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Ferguson RJ, Terhorst L, Gibbons B, Posluszny DM, Chang H, Bovbjerg DH, McDonald BC. Using Single-Case Experimental Design and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Evaluate the Treatment of Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4643. [PMID: 37760621 PMCID: PMC10526413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) affects a large proportion of cancer survivors and has significant negative effects on survivor function and quality of life (QOL). Treatments for CRCI are being developed and evaluated. Memory and attention adaptation training (MAAT) is a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) demonstrated to improve CRCI symptoms and QOL in previous research. The aim of this article is to describe a single-case experimental design (SCED) approach to evaluate interventions for CRCI in clinical practice with patient-reported outcome measures (PROs). We illustrate the use of contemporary SCED methods as a means of evaluating MAAT, or any CRCI treatment, once clinically deployed. With the anticipated growth of cancer survivorship and concurrent growth in the number of survivors with CRCI, the treatment implementation and evaluation methods described here can be one way to assess and continually improve CRCI rehabilitative services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ferguson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (D.M.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Lauren Terhorst
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Benjamin Gibbons
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - Donna M. Posluszny
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (D.M.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Hsuan Chang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; (D.M.P.); (H.C.)
| | - Dana H. Bovbjerg
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry, Biobehavioral Cancer Control Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA;
| | - Brenna C. McDonald
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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Turco E, Carroll JC, McGivney MS, McGrath SH, Herbert SMC, Firm A, Coley KC. Coaching strategies for the Flip the Pharmacy practice transformation initiative in Pennsylvania independent community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:164-168. [PMID: 36031545 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flip the Pharmacy (FtP) is a nationwide initiative to scale practice transformation in community pharmacies. Participating pharmacies are coached through monthly practice transformation initiatives and document their patient-care activities through Pharmacist electronic Care (eCare) Plans. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify peer coaching strategies to facilitate practice transformation in Pennsylvania community pharmacies. METHODS This was a qualitative study using semistructured interviews with practice transformation coaches and pharmacy champions participating in Pennsylvania's FtP program. The interview guide was informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and elicited information using the intervention characteristics, inner setting, characteristics of individuals, and process domains. Interviews were conducted in person or via telephone over a 3-month period. An inductive qualitative thematic analysis was performed to identify coaching strategies. RESULTS A total of 18 key informants were interviewed: 6 pharmacy champions and 12 practice transformation coaches. The following 5 coaching strategies emerged: (1) learn to use the pharmacy's specific Pharmacist eCare Plan software, (2) build a trusting relationship with the pharmacy, (3) engage all pharmacy team members in practice transformation, (4) adapt communication strategies to the pharmacy's preference, and (5) tailor goals to the pharmacy's stage of practice transformation. CONCLUSION This study elicited 5 peer coaching strategies to support community pharmacy practice transformation initiatives. These findings can be used to further practice transformation efforts in community pharmacies through FtP and other initiatives aimed at expansion of community pharmacy patient care services.
