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Haque A, Alenezi KM, Alsukaibi AKD, Al-Otaibi AA, Wong WY. Water-Soluble Small Organic Fluorophores for Oncological Theragnostic Applications: Progress and Development. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:14. [PMID: 38671325 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major noncommunicable diseases, responsible for millions of deaths every year worldwide. Though various cancer detection and treatment modalities are available today, many deaths occur owing to its late-stage detection and metastatic nature. Noninvasive detection using luminescence-based imaging tools is considered one of the promising techniques owing to its low cost, high sensitivity, and brightness. Moreover, these tools are unique and valuable as they can detect even the slightest changes in the cellular microenvironment. To achieve this, a fluorescent probe with strong tumor uptake and high spatial and temporal resolution, especially with high water solubility, is highly demanded. Recently, several water-soluble molecules with emission windows in the visible (400-700 nm), first near-infrared (NIR-I, 700-1000 nm), and second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) windows have been reported in literature. This review highlights recently reported water-soluble small organic fluorophores/dyes with applications in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. We systematically highlight and describe the key concepts, structural classes of fluorophores, strategies for imparting water solubility, and applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis, i.e., theragnostics. We discuss examples of water-soluble fluorescent probes based on coumarin, xanthene, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and cyanine cores. Some other emerging classes of dyes based on carbocyclic and heterocyclic cores are also discussed. Besides, emerging molecular engineering methods to obtain such fluorophores are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in this research area are also delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, 81451, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia.
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, 55473, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalaf M Alenezi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, 81451, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, 55473, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Khalaf Dhahi Alsukaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, 81451, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, 55473, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Otaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, 81451, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, 55473, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhang L, Chen X, Wu WN, Zhao XL, Fan YC, Wang Y, Xu ZH, Nafady A, Al-Enizi AM, Ma S. A zeolitic imidazolate framework-90-based probe for fluorescent detection of mitochondrial hypochlorite in living cells and zebrafish. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11062-11066. [PMID: 37519129 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00829k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
An inorganic-organic hybrid probe MP-ZIF-90 was synthesized via a simple condensation reaction based on the free CHO groups of zeolitic imidazolate framework-90 (ZIF-90) and 4-methyl-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)pyridinium bromide (MP). This probe exhibited intense green emission, which was selectively quenched by the addition of ClO- anions. The response of probe MP-ZIF-90 toward ClO- was rapid (within 20 s) and sensitive, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.612 μM. Importantly, the utilization of the probe in the fluorescence imaging of ClO- anions in the mitochondria of living cells and zebrafish was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Na Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, P. R. China.
| | - Yun-Chang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang, 461000, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Enizi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, 76203-5070, USA.
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3
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Yan JL, Zhang L, Wu WN, Wang Y, Xu ZH. A novel AIRE-based fluorescent ratiometric probe with endoplasmic reticulum-targeting ability for detection of hypochlorite and bioimaging. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106319. [PMID: 36586300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorite (ClO-) plays an important role in the human immune defense system, but high concentrations of ClO- in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) damage cellular proteins, causing ER stress, cell death, and various diseases. Herein, we developed a simple hydrazone probe (1) featuring aggregation-induced ratiometric emission, which would quickly (within 20 s) and sensitively (detection limit of 15.4 μM) respond to ClO- in an almost pure aqueous solution via a fluorescent ratiometric output. Furthermore, the probe was employed to track the level of ClO- in the ER of HeLa cells and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Yan
- College of Science and Technology, Jiaozuo Normal College, Jiaozuo 454001, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Wei-Na Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 PR China.
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4
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Vijay N, Magesh K, M RL, Velmathi S. Recent Advancements in the Design and Development of Near Infrared (NIR) Emitting Fluorescent Probes for Sensing and their Bio-Imaging Applications. Curr Org Synth 2023; 20:114-175. [PMID: 35260055 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220308145901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent bio-imaging will be the future in the medical diagnostic for visualising inner cellular and tissues. Near-infrared (NIR) emitting fluorescent probes serve dynamically for targeted fluorescent imaging of live cells and tissues. NIR imaging is advantageous because of its merits like deep tissue penetration, minimum damage to the tissue, reduced auto fluorescence from the background, and improved resolution in imaging. The Development of the NIR emitting probe was well explored recently and growing drastically. In this review, we summarise recent achievements in NIR probes in between 2018-2021. The merits and future applications have also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Vijay
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli - 620 015, India
| | - Kuppan Magesh
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli - 620 015, India
| | - Renny Louis M
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli - 620 015, India
| | - Sivan Velmathi
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli - 620 015, India
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Debnath S, Ghosh R, Nair RR, Pradhan D, Chatterjee PB. Advances in the Development of Water-Soluble Fluorogenic Probes for Bioimaging of Hypochlorite/Hypochlorous Acid in Cells and Organisms. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38122-38149. [PMID: 36340119 PMCID: PMC9631417 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes the development of intracellular fluorogenic probes for biological investigations of hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl-) in living cells and tissues. Monitoring the formation or effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside living systems is critical in determining their roles in human physiology. HOCl/OCl- is considered as an important member of the nonradical ROS family for its decisive microbicidal action in the innate immune system. Even though HOCl/OCl- plays a defensive role in human health, abnormal or overexpression may have detrimental effects on the host physiology leading to many diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer. In recent years, progress in the development of fluorescent imaging probes for observing HOCl/OCl- levels in live cells and tissues has been made. Despite considerable advancement, challenges still exist in areas like working solvent/media, pH, response time, buffer selection, emission region, and others. In addition, this account aims to discuss the design strategies and sensing mechanisms of the representative fluorogenic probes for bioimaging of HOCl/OCl-, endogenously and exogenously. Herein, we also have tried to provide the future direction to develop HOCl/OCl- specific probes for disease diagnosis with particular attention to the requirement of the recognition group, solvent, and buffer media, which will be beneficial for those working in the domain of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Debnath
- Analytical
& Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Riya Ghosh
- Analytical
& Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ratish R. Nair
- Analytical
& Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debjani Pradhan
- Analytical
& Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pabitra B. Chatterjee
- Analytical
& Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- P.
