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Halvorson CS, Sánchez-Lafuente CL, Johnston JN, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Molecular Mechanisms of Reelin in the Enteric Nervous System and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for Depression and Antidepressant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:814. [PMID: 38255890 PMCID: PMC10815176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatments for depression fail to produce adequate remission in a significant proportion of patients. Increasingly, other systems, such as the microbiome-gut-brain axis, are being looked at as putative novel avenues for depression treatment. Dysbiosis and dysregulation along this axis are highly comorbid with the severity of depression symptoms. The endogenous extracellular matrix protein reelin is present in all intestinal layers as well as in myenteric and submucosal ganglia, and its receptors are also present in the gut. Reelin secretion from subepithelial myofibroblasts regulates cellular migration along the crypt-villus axis in the small intestine and colon. Reelin brain expression is downregulated in mood and psychotic disorders, and reelin injections have fast antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression. This review seeks to discuss the roles of reelin in the gastrointestinal system and propose a putative role for reelin actions in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression, primarily reflecting on alterations in gut epithelial cell renewal and in the clustering of serotonin transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara S. Halvorson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Carla Liria Sánchez-Lafuente
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Jenessa N. Johnston
- Section on the Neurobiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Lisa E. Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Hector J. Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (C.S.H.); (C.L.S.-L.); (L.E.K.)
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2
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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Reelin Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 38137152 PMCID: PMC10741648 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the significance of studying the quality of life of schizophrenia patients, considering the complex nature of the illness. Identifying neuronal markers for early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Reelin (RELN) stands out among these markers, with genetic studies highlighting its role in mental health. Suppression of RELN expression may contribute to cognitive deficits by limiting dendritic proliferation, affecting neurogenesis, and leading to improper neuronal circuits. Although the physiological function of reelin is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in hippocampal cell stratification and neuroglia formation. This analysis explores reelin's importance in the nervous system, shedding light on its impact on mental disorders such as schizophrenia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, and at the same time, raises the following conclusions: increased methylation levels of the RELN gene in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia results in a multiple decrease in the expression of reelin, and monitoring of this indicator, i.e., methylation levels, can be used to monitor the severity of symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Escudero B, Moya M, López-Valencia L, Arias F, Orio L. Reelin Plasma Levels Identify Cognitive Decline in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients During Early Abstinence: The Influence of APOE4 Expression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:545-556. [PMID: 37350760 PMCID: PMC10464928 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-4 isoform, reelin, and clusterin share very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 receptors and are related to cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. These proteins are expressed in plasma and brain, but studies involving plasma expression and cognition are scarce. METHODS We studied the peripheral expression (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of these proteins in 24 middle-aged patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosed at 4 to 12 weeks of abstinence (t = 0) and 34 controls. Cognition was assessed using the Test of Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Alcoholism. In a follow-up study (t = 1), we measured reelin levels and evaluated cognitive improvement at 6 months of abstinence. RESULTS APOE4 isoform was present in 37.5% and 58.8% of patients and controls, respectively, reaching similar plasma levels in ε4 carriers regardless of whether they were patients with AUD or controls. Plasma reelin and clusterin were higher in the AUD group, and reelin levels peaked in patients expressing APOE4 (P < .05, η2 = 0.09), who showed reduced very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. APOE4 had a negative effect on memory/learning mainly in the AUD group (P < .01, η2 = 0.15). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified plasma reelin as a good indicator of AUD cognitive impairment at t = 0. At t = 1, patients with AUD showed lower reelin levels vs controls along with some cognitive improvement. CONCLUSIONS Reelin plasma levels are elevated during early abstinence in patients with AUD who express the APOE4 isoform, identifying cognitive deterioration to a great extent, and it may participate as a homeostatic signal for cognitive recovery in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Leticia López-Valencia