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Satsanasupint P, Daovisan H, Phukrongpet P. Enhancing active ageing in later life: Can community networks enhance elderly health behaviours? Insights from a bracketing qualitative method. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panarat Satsanasupint
- Faculty of Nursing Science Saint Theresa International College Nakhon Nayok Thailand
| | - Hanvedes Daovisan
- Human Security and Equity Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pimporn Phukrongpet
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham Thailand
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Chen SC, Lee KH, Horng DJ, Huang PJ. Integrating the Public Health Services Model into Age-Friendly Pharmacies: A Case Study on the Pharmacies in Taiwan. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1589. [PMID: 34828634 PMCID: PMC8621832 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Taiwan is expected to become a superaged society by 2026. Community pharmacies have recently joined Taiwan's primary care system; they have great potential to provide professional healthcare services. This study examined whether the services provided by community pharmacists enhance medication adherence, enable the identification and solution of drug therapy problems, and are accepted by community residents. The Department of Public Health, Taoyuan City, collaborated with the Taoyuan Pharmacist Association over 11 months in 2018 in enabling pharmacists to dispense prescriptions and provide medication adherence consultations, cognitive services, and home and institutional medical care services. This study designed four satisfaction questionnaires to assess the feasibility and performance of these services. Regarding the services related to medication knowledge and adherence, 92.10% of the patients reported overall satisfaction, and all understanding and ability scores were improved in more than 95% of patients. The number of patients highly cooperative regarding their medication had risen from 14 to 234 after the intervention, and the number with low medication adherence had dropped from 533 to 33. More than 90% of respondents indicated that the institutional medical care services had significantly improved their medication knowledge and behaviors. The feasibility of the incorporation of integrated the public health services model into age-friendly pharmacies was confirmed by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Chen
- Department of Business Administration, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Han Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan;
| | - Der-Juinn Horng
- Department of Business Administration, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Jui Huang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Hohmeier KC, Renfro C, Turner K, Patel P, Ndrianasy E, Williams-Clark R, Underwood L, Gatwood J. The Tennessee Medicaid medication therapy management program: early stage contextual factors and implementation outcomes. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1189. [PMID: 34727944 PMCID: PMC8561881 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First investigated in the 1990s, medication therapy management (MTM) is an evidence-based practice offered by pharmacists to ensure a patient's medication regimen is individualized to include the safest and most effective medications. MTM has been shown to a) improve quality of patient care, b) reduces health care costs, and c) lead to fewer medication-related adverse effects. However, there has been limited testing of evidence-based, a-priori implementation strategies that support MTM implementation on a large scale. METHODS The study has two objectives assessed at the organizational and individual level: 1) to determine the adoption, feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of a multi-faceted implementation strategy to support the MTM pilot program in Tennessee; and 2) to report on the contextual factors associated with program implementation based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The overall design of the study was a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation study reporting outcomes of Tennessee state Medicaid's (TennCare) MTM Pilot program. This paper presents early stage implementation outcomes (e.g., adoption, feasibility, acceptability, appropriateness) and explores implementation barriers and facilitators using the CFIR. The study was assessed at the (a) organizational and (b) individual level. A mixed-methods approach was used including surveys, claims data, and semi-structured interviews. Interview data underwent initial, rapid qualitative analysis to provide real time feedback to TennCare leadership on project barriers and facilitators. RESULTS The total reach of the program from July 2018 through June 2020 was 2033 MTM sessions provided by 17 Medicaid credentialed pharmacists. Preliminary findings suggest participants agreed that MTM was acceptable (μ = 16.22, SD = 0.28), appropriate (μ = 15.33, SD = 0.03), and feasible (μ = 14.72, SD = 0.46). Each of the scales had an excellent level of internal (> 0.70) consistency (feasibility, α = 0.91; acceptability, α = 0.96; appropriateness, α = 0.98;). Eight program participants were interviewed and were mapped to the following CFIR constructs: Process, Characteristics of Individuals, Intervention Characteristics, and Inner Setting. Rapid data analysis of the contextual inquiry allowed TennCare to alter initial implementation strategies during project rollout. CONCLUSION The early stage implementation of a multi-faceted implementation strategy to support delivery of Tennessee Medicaid's MTM program was found to be well accepted and appropriate across multiple stakeholders including providers, administrators, and pharmacists. However, as the early stage of implementation progressed, barriers related to relative priority, characteristics of the intervention (e.g., complexity), and workflow impeded adoption. Programmatic changes to the MTM Pilot based on early stage contextual analysis and implementation outcomes had a positive impact on adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Hohmeier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.
