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Ceballos M, Salazar-Ospina A, Sabater-Hernández D, Amariles P. Evaluation of the effects of a drug with fiscalized substance dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance continuing education program in Colombia drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies: study protocol of a multicenter, cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:545. [PMID: 32560735 PMCID: PMC7304186 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health disorders, due to the use of drugs with fiscalized substances, including controlled substances, have become a common problem in Colombia. Multiple reasons can help explain this problem, including self-medication, since access to these drugs may be easier. Also, there is a lack of knowledge that these drugs are safer than illicit drugs. The use of these drugs without a valid medical prescription and follow-up can have negative consequences such as drug abuse, addiction, and overdose, and eventually, have negative health consequences. Pharmacy staff is essential to both assure the correct drug use and minimize prescription errors to help outpatients have better management of their pharmacotherapy. For this reason, it is necessary to increase key competencies like knowledge, skills, and attitudes in the pharmacy staff of ambulatory (outpatients) pharmacies. Methods This study is a prospective, cluster-randomized, parallel-group, multicenter trial of drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies (ambulatory pharmacies). The study is designed to determine the effectiveness of a drug with fiscalized substance dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance continuing education program in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies. Pharmacy staff will be randomly selected and assigned to one of the study groups (intervention or control). The intervention group will receive a continuing education program for over 12 months. The control group will receive only general information about the correct use of complex dosage forms. The primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a continuing education program to improve pharmacy staff competencies (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) to improve the ambulatory (outpatient) pharmacy services: dispensation, health education, and pharmacovigilance of drugs with fiscalized substances. The secondary outcomes include (a) processes associated with the management of drugs with fiscalized substances in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies, including regulation compliance; (b) degree of implementation of ambulatory (outpatient) pharmacy services targeting these drugs in drugstores and drugstores/pharmacies; (c) patient satisfaction with such services; and (d) pharmacy staff satisfaction with the continuing education program. Discussion This clinical trial will establish whether providing a continuing education program for the adequate utilization of drugs with fiscalized substances improves pharmacy staff competencies regarding these drugs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03388567. Registered on 28 November 2017. First drugstore or drugstore/pharmacy randomized on December 1, 2018. Protocol version 0017102017MC
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ceballos
- Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, U.de.A. Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Research Group on Pharmacy Regency Technology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Andrea Salazar-Ospina
- Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, U.de.A. Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Research Group on Pharmacy Regency Technology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Pedro Amariles
- Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, U.de.A. Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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Levy E, Warner LM, Fleig L, Kaufman MR, Deschepper R, Gidron Y. The effects of psychological inoculation on condom use tendencies and barriers; a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Health 2020; 36:575-592. [PMID: 32498613 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2020.1775832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Condom use prevents the contraction of the HIV. Research shows limited effects of education on increasing condom use. Psychological inoculation (PI) has been found to be more effective in this domain, however, its mechanism is unknown. This study examined effects of PI versus education on condom use barriers and tendencies, and its relations with cognitive dissonance, using a fully automatized online system. DESIGN The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and included 149 students from a German University randomly assigned to PI or a control condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An indirect condom use test (I-CUTE), a condom use barriers questionnaire, self-reported condom use, and cognitive dissonance estimations were all assessed at baseline and one-month post-intervention. RESULTS PI significantly increased I-CUTE scores when participants had sexual relations. Control participants increased in self-reported condom use and on I-CUTE scores in people without sexual relations. No changes in barriers were seen in either group. The cognitive dissonance tended to be higher in PI participants as compared to control participants. CONCLUSIONS PI increases I-CUTE scores compared to controls (based on effect sizes), and significantly in those with sexual relations. The role of relationship status and the mechanisms of PI should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Levy
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,The Israeli School of Humanitarian Action, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lisa M Warner
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Fleig
- Department of Psychology, Health Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michelle R Kaufman
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Blomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reginald Deschepper
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yori Gidron
- The Israeli School of Humanitarian Action, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Nursing, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
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Baratta F, Allais G, Rolando S, Manzoni GC, Bussone G, Benedetto C, Scarinzi C, Gnavi R, Spadea T, Costa G, Parente M, Mana M, Giaccone M, Mandelli A, Brusa P. Prevention, education and counselling: the worldwide role of the community pharmacist as an epidemiological sentinel of headaches. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:15-21. [PMID: 30854588 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Headache disorders are the third among the worldwide causes of disability, measured in years of life lost to disability. Given the pharmacies' importance in general in headache patient and, in particular in migraine patient management, various studies have been carried out in recent years dealing with this issue. Indeed, in 2014, our research group first analysed publications on a number of studies conducted worldwide. As five years have passed since our first analysis of the literature and having carried out a number of specific studies in Italy since 2014, we wish to analyse once again the studies carried out globally on this topic to evaluate how the situation has evolved in the meantime. The key words used for the bibliographic search were "community pharmacy" and "headache"; we considered articles published between 2014 and 2018. The selected studies regarded Sweden USA, Belgium, Ireland, Jordan and Ethiopia. From the analysis of the international research papers, it is evident that, despite the time that has passed since the previous analyses and the general agreement that pharmacists find themselves in an ideal position to offer adequate levels of counselling to headache patients, the knowledge of pharmacists is not yet sufficient. Clearly, there is a strong need to develop training programmes specifically focused on this subject. Regarding Italy, a national study, commenced in 2016, was designed as a cross-sectional survey employing face-to-face interviews between pharmacist and patient using a questionnaire drawn up by experts in compliance with best practice from scientific literature. Six hundred ten pharmacists followed a specific training course; 4425 questionnaires were correctly completed. The use of pharmacies as epidemiological sentinels, given their capillarity and daily contact with the local population in Italy, enabled us to obtain an epidemiological snapshot closer to the real-life situation compared to specialist headache centres. Over the course of this study, data on headaches were gathered in Italian pharmacies with the highest levels of numerosity in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baratta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Gianni Allais
