1
|
Sindhu M, Kalaivani P, Prabusankar G, Sivasamy R, Prabhakaran R. Preparation of new organo-ruthenium(II) complexes and their nucleic acid/albumin binding efficiency and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3075-3096. [PMID: 38235791 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04017h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Hetero-bimetallic ruthenium(II) complexes (PRAFIZ and PRBFIZ) containing acetyl ferrocene (AFIZ)/benzoyl ferrocene isonicotinic hydrazone ligands (BFIZ) were synthesized and characterized by various spectral and analytical techniques. The structure of acetyl ferrocene isonicotinic hydrazone (AFIZ) and the complex PRBFIZ was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The hydrazide ligands coordinated in a bidentate monobasic fashion using their N1 hydrazinic nitrogen and enolic oxygen atoms. The binding interactions of the ligands and complexes were examined using Calf-Thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) experiments clarified the efficient binding interaction of the ligands and complexes with BSA. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity studies on MDA-MB-261 breast cancer cells and A549 human lung cancer cells and cell morphological analysis results through staining assays clearly indicated the cytotoxic nature of the complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 018, India.
| | - P Kalaivani
- Department of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 018, India.
| | - G Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502 285, India
| | - R Sivasamy
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - R Prabhakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma BP, Subin JA, Marasini BP, Adhikari R, Pandey SK, Sharma ML. Triazole based Schiff bases and their Oxovanadium(IV) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial assay, and computational assessments. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15239. [PMID: 37089299 PMCID: PMC10119765 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of two new Schiff base ligands containing 1,2,4-triazole moieties and their oxovanadium(IV) complexes have been reported. The ligands and their complexes were studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), conductivity measurement, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and elemental analyses. The molar conductance of oxovanadium(IV) complexes were found to be relatively low, depicting their non-electrolytic nature. The XRD patterns reveal the size of particles to be 47.53 nm and 26.28 nm for the two complexes in the monoclinic crystal system. The molecular structures, geometrical parameters, chemical reactivity, stability, and frontier molecular orbital pictures were determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The theoretical vibrational frequencies and EPR g-factors (1.98) were found to correlate well with the experimental values. A distorted square pyramidal geometry with C2 symmetry of the complexes has been proposed from experimental and theoretical results in a synergistic manner. The antimicrobial sensitivity of the ligands and their metal complexes assayed in vitro against four bacterial pathogens viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella Typhi showed that the oxovanadium(IV) complexes are slightly stronger antibacterial agents than their corresponding Schiff base precursors. The binding affinities obtained from the molecular docking calculations with the receptor proteins of bacterial strains (2EUG, 3UWZ, 4GVF, and 4JVD) showed that the Schiff bases and their oxovanadium(IV) complexes have considerable capacity inferring activeness for effective inhibition. The molecular dynamics simulation of a protein-ligand (4JVD-HL2) complex with the best binding affinity of -12.8 kcal/mol for 100 ns showed acceptable stability of the docked pose and binding free energy of -15.17 ± 2.29 kcal/mol from molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) calculations indicated spontaneity of the reaction. The outcome of the research shows the complementary role of computational methods in material characterization and provides an interesting avenue to pursue for exploring new triazole based Schiff's bases and its vanadium compounds for better properties.
Collapse
|
3
|
Spectroscopic characterization of a mononuclear oxovanadium (IV) Schiff base complex. Oxidation catalysis applications and Antibacterial activities. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
|
4
|
Alyaninezhad Z, Bekhradnia A, Gorji RZ, Arshadi S, ahmadi S, Gorji MZ. Mercury (II) Complex Based on Quinoxaline– Aminoantipyrine: Synthesis, Crystal structure, Computational studies and Anticancer activities evaluation. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Sinha A, Chaudhary R, Reddy DS, Kongot M, Kurjogi MM, Kumar A. ON donor tethered copper (II) and vanadium (V) complexes as efficacious anti-TB and anti-fungal agents with spectroscopic approached HSA interactions. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10125. [PMID: 36033266 PMCID: PMC9403362 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drug resistance poses a significant threat worldwide, hence triggering an urgent situation for developing feasible drugs. 