions (n = 2016), 82.7% were identified as priority actions while 17.3% represented alternative options which were identified less cost-effective. On average, 37.1 (median: 32; range 14–113) action proposals per study farm were made and 2.0 (median: 1; range 0–4) per risk point. The mean estimated cost of implementing the proposed priority actions was 14,780 €/farm (25.7 €/hectare and 799.4 €/risk point). Conclusions This study expands the knowledge of interaction risks between domestic pigs and wild ungulates in outdoor pig farming systems and highlights the importance of considering local risks and management practices when designing and prioritising adapted wildlife risk mitigation and biosecurity actions. This practical and feasible protocol developed for Mediterranean ecosystems is easily transferable to professionals and can be adapted to extensive (outdoor) production or epidemiological systems in other European regions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-021-00246-7.
Collapse
|
44
|
Selmi R, Tayh G, Srairi S, Mamlouk A, Ben Chehida F, Lahmar S, Bouslama M, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Messadi L. Prevalence, risk factors and emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing-, carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolated from wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Tunisia. Microb Pathog 2022; 163:105385. [PMID: 34995748 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as an emerging and growing public health problem worldwide. In Tunisia, knowledge is still limited to domestic animals and humans, and only few data are available regarding the role of wildlife. This research determined the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the faeces of 110 wild boars (Sus scrofa) in northern Tunisia. Fecal samples, obtained post mortem from boar carcasses, were cultured on MacConkey agar and MacConkey agar containing 2 mg/L of cefotaxime. A total of 102 Enterobacterales isolates were identified from 94(85%) fecal samples. Escherichia coli (56, 54%), Citrobacter freundii (14, 13%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11, 10%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7, 6%) were the most predominantly identified Enterobacterales. However, Pantoea spp. (4, 4%), Enterobacter spp. (3,3%), Enterobacter cloacae (1, 1%), Enterobacter gergoviae (2, 2%), Proteus mirabilis (2, 2%), Yersinia sp. (1, 1%), and Citrobacter diversus (1, 1%) were rarely identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that 55% (57/102) of the identified strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). A total of 30% (31/102) of the tested isolates were recognized as Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains and blaCTX-M-G1, blaTEM, blaSHV β-lactamases were the main encoding genes revealed. Furthermore, identified isolates showed a high level of AMR, especially for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (77.67%), ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (71.85%), streptomycin (76.69%), amoxicillin (75.73%), and cephalotin (74.76%). Alarming levels of resistance to colistin (2.9%) and ertapenem (9.7%) were revealed and confirmed by the detection of mcr-1, and blaIMP and blaVIM genes, respectively. Various phenotypes of AMR were obtained in this study highlighting the important role of wild boars as hosts and even carriers for several resistant Enterobacterales isolates. This may represents a focal risk factor allowing the transmission of these strains between domestic, wild animals, environment and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Selmi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia; Ministère de la Défense Nationale, Direction Générale de la Santé Militaire, Service Vétérinaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghassan Tayh
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Sinda Srairi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Mamlouk
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ben Chehida
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Samia Lahmar
- Service de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Monia Daaloul-Jedidi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. Université de la Manouba, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bacigalupo SA, Dixon LK, Gubbins S, Kucharski AJ, Drewe JA. Wild boar visits to commercial pig farms in southwest England: implications for disease transmission. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022; 68:69. [PMID: 36213142 PMCID: PMC9532280 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact between wild animals and farmed livestock may result in disease transmission with huge financial, welfare and ethical consequences. Conflicts between people and wildlife can also arise when species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa) consume crops or dig up pasture. This is a relatively recent problem in England where wild boar populations have become re-established in the last 20 years following a 500-year absence. The aim of this pilot study was to determine if and how often free-living wild boar visited two commercial pig farms near the Forest of Dean in southwest England. We placed 20 motion-sensitive camera traps at potential entry points to, and trails surrounding, the perimeter of two farmyards housing domestic pigs between August 2019 and February 2021, covering a total of 6030 trap nights. Forty wild boar detections were recorded on one farm spread across 27 nights, with a median (range) of 1 (0 to 7) night of wild boar activity per calendar month. Most of these wild boar detections occurred between ten and twenty metres of housed domestic pigs. No wild boar was detected at the other farm. These results confirm wild boar do visit commercial pig farms, and therefore, there is potential for contact and pathogen exchange between wild boar and domestic pigs. The visitation rates derived from this study could be used to parameterise disease transmission models of pathogens common to domestic pigs and wild boars, such as the African swine fever virus, and subsequently to develop mitigation strategies to reduce unwanted contacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adam J Kucharski