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
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Bhagar R, Le-Niculescu H, Roseberry K, Kosary K, Daly C, Ballew A, Yard M, Sandusky GE, Niculescu AB. Temporal effects on death by suicide: empirical evidence and possible molecular correlates. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 3:10. [PMID: 37861857 PMCID: PMC10501025 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-023-00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Popular culture and medical lore have long postulated a connection between full moon and exacerbations of psychiatric disorders. We wanted to empirically analyze the hypothesis that suicides are increased during the period around full moons. We analyzed pre-COVID suicides from the Marion County Coroner's Office (n = 776), and show that deaths by suicide are significantly increased during the week of the full moon (p = 0.037), with older individuals (age ≥ 55) showing a stronger effect (p = 0.019). We also examined in our dataset which hour of the day (3-4 pm, p = 0.035), and which month of the year (September, p = 0.09) show the most deaths by suicide. We had blood samples on a subset of the subjects (n = 45), which enabled us to look at possible molecular mechanisms. We tested a list of top blood biomarkers for suicidality (n = 154) from previous studies of ours 7, to assess which of them are predictive. The biomarkers for suicidality that are predictive of death by suicide during full moon, peak hour of day, and peak month of year, respectively, compared to outside of those periods, appear to be enriched in circadian clock genes. For full moon it is AHCYL2, ACSM3, AK2, and RBM3. For peak hour it is GSK3B, AK2, and PRKCB. For peak month it is TBL1XR1 and PRKCI. Half of these genes are modulated in expression by lithium and by valproate in opposite direction to suicidality, and all of them are modulated by depression and alcohol in the same direction as suicidality. These data suggest that there are temporal effects on suicidality, possibly mediated by biological clocks, pointing to changes in ambient light (timing and intensity) as a therapeutically addressable target to decrease suicidality, that can be coupled with psychiatric pharmacological and addiction treatment preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhagar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 200B, 320 W. 15thStreet, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - H Le-Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 200B, 320 W. 15thStreet, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - K Roseberry
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 200B, 320 W. 15thStreet, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - K Kosary
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 200B, 320 W. 15thStreet, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - C Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 200B, 320 W. 15thStreet, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - A Ballew
- Marion County Coroner's Office, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Yard
- INBRAIN, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - G E Sandusky
- INBRAIN, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 200B, 320 W. 15thStreet, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- INBRAIN, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA.
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Astrocytes regulate neuronal network activity by mediating synapse remodeling. Neurosci Res 2023; 187:3-13. [PMID: 36170922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on experience during our life, neuronal connectivity continuously changes through structural remodeling of synapses. Recent studies have shown that the complex interaction between astrocytes and synapses regulates structural synapse remodeling by inducing the formation and elimination of synapses, as well as their functional maturation. Defects in this astrocyte-mediated synapse remodeling cause problems in not only neuronal network activities but also animal behaviors. Moreover, in various neurological disorders, astrocytes have been shown to play central roles in the initiation and progression of synaptic pathophysiology through impaired interactions with synapses. In this review, we will discuss recent studies identifying the novel roles of astrocytes in neuronal circuit remodeling, focusing on synapse formation and elimination. We will also discuss the potential implication of defective astrocytic function in evoking various brain disorders.