3D-transition metal coordination complexes being multifaceted, offer tremendous potency as drug candidates. However, there are fewer reports on non-toxic and safe transition metal complexes; therefore, we hereby attempted to develop novel copper and vanadium-based therapeutic agents. We have synthesised six metal complexes viz., [VVO2(Quibal-INH)] (1), [CuII(Quibal-INH)2] (2), [VVO(Quibal-INH) (cat)] (3), [CuII(Quibal-INH) (cat)] (4), [VVO(Quibal-INH) (bha)] (5) and [CuII(Quibal-INH) (bha)] (6). Quibal-INH (L) is an ON bidentate donor ligand synthesized from Schiff base reaction between 4-(2-(7-chloroquinolin-3-yl)vinyl)benzaldehyde (Quibal) and Isoniazid (INH). The synthesized compounds were characterized using analytical techniques involving ATR-IR, UV-Vis, EPR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 51V NMR. Ligand (L) and compound 3 exhibited moderate growth inhibitory activity towards Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans fungal species. Compound 6 has been identified as active against the above fungal species with no toxicity and hemolysis activity on the healthy cells. Compound 5 exhibited significant activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 R v strain. Further, compounds 4, 5 and 6 exhibited excellent free radical scavenging activity. All the developed compounds were found to exhibit stability over a wide range of pH conditions. The complexes were additionally studied for their interaction with human serum albumin (HSA) with the UV-vis spectroscopic technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sinha
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Riya Chaudhary
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh S Reddy
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Manasa Kongot
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahantesh M Kurjogi
- Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, 562112, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Huang B, Wang L, Jiang G, Cheng J, Xiong Y, Wang J, Liao X. The synthesis and evaluation of the antitumor and antibacterial activity of two novel oxovanadium complexes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198211045894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two novel oxovanadium(IV) complexes ([VO(hntdtsc)(BPIP)] and [VO(hntdtsc)(MOPIP)] (hntdtsc = 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehydethiosemicarbazone, BPIP = 2-(4-bromophenyl)-imidazo[4,5- f]-1,10-phenanthroline, MOPIP = 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-imidazo[4,5- f]1,10-phenanthroline), are synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, the Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay is used to investigate the antitumor activity of the ligand and two complexes in vitro.The results indicate that both complexes could significantly inhibit selected tumor cells (SH-SY5Y, MCF-7, and SK-N-SH). In addition, the antibacterial activity of VO(hntdtsc)(BPIP) against Staphylococcus aureus is further investigated. Interestingly, VO(hntdtsc)(BPIP) can efficiently attenuate S. aureus growth and abrogate α-hemolysin secretion and biofilm formation. The plasmid DNA cleavage activity of both complexes is also investigated. The results suggest that supercoiled plasmid DNA is efficiently cleaved after treatment with each complex, which might contribute to the biological activity of these oxovanadium(IV) complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Guijjuan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Yanshi Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Jintao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwen Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Unraveling the binding mechanism of an Oxovanadium(IV) - Curcumin complex on albumin, DNA and DNA gyrase by in vitro and in silico studies and evaluation of its hemocompatibility. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 221:111402. [PMID: 33975249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An oxovanadium(IV) - curcumin based complex, viz. [VO(cur)(2,2´-bipy)(H2O)] where cur is curcumin and bipy is bipyridine, previously synthesized, has been studied for interaction with albumin and DNA. Fluorescence emission spectroscopy was used to evaluate the interaction of the complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the BSA-binding constant (Kb) was calculated to be 2.56 x 105 M-1, whereas a single great-affinity binding site was revealed. Moreover, the hemocompatibility test demonstrated that the complex presented low hemolytic fraction (mostly below 1%), in all concentrations tested (0-250 μΜ of complex, 5% DMSO) assuring a safe application in interaction with blood. The binding of the complex to DNA was also investigated using absorption, fluorescence, and viscometry methods indicating a binding through a minor groove mode. From competitive studies with ethidium bromide the apparent binding constant value to DNA was estimated to be 4.82 x 106 M-1. Stern-Volmer quenching phenomenon gave a ΚSV constant [1.92 (± 0.05) x 104 M-1] and kq constant [8.33 (± 0.2) x 1011 M-1s-1]. Molecular docking simulations on the crystal structure of BSA, calf thymus DNA, and DNA gyrase, as well as pharmacophore analysis for BSA target, were also employed to study in silico the ability of [VO(cur)(2,2´-bipy)(H2O)] to bind to these target bio-macromolecules and explain the observed in vitro activity.