| | - Chelsea Renfro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Kea Turner
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Parin Patel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | | | | | | | - Justin Gatwood
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, Memphis, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
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Kiles TM, Patel K, Aghagoli A, Spivey CA, Chisholm-Burns M, Hohmeier KC. A community-based partnership collaborative practice agreement project to disseminate and implement evidence-based practices in community pharmacy. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:1522-1528. [PMID: 34799069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The objective of this study is to explore the impact of an educational intervention including (1) collaborative practice agreement (CPA)-focused lecture and (2) a student project in partnership with a community-based pharmacy on dissemination and implementation of CPAs in community pharmacy practice. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING A CPA-focused classroom lecture and related project were given to five sequential years of second-year pharmacy students enrolled in a community pharmacy elective course. Community pharmacist feedback provided at the completion of the project was compared to present-day data collected via telephone survey. Responses for each survey question were summarized using frequencies, and chi-square analysis was conducted to assess the association between pharmacist perceptions at the time of the project vs. the present day. FINDINGS Forty-seven projects representing 47 unique CPAs were completed over five sequential years of the course. The most commonly targeted disease states by CPAs were influenza/streptococcus pharyngitis (25.5%), therapeutic interchange (6.4%), oral contraceptives (6.4%), and tobacco cessation (6.4%). Pharmacists noted that students facilitated their progress toward CPA implementation by serving as a means for CPA law education (23.4%) and by saving time in CPA development (12.8%). SUMMARY This study demonstrated that a student project partnering with a local community pharmacy improved knowledge dissemination but did not have any direct impact on implementation of CPAs in a community pharmacy. However, students may have a role in dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices, such as CPAs, when appropriately matched to setting-specific implementation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Kiles
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), College of Pharmacy, 881 Madison Ave., Suite 581, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Komal Patel
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), College of Pharmacy, 881 Madison Ave., Suite 581, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Amir Aghagoli
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), College of Pharmacy, 881 Madison Ave., Suite 581, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Christina A Spivey
- UTHSC, College of Pharmacy, 881 Madison Ave., Suite 258, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Marie Chisholm-Burns
- College of Pharmacy, Surgery, College of Medicine, UTHSC, 881 Madison Ave., Ste. 264, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Kenneth C Hohmeier
- Community Affairs, PGY1 Community Pharmacy Residency Program, UTHSC, 301 S. Perimeter Park Dr., Suite 220, Nashville, TN 37211, United States.
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Facciolo F, Siracuse MV, Galt KA, Fuji KT, Bramble JD. Independent community pharmacies' provision of enhanced services: A mixed methods approach. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:819-828.e1. [PMID: 34332888 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacy profession continues to broaden toward a patient-centered care practice. Pharmacy members of formal enhanced services networks are embracing this practice. However, descriptions of how pharmacies adopt a patient-centered care practice by providing enhanced services are not widely known. OBJECTIVES To explore the pharmacy services of Nebraska independent community pharmacists within the context of the pharmacy profession's transition toward patient-centered care and determine if pharmacy participation in a formal enhanced pharmacy services network is associated with the provision of enhanced services. METHODS A mixed methods approach was used by first conducting a cross-sectional quantitative survey, followed by a small qualitative study to further explain the survey findings. The survey of 193 Nebraska independent community pharmacies included members and nonmembers of the Nebraska Enhanced Services Pharmacies (NESP) network. Data were collected on the enhanced services offered. Survey analyses used descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data on reasons for offering enhanced services and their profitability were subsequently collected using a focus group of 3 independent community pharmacy owners. The interview transcript analysis used coding to generate major themes. RESULTS The survey response rate was 59%. Across all respondents, the average number of enhanced services offered was 17.3 out of 47 services studied. NESP members provided more enhanced services (x¯ = 20) than non-NESP members (x¯ = 16), P = 0.003. NESP membership was associated with the opinion that offering enhanced services increases profits, P = 0.016. The major themes were "NESP members have always been taking care of people" and "Profitability from enhanced services is key for sustainability of independent community pharmacies." CONCLUSION Independent community pharmacies provide a range of enhanced services. NESP members provided more enhanced services than non-NESP members and focused on taking care of people by providing enhanced services. NESP membership may provide opportunities for pharmacies to offer more enhanced services to patients with the intent to improve patient-centered care.
