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Raghunath Khedkar N, Sindkhedkar M, Joseph A. Computational Design, Synthesis, and Bioevaluation of 2-(Pyrimidin-4-yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide Derivatives: Dual Inhibition of EGFR WT and EGFR T790M with ADMET Profiling. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107027. [PMID: 38096682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The ongoing research in cancer treatment underscores the significance of dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors targeting both mutant and wild-type variants. In this study, employing in silico fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and computational analysis, we have successfully developed a novel chemical series of 2-(pyrimidin-4-yl)oxazole-4-carboxamide (16a-j) derivatives designed as dual EGFR kinase inhibitors. A comparative in vitro anticancer profile of the newly synthesized compounds (16a-j) was tested against a panel of five human cancer cell lines like prostate cancer (PC3 & DU-145), lung cancer (A549), human liver cancer (HEPG2), and breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) by employing MTT method. In this experiment a well-known anticancer agent, Etoposide was used as positive control. Most of the derivatives demonstrated significant cytotoxicity, ranging from excellent to moderate levels. The IC50 values for the synthesized compounds observed between 0.10 ± 0.052 to 9.83 ± 5.96 µM, while the positive control exhibited a range of 1.97 ± 0.45 µM to 3.08 ± 0.135 µM. These results indicate that the synthesized compounds demonstrate higher cytotoxic potency in comparison to the reference compound. Furthermore, all these compounds underwent screening against normal Vero cell lines to assess their cytotoxicity. In each case, the observed cytotoxicity values (IC50) were higher than 22 µM, affirming the compounds selectivity for cancer cell lines. Among the compounds investigated, three compounds (16a, 16e, and 16i) exhibited notable cytotoxicity, while two compounds (16g and 16h) demonstrated exceptional cytotoxicity. The selectivity index of the tested compounds indicates a pronounced preference for targeting cancer cell lines over normal cells. Furthermore, all the compounds 16a-j underwent assessment for their EGFR kinase inhibitory activity against both EGFRWT and mutated EGFRT790M. The results unveiled the potential eligibility of this new series of compounds as effective EGFR inhibitors. Moreover, compound 16h underwent additional testing for cell cycle analysis, revealing its capability to arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induce apoptosis at the IC50 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milind Sindkhedkar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Research Park, Lupin Ltd. Pune 412115, India.
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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2
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Al-Warhi T, Al-Karmalawy AA, Elmaaty AA, Alshubramy MA, Abdel-Motaal M, Majrashi TA, Asem M, Nabil A, Eldehna WM, Sharaky M. Biological evaluation, docking studies, and in silico ADME prediction of some pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives as potential EGFR WT and EGFR T790M inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:176-191. [PMID: 36317648 PMCID: PMC9635468 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2135512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a set of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives were assessed for their impact on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Human breast cancer (MCF7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2), larynx cancer (HEP2), lung cancer (H460), colon cancers (HCT116 and Caco2), and hypopharyngeal cancer (FADU), and normal Vero cell lines were used. Compounds 8 and 14 displayed outstanding effects on the investigated cell lines and were further tested for their antioxidant activity in MCF7, H460, FADU, HEP2, HEPG2, HCT116, Caco2, and Vero cells by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde content (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) content. Besides, Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection and cell cycle DNA index using the HEPG-2 cell line were established on both compounds as well. Furthermore, compounds 8 and 14 were assessed for their EGFR kinase (Wild and T790M) inhibitory activities, revealing eligible potential. Additionally, molecular docking, ADME, and SAR studies were carried out for the investigated candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarfah Al-Warhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Maha A. Alshubramy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Abdel-Motaal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Taghreed A. Majrashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat Asem
- College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nabil
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Marwa Sharaky