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Women's Headache Center, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126, Turin, Italy.,FI.CEF. onlus, Italian Headache Foundation, via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Rolando
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Women's Headache Center, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro Bussone
- FI.CEF. onlus, Italian Headache Foundation, via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Women's Headache Center, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Scarinzi
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gnavi
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Teresa Spadea
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Parente
- Federfarma Torino, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Mana
- Federfarma Piemonte, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Giaccone
- Order of Pharmacists of Turin, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy.,FOFI, Federation of the Orders of Italian Pharmacists, Via Palestro 75, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mandelli
- FOFI, Federation of the Orders of Italian Pharmacists, Via Palestro 75, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Brusa
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Order of Pharmacists of Turin, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Baratta F, Allais G, Rolando S, Manzoni GC, Bussone G, Benedetto C, Scarinzi C, Gnavi R, Spadea T, Costa G, Parente M, Mana M, Giaccone M, Mandelli A, Brusa P. Prevention, education and counselling: the worldwide role of the community pharmacist as an epidemiological sentinel of headaches. Neurol Sci 2019. [PMID: 30854588 DOI: 10.1007/s10072‐019‐03794‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Headache disorders are the third among the worldwide causes of disability, measured in years of life lost to disability. Given the pharmacies' importance in general in headache patient and, in particular in migraine patient management, various studies have been carried out in recent years dealing with this issue. Indeed, in 2014, our research group first analysed publications on a number of studies conducted worldwide. As five years have passed since our first analysis of the literature and having carried out a number of specific studies in Italy since 2014, we wish to analyse once again the studies carried out globally on this topic to evaluate how the situation has evolved in the meantime. The key words used for the bibliographic search were "community pharmacy" and "headache"; we considered articles published between 2014 and 2018. The selected studies regarded Sweden USA, Belgium, Ireland, Jordan and Ethiopia. From the analysis of the international research papers, it is evident that, despite the time that has passed since the previous analyses and the general agreement that pharmacists find themselves in an ideal position to offer adequate levels of counselling to headache patients, the knowledge of pharmacists is not yet sufficient. Clearly, there is a strong need to develop training programmes specifically focused on this subject. Regarding Italy, a national study, commenced in 2016, was designed as a cross-sectional survey employing face-to-face interviews between pharmacist and patient using a questionnaire drawn up by experts in compliance with best practice from scientific literature. Six hundred ten pharmacists followed a specific training course; 4425 questionnaires were correctly completed. The use of pharmacies as epidemiological sentinels, given their capillarity and daily contact with the local population in Italy, enabled us to obtain an epidemiological snapshot closer to the real-life situation compared to specialist headache centres. Over the course of this study, data on headaches were gathered in Italian pharmacies with the highest levels of numerosity in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baratta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Gianni Allais
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Women's Headache Center, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126, Turin, Italy.,FI.CEF. onlus, Italian Headache Foundation, via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Rolando
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Women's Headache Center, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Gennaro Bussone
- FI.CEF. onlus, Italian Headache Foundation, via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Women's Headache Center, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Scarinzi
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gnavi
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Teresa Spadea
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Parente
- Federfarma Torino, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Mana
- Federfarma Piemonte, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Giaccone
- Order of Pharmacists of Turin, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy.,FOFI, Federation of the Orders of Italian Pharmacists, Via Palestro 75, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mandelli
- FOFI, Federation of the Orders of Italian Pharmacists, Via Palestro 75, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Brusa
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Order of Pharmacists of Turin, Via Sant'Anselmo, 14, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Melton BL, Lai Z. Review of community pharmacy services: what is being performed, and where are the opportunities for improvement? INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 6:79-89. [PMID: 29354554 PMCID: PMC5774328 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this review was to assess pharmacist and pharmacy services being provided and identify opportunities to improve patient satisfaction. Methods Studies published between January 2006 and July 2016 examining patient satisfaction with pharmacy and pharmacist services, which were written in English, were identified in PubMed. Studies were excluded if they only looked at pharmacy student-provided services. Key findings A total of 50 studies were ultimately included in the review. Of these studies, 28 examined services traditionally provided by community pharmacists such as dispensing and counseling, while 16 examined a new in-person service being offered by a pharmacy, and the remaining six involved a new technology-assisted service. While study findings were generally positive for patient satisfaction of pharmacy services, several opportunities were identified for pharmacies to improve. Conclusion Overall, patient satisfaction is high across pharmacy services; however, this satisfaction is related to prior patient exposure to services and their level of expectation. Pharmacists have multiple opportunities to improve the services they provide, and there are additional services pharmacists may consider offering to expand their role within the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Melton
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Zoe Lai
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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