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Rahayu SA, Widianto S, Defi IR, Abdulah R. Role of Pharmacists in the Interprofessional Care Team for Patients with Chronic Diseases. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:1701-1710. [PMID: 34267522 PMCID: PMC8275864 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s309938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases are a major health problem and cause of death worldwide. Patients with chronic diseases should be managed by an interprofessional care team consisting of general practitioners, medical specialists, nurses, and pharmacists. However, the roles of pharmacists in this interprofessional care team have not been fully explored. This study, therefore, examined their roles as members of the interprofessional care team in managing patients with chronic diseases. A search in PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted for research articles that discussed pharmacists, interprofessional healthcare, and chronic diseases. From initial 420 identified articles, a total of 27 articles were included in this study. The interprofessional healthcare team should have a sense of tolerance and belonging among its members, which is reflected in five dimensions: partnership, coordination, cooperation, decision-making, and therapeutic outcomes. The five dimensions are closely related because they support each other in the success of the therapy. The presence of pharmacists in an interprofessional healthcare team has been proven to help facilitate access to primary care and improve patient outcomes. Pharmacists can assist in managing chronic disease conditions by providing drug information to patients and other healthcare providers and by acting as a consultant for treatment-related issues. The pharmacist’s role as part of an interprofessional care team reinforces the importance of a collaborative healthcare team in providing clinical services to patients with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Afrianti Rahayu
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bumi Siliwangi College of Pharmacy, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Sunu Widianto
- Department of Management and Business, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Irma Ruslina Defi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Abdulah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia.,Center for Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
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Daly CJ, Costello J, Mak A, Quinn B, Lindenau R, Jacobs DM. Pharmacists' perceptions on patient care services and social determinants of health within independent community pharmacies in an enhanced services network. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Daly
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York USA
| | | | - Anna Mak
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York USA
| | - Bryan Quinn
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York USA
| | - Ryan Lindenau
- Middleport Family Health Center Middleport New York USA
| | - David M. Jacobs
- University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Buffalo New York USA
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10
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Sustainable Business Models in Hybrids: A Conceptual Framework for Community Pharmacies’ Business Owners. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12198125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Community pharmacies have recently been asked to contribute to sustainable healthcare systems through active participation in an integrated model of care and by playing a major educational role for environmental conservation. Therefore, dramatic changes in their institutional context have led to increasing competition in the drugs retail sector and a shift toward a service-oriented business. These factors urge rethinking of the business model of these hybrid organizations, which combine a profit-oriented, social, and more recently addressed, environmental identity. This paper aims at discussing a sustainable business model (SBM) that could allow community pharmacies to contribute to public health through pharmacists’ current role and development of that role. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic suggest that human health should be at the center of the sustainable development agenda; the pandemic raises questions about the traditional role of community pharmacies, such as extending patient-oriented services. The SBM for community pharmacies represents an opportunity to enhance their role among the healthcare workforce, especially in a time of global pandemics. In addition, the SBM can support community pharmacies to integrate sustainability in day-to-day pharmacy practice, although it should be customized based on the contextual characteristics of the business and on differences between countries, such as health policies and regulations.
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Daly CJ, Quinn B, Mak A, Jacobs DM. Community Pharmacists' Perceptions of Patient Care Services within an Enhanced Service Network. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030172. [PMID: 32947887 PMCID: PMC7559089 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pharmacists are positioned as an accessible source of patient care services (PCS). Despite the adversity community pharmacies continue to face, the expanding opportunity of offering PCS continues to be a pathway forward. Objective: To identify community pharmacists’ perceptions to deliver PCS within an enhanced service network. Methods: One-on-one semi-structured phone interviews were conducted as part of a mixed-methods approach. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a consensus codebook to draft thematic findings. Participants were recruited from an electronic survey targeting community pharmacists from the New York chapters of the Community Pharmacy Enhanced Services Network (CPESN). Results: Twelve pharmacists were interviewed with four main themes identified. The majority of study participants were pharmacy owners (92%) devoting an average of 15 h/week to PCS and 8 h/week addressing social barriers. The main themes identified include: (1) perceptions of pharmacy profession, (2) reimbursement models and sustainability of PCS, (3) provision of patient care services, and (4) how PCS address social determinants of health. Conclusions: Offering PCS opportunities for patients is a direction many community pharmacists have embraced and are working to succeed. Ongoing research is needed focusing on community pharmacists’ self-perceptions of the clinical impact and role they hold in an evolving healthcare system.