- Cancer Biology Department, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Shahin IG, Mohamed KO, Taher AT, Elsebaei MM, Mayhoub AS, Kassab AE, Elshewy A. New Phenylthiazoles: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation as Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anti-COVID-19 Candidates. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301143. [PMID: 37857580 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The combination of antibacterial and antiviral agents is becoming a very important aspect of dealing with resistant bacterial and viral infections. The N-phenylthiazole scaffold was found to possess significant anti-MRSA, antifungal, and anti-COVID-19 activities as previously published; hence, a slight refinement was proposed to attach various alkyne lipophilic tails to this promising scaffold, to investigate their effects on the antimicrobial activity of the newly synthesized compounds and to provide a valuable structure-activity relationship. Phenylthiazole 4 m exhibited the most potent anti-MRSA activity with 8 μg/mL MIC value. Compounds 4 k and 4 m demonstrated potent activity against Clostridium difficile with MIC values of 2 μg/mL and moderate activity against Candida albicans with MIC value of 4 μg/mL. When analyzed for their anti-COVID-19 inhibitory effect, compound 4 b emerged with IC50 =1269 nM and the highest selectivity of 138.86 and this was supported by its binding score of -5.21 kcal mol-1 when docked against SARS-CoV-2 M pro . Two H-bonds were formed, one with His164 and the other with Met49 stabilizing phenylthiazole derivative 4 b, inside the binding pocket. Additionally, it created two arene-H bonds with Asn142 and Glu166, through the phenylthiazole scaffold and one arene-H bond with Leu141 via the phenyl ring of the lipophilic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas G Shahin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, 11787, Egypt
| | - Khaled O Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Azza T Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6-October, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elsebaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- University of Science and Technology, Nanoscience Program, Zewail, City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th October, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elshewy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Galala Plateau, Attaka, Suez, 43713, Egypt
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4
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Abo Elmaaty A, Al-Karmalawy AA, Nafie MS, Shamaa MM, Zaki I, Alnajjar R, Zakaria MY. Experimental Design of D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate Stabilized Bile Salt Based Nano-vesicles for Improved Cytotoxicity and Bioavailability of Colchicine Binding Site Inhibitor Candidates: In Vitro, In silico, and Pharmacokinetic Studies. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:122980. [PMID: 37116601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, conventional anticancer therapy suffers many pitfalls, including drastic side effects and limited therapeutic efficacy resulting from diminished oral bioavailability. So, in an attempt to enhance their poor solubility and oral bioavailability along with the cytotoxic activity, the developed lead compounds (C1 and C2) were loaded in D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) modified vesicles adopting thin film hydration technique. The formulations of the aforementioned candidates (F1 and F2, respectively) were elected as the optimum formula with desirability values of 0.701 and 0.618, respectively. Furthermore, an outstanding enhancement in the drug's cytotoxic activity against different cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG-2, MDA-MB-321, A375, and MGC-803) after being included in the nano-TPGS-modified optimum formula was noticed relative to the unformulated compounds. The formula F1 showed the best cytotoxic activities against HepG-2 with an IC50 = 3 µM. Furthermore, regarding MCF-7, F1 was shown to be the most potent and protective among all the tested formulations with an IC50 = 6 µM. Besides, F1 exerted the best caspase 3/7 activity stimulation (around a 5-folds increase) compared to control in the MCF-7 cell line. Notably, it was disclosedthat both C1 and C2 induced cell cycle arrest at the resting S growth phase. Moreover, C1 and C2 decreased tubulin concentrations by approximately 2-folds and 6-folds, respectively. Meanwhile, the conducted molecular docking studies ensure the eligible binding affinities of the assessed compounds. Besides, MD simulations were performed for 1000 ns to confirm the docking results and study the exact behavior of the target candidates (C1 and C2) toward the CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Nafie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Marium M Shamaa
- Biochemistry Department, Clinical and biological sciences division, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt.
| | - Islam Zaki
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya; PharmD, Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Y Zakaria
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, 46612 South Sinai, Egypt.