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Pardo M, Gregorio S, Montalban E, Pujadas L, Elias-Tersa A, Masachs N, Vílchez-Acosta A, Parent A, Auladell C, Girault JA, Vila M, Nairn AC, Manso Y, Soriano E. Adult-specific Reelin expression alters striatal neuronal organization: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1143319. [PMID: 37153634 PMCID: PMC10157100 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuronal migration, brain development, and adult plasticity, the extracellular matrix protein Reelin has been extensively implicated in human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, heterozygous reeler mice exhibit features reminiscent of these disorders, while overexpression of Reelin protects against its manifestation. However, how Reelin influences the structure and circuits of the striatal complex, a key region for the above-mentioned disorders, is far from being understood, especially when altered Reelin expression levels are found at adult stages. In the present study, we took advantage of complementary conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models to investigate how Reelin levels may modify adult brain striatal structure and neuronal composition. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we determined that Reelin does not seem to influence the striatal patch and matrix organization (studied by μ-opioid receptor immunohistochemistry) nor the density of medium spiny neurons (MSNs, studied with DARPP-32). We show that overexpression of Reelin leads to increased numbers of striatal parvalbumin- and cholinergic-interneurons, and to a slight increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive projections. We conclude that increased Reelin levels might modulate the numbers of striatal interneurons and the density of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections, suggesting that these changes may be involved in the protection of Reelin against neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Pardo
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Gregorio
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Institut du Fer à Moulin UMR-S 1270, INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Methodology, Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Elias-Tersa
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Masachs
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Vílchez-Acosta
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annabelle Parent
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miquel Vila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Angus C. Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yasmina Manso
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Yasmina Manso,
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Developmental Neurobiology and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Soriano,
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Jin K, Zhang S, Jiang C, Liu R, Chen B, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Shen Z, Xu P, Hu X, Jiao J, Lu J, Huang M. The role of reelin in the pathological mechanism of depression from clinical to rodents. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114838. [PMID: 36103758 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a devastating mental illness and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus plays an important role in depression pathogenesis. Reelin is expressed mainly in the frontal lobe and hippocampus, and is closely associated with neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. However, few studies have investigated its role in MDD combining clinical trials and animal experiments. We show that in a clinical trial, plasma reelin levels decreased in patients with first-episode drug-naïve MDD and increased after treatment; further, plasma reelin levels allowed to distinguish drug-naïve patients with first-episode MDD from healthy individuals. In rats, chronic mild and unpredictable stress led to a decrease in both reelin mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus, which could be reversed by vortioxetine. Subsequent experiments confirmed that the reelin-ApoER2-NR2A /NR2B pathway regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and may be involved in depression or antidepressant responses. Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of MDD pathogenesis and provides new evidence that reelin should be considered a potential therapeutic target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyu Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chaonan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ripeng Liu
- College of First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haoyang Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Child Psychology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Pengfeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianping Jiao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Kho SH, Yee JY, Puang SJ, Han L, Chiang C, Rapisarda A, Goh WWB, Lee J, Sng JCG. DNA methylation levels of RELN promoter region in ultra-high risk, first episode and chronic schizophrenia cohorts of schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:81. [PMID: 36216926 PMCID: PMC9550813 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of the Reelin gene (RELN) during brain development makes it a prominent candidate in human epigenetic studies of Schizophrenia. Previous literature has reported differing levels of DNA methylation (DNAm) in patients with psychosis. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) examine and compare RELN DNAm levels in subjects at different stages of psychosis cross-sectionally, (2) analyse the effect of antipsychotics (AP) on DNAm, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of RELN promoter DNAm as a possible biological-based marker for symptom severity in psychosis.. The study cohort consisted of 56 healthy controls, 87 ultra-high risk (UHR) individuals, 26 first-episode (FE) psychosis individuals and 30 chronic schizophrenia (CS) individuals. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess Schizophrenia severity. After pyrosequencing selected CpG sites of peripheral blood, the Average mean DNAm levels were compared amongst the 4 subgroups. Our results showed differing levels of DNAm, with UHR having the lowest (7.72 ± 0.19) while the CS had the highest levels (HC: 8.78 ± 0.35; FE: 7.75 ± 0.37; CS: 8.82 ± 0.48). Significantly higher Average mean DNAm levels were found in CS subjects on AP (9.12 ± 0.61) compared to UHR without medication (UHR(-)) (7.39 ± 0.18). A significant association was also observed between the Average mean DNAm of FE and PANSS Negative symptom factor (R2 = 0.237, ß = -0.401, *p = 0.033). In conclusion, our findings suggested different levels of DNAm for subjects at different stages of psychosis. Those subjects that took AP have different DNAm levels. There were significant associations between FE DNAm and Negative PANSS scores. With more future experiments and on larger cohorts, there may be potential use of DNAm of the RELN gene as one of the genes for the biological-based marker for symptom severity in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Hong Kho
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jie Yin Yee
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Juan Puang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luke Han
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Chiang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attilio Rapisarda
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Judy Chia Ghee Sng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Rizk M, Saker Z, Harati H, Fares Y, Bahmad HF, Nabha S. Deciphering the roles of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder and related syndromes. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2669-2686. [PMID: 33650079 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors besides deficits in social communication. Syndromic ASD is a subset of ASD caused by underlying genetic disorders, most commonly Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and Rett Syndrome (RTT). Various mutations and consequent malfunctions in core signaling pathways have been identified in ASD, including glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). A growing body of evidence suggests a key role of GSK3 dysregulation in the pathogenesis of ASD and its related disorders. Here, we provide a synopsis of the implication of GSK3 in ASD, FXS, and RTT as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Rizk
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Saker
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hayat Harati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd, Miami Beach, FL, 33140, USA
| | - Sanaa Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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10
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Yin J, Lu Y, Yu S, Dai Z, Zhang F, Yuan J. Exploring the mRNA expression level of RELN in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients before and after antipsychotic treatment. Hereditas 2020; 157:43. [PMID: 33158463 PMCID: PMC7648395 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Reelin (RELN) gene encodes the protein reelin, which is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein that plays a key role in brain development. Additionally, this protein may be involved in memory formation, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity, which have been shown to be disrupted in schizophrenia (SCZ). A decreasing trend in the expression of RELN mRNA in the brain and peripheral blood of SCZ patients has been observed. There is a need to determine whether changes in RELN mRNA expression in SCZ patients are the result of long-term antipsychotic treatment rather than the etiological characteristics of schizophrenia. The expression levels of RELN mRNA in the peripheral blood of 48 healthy controls and 30 SCZ patients before and after 12-weeks of treatment were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Results The expression levels of RELN mRNA in the SCZ group were significantly lower than that of healthy controls; however, after 12-weeks of antipsychotic treatment, RELN mRNA levels were significantly increased in the SCZ group. Conclusion The up-regulation of RELN mRNA expression was current in SCZ patients after antipsychotic treatment, suggesting that the changes in RELN mRNA expression were related to the effect of the antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Yin
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, 156 Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yana Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shui Yu
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, 156 Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhanzhan Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, 156 Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
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11
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Brymer KJ, Johnston J, Botterill JJ, Romay-Tallon R, Mitchell MA, Allen J, Pinna G, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. Fast-acting antidepressant-like effects of Reelin evaluated in the repeated-corticosterone chronic stress paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1707-1716. [PMID: 31926481 PMCID: PMC7419539 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present report examines the effects of repeated or single intrahippocampal Reelin infusions on measures of depressive-like behavior, cognition, and hippocampal neurogenesis in the repeated-corticosterone (CORT) paradigm. Rats received subcutaneous injections of CORT for 3 weeks and Reelin was infused through an inserted canula in the left hippocampus on days 7, 14, and 21, or only on day 21 of CORT injections. CORT increased immobility in the forced-swim test and impaired object-location memory. Notably, these effects were reversed by both repeated and single-Reelin infusions. CORT decreased both the number and complexity of doublecortin-labeled maturing newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone, and a single-Reelin infusion increased the number but not complexity of newborn neurons, while repeated Reelin infusions restored both. Injection of the AMPA antagonist CNQX blocked the rescue of the behavioral phenotype by Reelin but did completely block the effects of Reelin on hippocampal neurogenesis. Reelin is able to rescue the deficits in AMPA, NMDA, GABAA receptors, mTOR and p-mTOR induced by CORT. These novel results demonstrate that a single intrahippocampal Reelin infusion into the dorsal hippocampus has fast-acting antidepressant-like effects, and that some of these effects may be at least partially independent of Reelin actions on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Jenessa Johnston