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Mutebi H, Ntayi JM, Muhwezi M, Munene JCK. Self-organisation, adaptability, organisational networks and inter-organisational coordination: empirical evidence from humanitarian organisations in Uganda. JOURNAL OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/jhlscm-10-2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PurposeTo coordinate humanitarian organisations with different mandates that flock the scenes of disasters to save lives and respond to varied needs arising from the increased number of victims is not easy. Therefore, the level at which organisations self-organise, network and adapt to the dynamic operational environment may be related to inter-organisational coordination. The authors studied self-organisation, organisational networks and adaptability as important and often overlooked organisational factors hypothesised to be related to inter-organisational coordination in the context of humanitarian organisations.Design/methodology/approachThe study’s sample consisted of 101 humanitarian organisations with 315 respondents. To decrease the problem of common method variance, the authors split the samples within each humanitarian organisation into two subsamples: one subsample was used for the measurement of self-organisation, organisational network and adaptability, while the other was for the measurement of inter-organisational coordination.FindingsThe partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis using SmartPLS 3.2.8 indicated that self-organisation is related to inter-organisational coordination. Organisational network and adaptability were found to be mediators for the relationship between self-organisation and inter-organisational coordination and all combined accounted for 57.8% variance in inter-organisational coordination.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was cross sectional, hence imposing a limitation on changes in perceptions over time. Perhaps, a longitudinal study in future is desirable. Data were collected only from humanitarian organisations that had delivered relief to refugees in the stated camps by 2018. Above all, this study considered self-organisation, adaptability and organisational networks in the explanation of inter-organisational coordination, although there are other factors that could still be explored.Practical implicationsA potential implication is that humanitarian organisations which need to coordinate with others in emergency situations may need to examine their ability to self-organise, network and adapt.Social implicationsSocial transformation is a function of active social entities that cannot work in isolation. Hence, for each to be able to make a contribution to meaningful social change, there is need to develop organisational networks with sister organisations so as to secure rare resources that facilitate change efforts coupled with the ability to reorganise themselves and adapt to changing environmental circumstances.Originality/valueThe paper examines (1) the extent to which self-organisation, adaptability and organisational networks influence inter-organisational coordination; (2) the mediating role of both adaptability and organisational networks between self-organisation and inter-organisational coordination in the context of humanitarian organisations against the backdrop of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory.
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A Student Pharmacist Quality Engagement Team to Support Initial Implementation of Comprehensive Medication Management within Independent Community Pharmacies. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030141. [PMID: 32784831 PMCID: PMC7558787 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, the Pennsylvania Pharmacists Care Network (PPCN), an enhanced pharmacy services network, and STRAND Clinical Technologies partnered to launch a payor contract with a Pennsylvania Medicaid Managed Care Organization for the provision of comprehensive medication management (CMM) at PPCN pharmacies. PPCN and the Community Leadership and Innovation in Practice Center at the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy partnered to create the Quality Engagement Team (QET), a group of student pharmacists formed with the intent to support the initial implementation of this contract. The QET supported the pharmacies through biweekly phone calls, which led to increased pharmacist engagement and produced impactful patient encounter stories that were then reported back to the payor. We utilized Active Implementation Frameworks and select implementation strategies from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change project throughout the implementation period. The QET supported the successful implementation of this payor contract, which saw an increase in CMM encounters completed by the pharmacists during each month of the four-month contract period. Students, pharmacists and the payor each derived meaningful benefits from this initiative. Student pharmacists can be a powerful asset in the implementation of payor programs within an enhanced pharmacy services network, resulting in the mutually beneficial and sustainable support of the network.