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5
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Nafie MS, Shaldam MA, Elmaaty AA, Antar SA, El-Hamaky AA, Saleh MA, Elkamhawy A, Tawfik HO. Ligand-Based Design on the Dog-Bone-Shaped BIBR1532 Pharmacophoric Features and Synthesis of Novel Analogues as Promising Telomerase Inhibitors with In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. J Med Chem 2023; 66:777-792. [PMID: 36525642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is an outstanding biological target for cancer treatment. BIBR1532 is a non-nucleoside selective telomerase inhibitor; however, it experiences ineligible pharmacokinetics. Herein, we aimed to design new BIBR1532-based analogues as promising telomerase inhibitors. Therefore, two novel series of pyridazine-linked to cyclopenta[b]thiophene (8a-f) and tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene (9a-f) were synthesized. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was utilized to investigate the telomerase inhibitory activity of candidates. Notably, 8e and 9e exhibited the best inhibition profiles. Moreover, 8e showed strong antitumor effects against both MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines. The effects of 8e on the cell cycle and apoptosis were measured. Besides, 8e was evaluated for its in vivo antitumor activity using solid Ehrlich carcinoma. The reduction in both the tumor weight and volume was greater than doxorubicin. Also, molecular docking and ADME studies were performed. Finally, a SAR study was conducted to gain further insights into the different telomerase inhibition potentials upon variable structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Nafie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.,Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Anwar A El-Hamaky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, The United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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6
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Elagawany M, Elmaaty AA, Mostafa A, Abo Shama NM, Santali EY, Elgendy B, Al-Karmalawy AA. Ligand-based design, synthesis, computational insights, and in vitro studies of novel N-(5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2112-2132. [PMID: 35912578 PMCID: PMC9344964 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic provokes scientists to make a prompt development of new effective therapeutic interventions for the battle against SARS-CoV-2. A new series of N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives were designed and synthesised based on the structural optimisation principle of the SARS-CoV Mpro co-crystallized WR1 inhibitor. Notably, compound 3b achieved the most promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with an IC50 value of 174.7 µg/mL. On the other hand, compounds 3a, 3b, and 3c showed very promising SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 4.67, 5.12, and 11.90 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 3b docking score was very promising (-6.94 kcal/mol) and its binding mode was nearly similar to that of WR1. Besides, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of compound 3b showed its great stability inside the binding pocket until around 40 ns. Finally, a very promising SAR was concluded to help to design more powerful SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elagawany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Noura M Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Y Santali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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7
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Hammouda MM, Elmaaty AA, Nafie MS, Abdel-Motaal M, Mohamed NS, Tantawy MA, Belal A, Alnajjar R, Eldehna WM, Al‐Karmalawy AA. Design and synthesis of novel benzoazoninone derivatives as potential CBSIs and apoptotic inducers: In Vitro, in Vivo, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and SAR studies. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Hammoud MM, Khattab M, Abdel-Motaal M, Van der Eycken J, Alnajjar R, Abulkhair HS, Al-Karmalawy AA. Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT calculations, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations of a novel ferrocene derivative to unravel its potential antitumor activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35674744 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2082533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a set of subsequent five-steps chemical reactions to synthesize a ferrocene derivative named 1-(5-(diphenylphosphaneyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)ethyl)imino)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)methanol (compound 10). Structural characterization of 10 and its intermediate products was also performed and reported to attest to their formation. A molecular docking study was performed to propose the novel synthesized ferrocene derivative (10) as a potential antitumor candidate targeting the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases interacting kinase (Mnk) 1. The computed docking score of (10) at -9.50 kcal/mol compared to the native anticancer staurosporine at -8.72 kcal/mol postulated a promising anticancer activity. Also, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for 500 ns followed by MM-GBSA-binding free energy calculations for both the docked complexes of ferrocene and staurosporine to give more deep insights into their dynamic behavior in physiological conditions. Furthermore, DFT calculations were performed to unravel some of the physiochemical characteristics of the ferrocene derivative (10). The quantum mechanics calculations shed the light on some of the structural and electrochemical configurations of (10) which would open the horizon for further investigation. HighlightsThe synthesis of a ferrocene derivative named 1-(5-(diphenylphosphaneyl)cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)ethyl)imino)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)methanol (compound 10) was described.Structural characterizations of ferrocene derivative (10) and its intermediate products were also performed.DFT calculations, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and MM-GBSA calculations were carried out.Computational studies revealed the antitumor potential of ferrocene derivative (10) through targeting and inhibiting mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases interacting kinase (Mnk) 1.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hammoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Khattab
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abdel-Motaal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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9
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Ezz Eldin RR, Saleh MA, Alotaibi MH, Alsuair RK, Alzahrani YA, Alshehri FA, Mohamed AF, Hafez SM, Althoqapy AA, Khirala SK, Amin MM, A. F Y, AbdElwahab AH, Alesawy MS, Elmaaty AA, Al-Karmalawy AA. Ligand-based design and synthesis of N'-Benzylidene-3,4-dimethoxybenzohydrazide derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents; evaluation by in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches with SAR studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1098-1119. [PMID: 35430934 PMCID: PMC9037180 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2063282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rogy R. Ezz Eldin