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Julian A Drewe
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, AL9 7TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hayama Y, Sawai K, Yoshinori M, Yamaguchi E, Shimizu Y, Yamamoto T. Pig farm vaccination against classical swine fever reduces the risk of transmission from wild boar. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105554. [PMID: 34872007 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, classical swine fever (CSF) re-emerged in the Gifu Prefecture, central Japan, causing an on-going outbreak among wild boars and domestic pigs in the country. Consequently, oral vaccination for wild boar and compulsory vaccination for pig farms started in 2019. We have previously shown that, before vaccination in the Gifu Prefecture, the presence of CSF-infected wild boar near pig farms increased the risk of CSF transmission. This study aimed to re-evaluate the transmission risk from wild boars to pig farms under a vaccination program. The effectiveness of vaccination was evaluated by comparing the transmission risk estimated before and after the implementation of vaccinations. In this study, we focused on two affected areas, the Kanto (eastern Japan) and Kinki (west-central Japan) regions, in which eight of 11 infected farms were detected between the start of pig farm vaccinations and April 2021. Wild boar surveillance data from an area within a 50-km radius from the infected farms were used for analysis, consisting of 18,870 1-km grid cells (207 infected cells) in the Kanto region, and 15,677 cells (417 infected cells) in the Kinki region. The transmission rates in the post-vaccination period in the Kanto and Kinki regions were much lower than that in the pre-vaccination period in the Gifu Prefecture. The values of transmission kernels (h0, transmission rate at 0 km) in the Kanto and Kinki regions decreased to 1% of the transmission kernel in the pre-vaccination period. In the pre-vaccination period, the risk of infection within 300 days was almost 95 % when one infected grid cell was detected within 1 km of a pig farm. Meanwhile, in the post-vaccination period, the risk of infection within 300 days was approximately 5% when several infected cells were detected within 1 km of a pig farm. Considering the limited effect of oral vaccination for wild boar due to distribution limitations in the Kanto and Kinki regions, vaccination on pig farms may seems to have mainly reduced the transmission risk from wild boar. However, despite the implementation of vaccination, the risk of infection on pig farms remains present due to the immunity gap of weaning pigs. Therefore, strict biosecurity measures on pig farms and an appropriate vaccination program are required to prevent and control CSF spread.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fanelli A, Tizzani P, Buonavoglia D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wild boars. Res Vet Sci 2021; 142:54-69. [PMID: 34864434 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis summarize the available information on Hepatitis E virus (HEV) -specific antibody seroprevalence and HEV RNA prevalence in wild boar, one of the most abundant game species worldwide. A literature search (CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus) was performed to find relevant peer-reviewed works published during the period 1990-2020. A random-effect model was carried out to calculate the pooled HEV-specific antibody seroprevalence and HEV RNA prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals, and I2 statistic was used to assess the heterogeneity of the data. Values by subgroups were compared according to the geographical area, age class (≤ 12 months old and > 12 months old), and sample type (bile, faeces, liver, meat/muscle, serum). Sixty-nine publications were selected, with the majority of the studies from Southern Europe (n = 27). The pooled HEV-specific antibody seroprevalence in wild boar was 28% (CI95% 23-34) and the HEV RNA prevalence 8% (CI95% 6-10). The analysis highlighted a significant heterogeneity among the estimates from the included studies (I2 = 98% and I2 = 95% for HEV-specific antibody seroprevalence and viral prevalence respectively). The moderator analysis indicated a statistically significant difference (p-value = 0.03) for the HEV RNA prevalence according to the sample type, with the highest value in bile (17%, CI95% 9-27), followed by liver (10%, CI95% 7-14), serum (7%, CI95% 4-10), faeces (5%, CI95% 2-9), and meat/muscle (3%, CI95% 0.04-10). Finally, the HEV RNA prevalence in Europe (8.7, CI95% 6.7-11) was significantly (p-value = 0.04) higher than in Asia (4, CI95% 0.6-8). The analysis highlights the important role of wild boar in the epidemiology of HEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Griciuvienė L, Janeliūnas Ž, Jurgelevičius V, Paulauskas A. The effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of wild boar (Sus scrofa) population in Lithuania. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:53. [PMID: 34837959 PMCID: PMC8626901 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-01008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a widely distributed ungulate whose success can be attributed to a variety of ecological features. The genetic variation and population structure of Lithuania's wild boar population have not yet been thoroughly studied. The purposes of this study were to investigate the genetic diversity of S. scrofa and assess the effects of habitat fragmentation on the population structure of wild boar in Lithuania. A total of 96 S. scrofa individuals collected from different regions of Lithuania were genotyped using fifteen microsatellite loci. RESULTS The microsatellite analysis of the wild boars indicated high levels of genetic diversity within the population. Microsatellite markers showed evidence of a single panmictic wild boar population in Lithuania according to STRUCTURE's highest average likelihood, which was K = 1. This was supported by pairwise Fst values and AMOVA, which indicated no differentiation between the four sampling areas. The results of the Mantel test revealed a weak isolation by distance and geographic diversity gradients that persisted between locations. Motorway fencing and heavy traffic were not an effective barrier to wild boar movement. CONCLUSIONS There was limited evidence of population genetic structure among the wild boar, supporting the presence of a single population across the study area and indicating that there may be no barriers hindering wild boar dispersal across the landscape. The widespread wild boar population in Lithuania, the high level of genetic variation observed within subpopulations, and the low level of variation identified between subpopulations suggest migration and gene flow between locations. The results of this study should provide valuable information in future for understanding and comparing the detailed structure of wild boar population in Lithuania following the outbreak of African swine fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Žygimantas Janeliūnas
- Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio 58, 44248, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Molecular Biology and GMO Department, National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, J. Kairiūkščio 10, 08409, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaclovas Jurgelevičius
- Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio 58, 44248, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Molecular Biology and GMO Department, National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, J. Kairiūkščio 10, 08409, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Papić B, Kušar D, Mićunović J, Vidrih Š, Pirš M, Ocepek M, Avberšek J. Genomic insights into Salmonella Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf outbreak reveal possible interspecies transmission. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109282. [PMID: 34785475 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a host-adapted serovar that causes serious infections in domestic pigs and wild boars. Here, we investigated an outbreak of salmonellosis in domestic pigs in Slovenia, 2018-2019. To assess the outbreak, 18 isolates from domestic pigs, wild boars, wild boar meat and a human patient underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates were of sequence type (ST) 145 and harbored no antimicrobial resistance genes or AMR-associated mutations. A single transmission cluster (≤ 6 alleles) of spatially (< 100 km) and temporally linked isolates was observed, comprising isolates of pig (n = 9), wild boar (n = 2) and human (n = 1) origin, and suggesting possible interspecies transmission. In all outbreak-related animal cases, septicemic salmonellosis was observed, accompanied in some cases by enteric symptoms. All pig isolates were linked to a single intensive breeding farm that distributed growers to small family farms. The same transport vehicles were used to distribute growers to family farms and also to transport livestock between neighboring countries. Both isolates that originated from the imported wild boar meat were genetically distant (≥ 122 alleles) from the outbreak cluster. The present results indicate the importance of screening domestic pigs and proper disinfection of transport vehicles to control the spread of S. Choleraesuis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Papić
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Darja Kušar
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Mićunović
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Vidrih
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Pirš
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Avberšek
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Luvai EAC, Uchida L, Tun MMN, Inoue S, Weiyin H, Shimoda H, Morita K, Hayasaka D. Seroepidemiological surveys of tick-borne encephalitis virus and novel tick-borne viruses in wild boar in Nagasaki, Japan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101860. [PMID: 34763307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus have been identified in humans, animals, and ticks. In addition, novel tick-borne viruses have been isolated from ticks in Japan. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of TBEV and novel viruses, particularly Tofla virus (TFLV), Kabuto Mountain virus (KAMV), and Muko virus (MUV) in wild boar in Nagasaki, Japan. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and neutralization tests were performed to detect antibodies against each virus. Wild boar serum tested positive for antibodies against KAMV, TFLV, and TBEV, but not MUV. This study revealed the seroprevalence of newly identified tick-borne viruses and TBEV in animals residing in the Nagasaki area. The seroprevalence of these viruses in sentinel animals may inform policies aimed at preventing tick-borne virus disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ajema Chebichi Luvai
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Leo Uchida
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hu Weiyin
- Laboratory of veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Laboratory of veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|