B. Chatterjee.
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6
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A new pyrene-based “turn-on” fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of hypochlorite in aqueous solution and in living cells. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Zhen L, Lan J, Zhang S, Liu L, Zeng R, Chen Y, Ding Y. A NIR fluorescent probe for the specific detection of hypochlorite and its application in vitro and in vivo. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2147-2152. [PMID: 35611957 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is of great necessity to exploit a real-time, highly selective and sensitive method for hypochlorite (ClO-) detection in both the environment and living systems because of the complex influence of ClO- on health. In this paper, based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect, a NIR fluorescent probe (probe DAB) was designed for the accurate detection of ClO-, which produced a fluorescence response to ClO- with high selectivity and rapid response (within 1 min). The probe DAB could determine ClO- over the linear range of 0-80 μM with a low detection limit of 1.46 μM. And the sensing mechanism between the probe and ClO- was verified using HPLC and MS. To further prove its practicability, the probe was applied for detecting ClO- in actual water samples. In addition, owing to its good sensing properties and low cytotoxicity, probe DAB could be expediently applied to visualize ClO- in living cells and zebrafish, and it is expected to be a useful tool for investigating the detailed functions and mechanisms of ClO- in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China.
| | - Jinshuai Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China.
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China
| | - Shengan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China.
| | - Ruifeng Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China
| | - Yue Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China.
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, Republic of China
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8
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Gao Z, Qiu S, Yan M, Liu H, Lu S, Lian H, Zhang P, Zhu J, Jin M. A novel xanthene-based fluorescence turn-on probe for highly selective detection of Hg2+ in water samples and living cells. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Wang TR, Liu YJ, Shen SL, Cao XQ. A near-infrared fluorescent probe based on the hemicyanine skeleton for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 266:120435. [PMID: 34607093 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays critical roles in oxidative stress and cell signaling. Intracellular abnormal levels of H2O2 production are closely related to many diseases. Therefore, the real-time monitoring of H2O2 in the cells is important. In this work, we designed a novel fluorescent probe (Mito-H2O2) for the specific detection of H2O2 based on the hemicyanine skeleton, with bright near-infrared fluorescence emission. Mito-H2O2 displayed fast response, excellent water-solubility and great fluorescence intensity enhancement after the addition of H2O2. Furthermore, Mito-H2O2 has been successfully applied to image both of the exogenous and endogenous H2O2 in cells and mice with negligible cytotoxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, PR China
| | - Tian-Ran Wang
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, PR China
| | - Yu-Jun Liu
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, PR China
| | - Shi-Li Shen
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qun Cao
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, PR China
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Xu Z, Wang X, Duan T, He R, Wang F, Zhou X. Development of an ultrafast fluorescent probe for specific recognition of hypochlorous acid and its application in live cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24669-24672. [PMID: 35481002 PMCID: PMC9036915 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly potent oxidant of reactive oxygen species, plays critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes. In this work, a novel coumarin-based fluorescent probe, Cou–HOCl, was prepared for the detection of HOCl. The probe exhibited good selectivity over other analytes, excellent sensitivity with a detection limit of 16 nM, and fast response within 5 s. And further study demonstrated that the probe could be used not only to image exogenous HOCl in various cells, but also to determine the fluctuating levels of HOCl in macrophage cells during inflammation. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a highly potent oxidant of reactive oxygen species, plays critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes. In this work, we designed a simple coumarin-based fluorescent probe, Cou–HOCl, for detecting HOCl in inflammatory cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencai Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou 570102 China .,Guanyun People's Hospital Lianyungang 222000 China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou 570102 China
| | - Tingting Duan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou 570102 China
| | - Rong He
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou 570102 China
| | - Fangwu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou 570102 China
| | - Xuejun Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University Haikou 570102 China
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