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Saleh
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Chemical Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem K. Alsuair
- National Center for Chemical Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya A. Alzahrani
- National Center for Chemical Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feras A. Alshehri
- National Center for Chemical Technologies, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany F. Mohamed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa M. Hafez
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza Ali Althoqapy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seham K. Khirala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousuf A. F
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza H. AbdElwahab
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Alesawy
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al‐Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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10
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El-Naggar AM, Hassan AMA, Elkaeed EB, Alesawy MS, Al-Karmalawy AA. Design, synthesis, and SAR studies of novel 4-methoxyphenyl pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives as potential dual tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting both EGFR and VEGFR-2. Bioorg Chem 2022; 123:105770. [PMID: 35395446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Guided by the pharmacophoric features of both EGFR and VEGFR-2 antagonists, two novel series of 4-methoxyphenyl pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives [(4a-c) and (5a-c, 6, 7a-c, 8, 9, 10, 11a,c, 12, 13a-c, 14a-c, and 15a,b)], respectively, were designed and synthesized as dual EGFR/VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Interestingly, compound 12 showed very strong antiproliferative effects towards all the five studied cell lines (HepG-2, MCF-7, MDA-231, HCT-116, and Caco-2) with IC50 values of 3.74, 7.81, 4.85, 2.96, and 9.27 µM, respectively. Also, it achieved the highest inhibitory activities against both EGFR and VEGFR-2 as well (IC50 = 0.071 and 0.098 µM) compared to the two reference drugs, erlotinib (IC50 = 0.063 µM) and sorafenib (IC50 = 0.041 µM), respectively. Moreover, four compounds (4a, 7a, 7c, and 12) were selected for further evaluation through cell cycle analysis and Annexin V-based flow cytometry assay in the HepG-2 cell line. In addition, deep computational studies including molecular docking, physicochemical properties, profiling pharmacokinetics, ADMET studies, and toxicity predictions were performed for the designed compounds to evaluate the prospective drug candidates. Finally, analyzing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the new derivatives gives us a lot of interesting promising results which could help medicinal chemists to design more potent drug candidates soon as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M El-Naggar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassiya 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - A M A Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassiya 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Alesawy
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 35527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
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11
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Rumex Vesicarius L. extract improves the efficacy of doxorubicin in triple-negative breast cancer through inhibiting Bcl2, mTOR, JNK1 and augmenting p21 expression. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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12
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El-Masry RM, Al-Karmalawy AA, Alnajjar R, Mahmoud SH, Mostafa A, Kadry HH, Abou-Seri SM, Taher AT. Newly synthesized series of oxoindole–oxadiazole conjugates as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents: in silico and in vitro studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04816c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacophoric features of the novel series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole–oxoindole conjugates (IVa–g) as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents based on the reported Mpro inhibitor (Ia) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M. El-Masry
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), October 6 city, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar M. Abou-Seri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza T. Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza, Egypt
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13
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Madbouly EA, Lashine ESM, Al-Karmalawy AA, Sebaiy MM, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D, Metwally K. Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone–chalcone hybrids as potential apoptotic candidates targeting caspase-3 and PARP-1: in vitro, molecular docking, and SAR studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Novel quinazolinone–chalcone hybrids as potential apoptotic candidates targeting caspase-3 and PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Madbouly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed M. Lashine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Sebaiy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Kamel Metwally
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Hammoud MM, Nageeb AS, Morsi MA, Gomaa EA, Elmaaty AA, Al-Karmalawy AA. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and SAR studies of novel cyclopentaquinoline derivatives as DNA intercalators, topoisomerase II inhibitors, and apoptotic inducers. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel cyclopentaquinoline derivatives as promising DNA intercalators, topoisomerase II inhibitors, and apoptotic inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hammoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Alaa S. Nageeb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. A. Morsi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Esam A. Gomaa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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15