Collapse
|
8
|
El‐Metwaly N, Althagafi I, Katouah HA, Al‐Fahemi JH, Bawazeer TM, Khedr AM. Synthesis of novel VO (II)‐thaizole complexes; spectral, conformational characterization, MOE‐docking and genotoxicity. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa El‐Metwaly
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Applied SciencesUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of chemistry Faculty of ScienceMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ismail Althagafi
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Applied SciencesUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi A. Katouah
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Applied SciencesUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Jabir H. Al‐Fahemi
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Applied SciencesUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani M. Bawazeer
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Applied SciencesUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdalla M. Khedr
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of ScienceTanta University Tanta Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biswas N, Bera S, Sepay N, Mukhopadhyay TK, Acharya K, Ghosh S, Acharyya S, Biswas AK, Drew MGB, Ghosh T. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of mixed-ligand hydrazone complexes of variable valence VO z+ ( z = 2, 3). NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-ligand complexes of VO2+ and VO3+ motifs incorporating a family of hydrazone ligands were reported, which exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against lung cancer cell line and antimicrobial activity against four pathogenic bacterial stains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalendu Biswas
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry
- Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College
- Kolkata-700118
- India
| | - Sachinath Bera
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Spectroscopy
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Jadavpur
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | | | - Sandipta Ghosh
- Department of Botany
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700019
- India
| | - Swarnali Acharyya
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology
- Columbia University
- New York
- USA
| | - Anup Kumar Biswas
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Centre
- Columbia University
- New York
- USA
| | | | - Tapas Ghosh
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry
- Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College
- Kolkata-700118
- India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shakdofa MM, El-Saied FA, Rasras AJ, Al-Hakimi AN. Transition metal complexes of a hydrazone-oxime ligand containing the isonicotinoyl moiety: Synthesis, characterization and microbicide activities. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad M.E. Shakdofa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Khulais; University of Jeddah; Saudi Arabia
- Inorganic Chemistry Department; National Research Center; El-Bohouth St, Dokki Cairo Egypt
| | - Fathy A. El-Saied
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Menoufia University; Shebin El-Kom Egypt
| | - Anas J. Rasras
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Al-Balqa Applied University; Salt Jordan
| | - Ahmed N. Al-Hakimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Qassim University; Qassim Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Ibb University; Ibb Yemen
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
DNA and HSA interaction of Vanadium (IV), Copper (II), and Zinc (II) complexes derived from an asymmetric bidentate Schiff-base ligand: multi spectroscopic, viscosity measurements, molecular docking, and ONIOM studies. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 23:181-192. [PMID: 29119261 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of three complexes [Zn(II), Cu(II), and V(IV)] derived from an asymmetric bidentate Schiff-base ligand with DNA and HSA was studied using fluorescence quenching, UV-Vis spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, and computational methods [molecular docking and our Own N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital and molecular Mechanics (ONIOM)]. The obtained results revealed that the DNA and HSA affinities for binding of the synthesized compounds follow as V(IV) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) and Zn(II) > V(IV) > Cu(II), respectively. The distance between these compounds and HSA was obtained based on the Förster's theory of non-radiative energy transfer. Furthermore, computational molecular docking was carried out to investigate the DNA- and HSA-binding pose of the compounds. Molecular docking calculations showed that H-bond, hydrophobic, and π-cation interactions have dominant role in stability of the compound-HSA complexes. ONIOM method was utilized to investigate the HSA binding of the compounds more precisely in which molecular-mechanics method (UFF) and semi-empirical method (PM6) were selected for the low layer and the high layer, respectively. The results show that the structural parameters of the compounds changed along with binding, indicating the strong interaction between the compounds with HSA and DNA. Viscosity measurements as well as computational docking data suggest that all metal complexes interact with DNA, presumably by groove-binding mechanism.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pessoa JC, Etcheverry S, Gambino D. Vanadium compounds in medicine. Coord Chem Rev 2015; 301:24-48. [PMID: 32226091 PMCID: PMC7094629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium is a transition metal that, being ubiquitously distributed in soil, crude oil, water and air, also found roles in biological systems and is an essential element in most living beings. There are also several groups of organisms which accumulate vanadium, employing it in their biological processes. Vanadium being a biological relevant element, it is not surprising that many vanadium based therapeutic drugs have been proposed for the treatment of several types of diseases. Namely, vanadium compounds, in particular organic derivatives, have been proposed for the treatment of diabetes, of cancer and of diseases caused by parasites. In this work we review the medicinal applications proposed for vanadium compounds with particular emphasis on the more recent publications. In cells, partly due to the similarity of vanadate and phosphate, vanadium compounds activate numerous signaling pathways and transcription factors; this by itself potentiates application of vanadium-based therapeutics. Nevertheless, this non-specific bio-activity may also introduce several deleterious side effects as in addition, due to Fenton's type reactions or of the reaction with atmospheric O2, VCs may also generate reactive oxygen species, thereby introducing oxidative stress with consequences presently not well evaluated, particularly for long-term administration of vanadium to humans. Notwithstanding, the potential of vanadium compounds to treat type 2 diabetes is still an open question and therapies using vanadium compounds for e.g. antitumor and anti-parasitic related diseases remain promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Etcheverry
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica and CEQUINOR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dash SP, Panda AK, Pasayat S, Dinda R, Biswas A, Tiekink ERT, Mukhopadhyay S, Bhutia SK, Kaminsky W, Sinn E. Oxidovanadium(v) complexes of aroylhydrazones incorporating heterocycles: synthesis, characterization and study of DNA binding, photo-induced DNA cleavage and cytotoxic activities. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14369h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of four neutral oxidovanadium(v) complexes with DNA and their cytotoxic activities have been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree P. Dash
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | - Alok K. Panda
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar 751 013
- India
| | - Sagarika Pasayat
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | - Rupam Dinda
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar 751 013
- India
| | | | | | - Sujit K. Bhutia
- Department of Life Science
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | | | - Ekkehard Sinn
- Department of Chemistry
- Western Michigan University
- Kalamazoo
- USA
| |
Collapse
|