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Justin J Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | | | - Milann A Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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12
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Canet-Pons J, Schubert R, Duecker RP, Schrewe R, Wölke S, Kieslich M, Schnölzer M, Chiocchetti A, Auburger G, Zielen S, Warnken U. Ataxia telangiectasia alters the ApoB and reelin pathway. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:237-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Antonioli-Santos R, Lanzillotta-Mattos B, Hedin-Pereira C, Serfaty CA. The fine tuning of retinocollicular topography depends on reelin signaling during early postnatal development of the rat visual system. Neuroscience 2017; 357:264-272. [PMID: 28602919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal development, neural circuits are extremely dynamic and develop precise connection patterns that emerge as a result of the elimination of synaptic terminals, a process instructed by molecular cues and patterns of electrical activity. In the rodent visual system, this process begins during the first postnatal week and proceeds during the second and third postnatal weeks as spontaneous retinal activity and finally use-dependent fine tuning takes place. Reelin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein able to affect several steps of brain development, from neuronal migration to the maturation of dendritic spines and use-dependent synaptic development. In the present study, we investigated the role of reelin on the topographical refinement of primary sensory connections studying the development of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals in the rat superior colliculus. We found that reelin levels in the visual layers of the superior colliculus are the highest between the second and third postnatal weeks. Blocking reelin signaling with a neutralizing antibody (CR-50) from PND 7 to PND 14 induced a non-specific sprouting of ipsilateral retinocollicular axons outside their typical distribution of discrete patches of axon terminals. Also we found that reelin blockade resulted in reduced levels of phospho-GAP43, increased GluN1 and GluN2B-NMDA subunits and decreased levels of GAD65 content in the visual layers of the superior colliculus. The results suggest that reelin signaling is associated with the maturation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic machinery influencing the development and fine tuning of topographically organized neural circuits during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Antonioli-Santos
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Research, Marcílio Dias Navy Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lanzillotta-Mattos
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil
| | - Cecília Hedin-Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alberto Serfaty
- Federal Fluminense University, Biology Institute, Neurobiology Department, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity - Niteroi, PO Box: 100180, Brazil.
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14
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Ronovsky M, Berger S, Molz B, Berger A, Pollak DD. Animal Models of Maternal Immune Activation in Depression Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:688-704. [PMID: 26666733 PMCID: PMC5050397 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151215095359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Background Depression and schizophrenia are debilitating mental illnesses with significant socio-economic impact. The high degree of comorbidity between the two disorders, and shared symptoms and risk factors, suggest partly common pathogenic mechanisms. Supported by human and animal studies, maternal immune activation (MIA) has been intimately associated with the development of schizophrenia. However, the link between MIA and depression has remained less clear, in part due to the lack of appropriate animal models. Objective Here we aim to summarize findings obtained from studies using MIA animal models and discuss their relevance for preclinical depression research. Methods Results on molecular, cellular and behavioral phenotypes in MIA animal models were collected by literature search (PubMed) and evaluated for their significance for depression. Results Several reports on offspring depression-related behavioral alterations indicate an involvement of MIA in the development of depression later in life. Depression-related behavioral phenotypes were frequently paralleled by neurogenic and neurotrophic deficits and modulated by several genetic and environmental factors. Conclusion Literature evidence analyzed in this review supports a relevance of MIA as animal model for a specific early life adversity, which may prime an individual for the development of distinct psychopathologies later life. MIA animal models may present a unique tool for the identification of additional exogenous and endogenous factors, which are required for the manifestation of a specific neuropsychiatric disorder, such as depression, later in life. Hereby, novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of depression may be obtained, supporting the identification of alternative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Davis KN, Tao R, Li C, Gao Y, Gondré-Lewis MC, Lipska BK, Shin JH, Xie B, Ye T, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. GAD2 Alternative Transcripts in the Human Prefrontal Cortex, and in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148558. [PMID: 26848839 PMCID: PMC4744057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation and early adverse environmental events work together to increase risk for schizophrenia. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult mammalian brain, plays a major role in normal brain development, and has been strongly implicated in the pathobiology of schizophrenia. GABA synthesis is controlled by two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) genes, GAD1 and GAD2, both of which produce a number of alternative transcripts. Genetic variants in the GAD1 gene are associated with increased risk for schizophrenia, and reduced expression of its major transcript in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). No consistent changes in GAD2 expression have been found in brains from patients with schizophrenia. In this work, with the use of RNA sequencing and PCR technologies, we confirmed and tracked the expression of an alternative truncated transcript of GAD2 (ENST00000428517) in human control DLPFC homogenates across lifespan besides the well-known full length transcript of GAD2. In addition, using quantitative RT-PCR, expression of GAD2 full length and truncated transcripts were measured in the DLPFC of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. The expression of GAD2 full length transcript is decreased in the DLPFC of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients, while GAD2 truncated transcript is increased in bipolar disorder patients but decreased in schizophrenia patients. Moreover, the patients with schizophrenia with completed suicide or positive nicotine exposure showed significantly higher expression of GAD2 full length transcript. Alternative transcripts of GAD2 may be important in the growth and development of GABA-synthesizing neurons as well as abnormal GABA signaling in the DLPFC of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey N. Davis
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–1385, United States of America
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington D.C., 20059, United States of America
| | - Ran Tao
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Chao Li
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Yuan Gao
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Marjorie C. Gondré-Lewis
- Laboratory for Neurodevelopment, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington D.C., 20059, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Lipska
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–1385, United States of America
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Bin Xie
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Tianzhang Ye
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences, and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Departments of Neuroscience and the Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences, and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Carboni L, Domenici E. Proteome effects of antipsychotic drugs: Learning from preclinical models. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:430-41. [PMID: 26548651 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteome-wide expression analyses are performed in the brain of schizophrenia patients to understand the biological basis of the disease and discover molecular paths for new clinical interventions. A major issue with postmortem analysis is the lack of tools to discern molecular modulation related to the disease from dysregulation due to medications. We review available proteome-wide analysis of antipsychotic treatment in rodents, highlighting shared dysregulated pathways that may contribute to an extended view of molecular processes underlying their pharmacological activity. Fourteen proteomic studies conducted with typical and atypical antipsychotic treatments were examined; hypothesis-based approaches are also briefly discussed. Treatment with antipsychotics mainly affects proteins belonging to metabolic pathways involved in energy generation, both in glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, suggesting antipsychotics-induced impairments in metabolism. Nevertheless, schizophrenic patients show impaired glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunctions independent of therapy. Other antipsychotics-induced changes shared by different studies implicate cytoskeletal and synaptic function proteins. The mechanism can be related to the reorganization of dendritic spines resulting from neural plasticity events induced by treatments affecting neurotransmitter circuitry. However, metabolic and plasticity pathways activated by antipsychotics can also play an authentic role in the etiopathological basis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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mGlu5-GABAB interplay in animal models of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:97-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Hornig T, Sturm L, Fiebich B, Tebartz van Elst L. Increased Blood-Reelin-Levels in First Episode Schizophrenia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134671. [PMID: 26305216 PMCID: PMC4549220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in several functions of brain development, synaptogenesis and dendritic proliferation. Numerous studies found perturbation in the reelin system and altered serum reelin levels in neuropsychiatric patients using the western blot procedure. In the international literature, this is the first study that made use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to analyze serum reelin protein concentration quantitatively. Rationale In order to study possible alterations in reelin blood levels in schizophrenia, we analyzed this signal in schizophrenic patients with a first episode hallucinatory and paranoid syndrome and control subjects in a pilot study design. Results We found increased blood reelin protein concentration in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. Discussion Our findings point to a relevant role of reelin metabolism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Reelin could be a biomarker for the course of disease or psychopharmacological treatment. Conclusion We conclude that the reelin protein blood concentration might be a relevant signal with respect to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hornig