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Elebeedy D, Badawy I, Elmaaty AA, Saleh MM, Kandeil A, Ghanem A, Kutkat O, Alnajjar R, Abd El Maksoud AI, Al-Karmalawy AA. In vitro and computational insights revealing the potential inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA against influenza A virus. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105149. [PMID: 34953359 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal human influenza is a serious respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses that can be found all over the world. Type A influenza is a contagious viral infection that, if left untreated, can lead to life-threatening consequences. Fortunately, the plant kingdom has many potent medicines with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Herein, six plant constituents, namely Tanshinone IIA 1, Carnosic acid 2, Rosmarinic acid 3, Glycyrrhetinic acid 4, Baicalein 5, and Salvianolic acid B 6, were screened for their antiviral activities against H1N1 virus using in vitro and in silico approaches. Hence, their anti-influenza activities were tested in vitro to determine inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values after measuring their CC50 values using MTT assay on MDCK cells. Interestingly, Tanshinone IIA (TAN) 1 was the most promising member with CC50 = 9.678 μg/ml. Moreover, the plaque reduction assay carried on TAN 1 revealed promising viral inhibition percentages of 97.9%, 95.8%, 94.4%, and 91.7% using concentrations 0.05 μg/μl, 0.025 μg/μl, 0.0125 μg/μl, and 0.006 μg/μl, respectively. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking disclosed the superior affinities of Salvianolic acid B (SAL) 6 towards both surface glycoproteins of influenza A virus (namely, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)). The docked complexes of both SAL and TAN inside HA and NA receptor pockets were selected for 100 ns MD simulations followed by MM-GBSA binding free energy calculation to confirm the docking results and give more insights regarding the stability of both compounds inside influenza mentioned receptors, respectively. The selection criteria of the previously mentioned complexes were based on the fact that SAL showed the highest docking scores on both viral HA and NA glycoproteins whereas TAN achieved the best inhibitory activity on the other hand. Finally, we urge more advanced preclinical and clinical research, particularly for TAN, which could be used to treat the human influenza A virus effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Elebeedy
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Ingy Badawy
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, 42526, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Aml Ghanem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Ahmed I Abd El Maksoud
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
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16
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Soltane R, Abo Elmaaty A, Tantawy MA, Antar SA, Yahya G, Chrouda A, Pashameah RA, Mustafa M, Abu Mraheil M, Mostafa A. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Control between Drug Repurposing and Vaccination: A Comprehensive Overview. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1317. [PMID: 34835248 PMCID: PMC8622998 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a major public health concern, as they are highly mutated, resulting in new strains emerging with high pathogenicity. Currently, the world is suffering from the newly evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mild-to-severe respiratory tract infection with frequent ability to give rise to fatal pneumonia in humans. The overwhelming outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world, urging scientists to put an end to this global pandemic through biological and pharmaceutical interventions. Currently, there is no specific treatment option that is capable of COVID-19 pandemic eradication, so several repurposed drugs and newly conditionally approved vaccines are in use and heavily applied to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of new variants of the virus that partially or totally escape from the immune response elicited by the approved vaccines requires continuous monitoring of the emerging variants to update the content of the developed vaccines or modify them totally to match the new variants. Herein, we discuss the potential therapeutic and prophylactic interventions including repurposed drugs and the newly developed/approved vaccines, highlighting the impact of virus evolution on the immune evasion of the virus from currently licensed vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Tantawy
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
- Stem Cells Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
| | - Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11932, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Monastir University, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL-ENS 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, CEDEX, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rami Adel Pashameah
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhamad Mustafa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
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17
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Farid MM, Mostafa A, Ragheb AY, H. Mahmoud S, Shehata M, Shama NMA, GabAllah M, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Marzouk MM. Naturally Available Flavonoid Aglycones as Potential Antiviral Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:6559. [PMID: 34770969 PMCID: PMC8587465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are important secondary plant metabolites that have been studied for a long time for their therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases because of their cytokine-modulatory effects. Five flavonoid aglycones were isolated and identified from the hydrolyzed aqueous methanol extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica L., Citrus reticulata Blanco, and Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek. They were identified as taxifolin (1), pectolinarigenin (2), tangeretin (3), gardenin B (4), and hispidulin (5). These structures were elucidated based on chromatographic and spectral analysis. In this study, molecular docking studies were carried out for the isolated and identified compounds against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (α-ketoamide inhibitor (KI), IC50 = 66.72 µg/mL) as a reference standard. Moreover, in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated. Compounds 2 and 3 showed the highest virus inhibition with IC50 12.4 and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively. Our findings recommend further advanced in vitro and in vivo studies of the examined isolated flavonoids, especially pectolinarigenin (2), tangeretin (3), and gardenin B (4), either alone or in combination with each other to identify a promising lead to target SARS-CoV-2 effectively. This is the first report of the activity of these compounds against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Farid
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (M.M.F.); (A.Y.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Alia Y. Ragheb
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (M.M.F.); (A.Y.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohamed GabAllah
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department & Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Skaka 11564, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Medical College, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Marzouk
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (M.M.F.); (A.Y.R.); (M.M.M.)
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