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14
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Ferreri SP, Hughes TD, Snyder ME. Medication Therapy Management: Current Challenges. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 9:71-81. [PMID: 32309200 PMCID: PMC7136570 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s179628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medication therapy management (MTM) services have evolved as a means for pharmacists and other providers to assist patients and caregivers in improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing health care expenditures. More than a decade has passed since the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 provided pharmacists with the opportunity to deliver MTM services to Medicare beneficiaries. MTM continues to offer pharmacists the opportunity to use their knowledge; yet, pharmacists have reported challenges with service delivery. Identifying the challenges that affect MTM services in pharmacy practice is necessary in order to seek improvement to MTM delivery. This narrative review explores the current challenges pharmacists face with MTM delivery, summarizes potential solutions for addressing challenges, and seeks to incite further debate, service reconfiguration, and ultimately service improvement of pharmacist-provided MTM services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie P Ferreri
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7574, USA
| | - Tamera D Hughes
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7574, USA
| | - Margie E Snyder
- College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Renfro CP, Turner K, Desai R, Counts J, Shea CM, Ferreri SP. Implementation process for comprehensive medication review in the community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019; 59:836-841.e2. [PMID: 31405803 PMCID: PMC8128150 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To (1) describe the implementation process for comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) among community pharmacies (e.g., processes for prioritizing patients, staffing, and information collection) and (2) examine factors associated with community pharmacies' CMR information collection process. METHODS A survey was administered to the pharmacist responsible for implementation of CMRs (i.e., the lead pharmacist) in the community pharmacy (n = 87). The survey included questions about pharmacy characteristics, satisfaction with the NC community pharmacy enhanced services network (NC-CPESN) program, and implementation of CMRs. Frequencies and means were calculated to describe the sample characteristics and pharmacies' CMR implementation process. A multiple linear regression was conducted to examine which characteristics were associated with the CMR information collection process. RESULTS The majority of pharmacies in the sample were either independently owned single stores (46.5%) or multiple stores under the same independent ownership (41.6%). Most pharmacies used pharmacists (97.7%) or pharmacy technicians (65.5%) for patient outreach for CMRs. A small percentage of pharmacies used administrative staff to conduct patient outreach for CMRs (9.2%). Information for prescription medications (89.5%), indication (80%), and medication adherence (81.1%) was routinely collected. Information such as date of last dose for prescription medications (48.4%) and lifestyle factors, such as physical activity (21.1%), diet (29.5%), and alcohol (31.6%), was collected less routinely. Having a clinical pharmacist (P = 0.025) and pharmacist overlap hours (P = 0.009) significantly improved the CMR information collection process. CONCLUSION Although CMRs are important interventions for improving patient outcomes, more guidance is needed on how to effectively implement them. This would allow the process to be efficient and assure implementation with fidelity across all community pharmacies. In addition, staffing appears to influence the quality of CMR information collection. Future research is warranted on CMR implementation to develop efficient staffing models and standardize the process of information collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Phillips Renfro
- Department Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN
| | - Kea Turner
- Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Raj Desai
- Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jacob Counts
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, TN
| | - Christopher M. Shea
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Stefanie P. Ferreri
- PGY-1 Independent Pharmacy Ownership Residency Program, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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McGivney MAS, Pope DD, Trygstad T. Unrealized potential and unrecognized value: Community-based pharmacy practice is reinventing itself-Join the movement. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Somma McGivney
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics; University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | | | - Troy Trygstad
- CPESN USA and Community Care of North Carolina; Raleigh North Carolina
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Cowart K, Olson K. Impact of pharmacist care provision in value-based care settings: How are we measuring value-added services? J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2018; 59:125-128. [PMID: 30573372 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss the current state of measuring value-added services in emerging value-based payment practice models and their impact on the pharmacy profession. SUMMARY Value-based care models require a focus on population health. In value-based care settings, providers are held accountable for risk that goes beyond the clinic encounter, and payment is tied to quality measures that reflect clinical and humanistic outcomes across the health care spectrum. This creates opportunities for pharmacist integration into value-based care settings through addressing gaps in care, optimizing medication use, and developing physician-pharmacist team-based care practice models. CONCLUSION Scalable and sustainable pharmacist integration into value-based care settings should involve expansion of preventive care into the community. The need for measurement of the value added by pharmacy services is a priority.
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