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hauptstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lukas Sturm
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hauptstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hauptstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Samsom JN, Wong AHC. Schizophrenia and Depression Co-Morbidity: What We have Learned from Animal Models. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25762938 PMCID: PMC4332163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are at an increased risk for the development of depression. Overlap in the symptoms and genetic risk factors between the two disorders suggests a common etiological mechanism may underlie the presentation of comorbid depression in schizophrenia. Understanding these shared mechanisms will be important in informing the development of new treatments. Rodent models are powerful tools for understanding gene function as it relates to behavior. Examining rodent models relevant to both schizophrenia and depression reveals a number of common mechanisms. Current models which demonstrate endophenotypes of both schizophrenia and depression are reviewed here, including models of CUB and SUSHI multiple domains 1, PDZ and LIM domain 5, glutamate Delta 1 receptor, diabetic db/db mice, neuropeptide Y, disrupted in schizophrenia 1, and its interacting partners, reelin, maternal immune activation, and social isolation. Neurotransmission, brain connectivity, the immune system, the environment, and metabolism emerge as potential common mechanisms linking these models and potentially explaining comorbid depression in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Samsom
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Pinacho R, Valdizán EM, Pilar-Cuellar F, Prades R, Tarragó T, Haro JM, Ferrer I, Ramos B. Increased SP4 and SP1 transcription factor expression in the postmortem hippocampus of chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 58:189-96. [PMID: 25175639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Altered levels of transcription factor specificity protein 4 (SP4) and 1 (SP1) in the cerebellum, prefrontal cortex and/or lymphocytes have been reported in severe psychiatric disorders, including early psychosis, bipolar disorder, and chronic schizophrenia subjects who have undergone long-term antipsychotic treatments. SP4 transgenic mice show altered hippocampal-dependent psychotic-like behaviours and altered development of hippocampal dentate gyrus. Moreover, NMDAR activity regulates SP4 function. The aim of this study was to investigate SP4 and SP1 expression levels in the hippocampus in schizophrenia, and the possible effect of antipsychotics and NMDAR blockade on SP protein levels in rodent hippocampus. We analysed SP4 and SP1 expression levels in the postmortem hippocampus of chronic schizophrenia (n = 14) and control (n = 11) subjects by immunoblot and quantitative RT-PCR. We tested the effect of NMDAR blockade on SP factors in the hippocampus of mouse treated with an acute dose of MK801. We also investigated the effect of subacute treatments with haloperidol and clozapine on SP protein levels in the rat hippocampus. We report that SP4 protein and both SP4 and SP1 mRNA expression levels are significantly increased in the hippocampus in chronic schizophrenia. Likewise, acute treatment with MK801 increased both SP4 and SP1 protein levels in mouse hippocampus. In contrast, subacute treatment with haloperidol and clozapine did not significantly alter SP protein levels in rat hippocampus. These results suggest that SP4 and SP1 upregulation may be part of the mechanisms deregulated downstream of glutamate signalling pathways in schizophrenia and might be contributing to the hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pinacho
- Unitat de recerca, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elsa M Valdizán
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (CSIC-UC-SODERCAN), Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Cantabria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuellar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (CSIC-UC-SODERCAN), Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Cantabria, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Roger Prades
- Iproteos S.L., Baldiri I Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Tarragó
- Iproteos S.L., Baldiri I Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri I Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Unitat de recerca, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Instituto de Neuropatología, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red para enfermedades neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED. Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 Hospitalet de LLobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Ramos
- Unitat de recerca, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Corticosterone treatment during adolescence induces down-regulation of reelin and NMDA receptor subunit GLUN2C expression only in male mice: implications for schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1221-32. [PMID: 24556017 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure during adolescence/early adulthood has been shown to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Reelin plays an essential role in brain development and its levels are decreased in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between stress exposure and reelin expression remains unclear. We therefore treated adolescent reelin heteroyzogous mice (HRM) and wild-type (WT) littermates with the stress hormone, corticosterone (CORT) in their drinking water (25 mg/l) for 3 wk. In adulthood, we measured levels of full-length (FL) reelin and the N-R6 and N-R2 cleavage fragments in the frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) hippocampus. As expected, levels of all reelin forms were approximately 50% lower in HRMs compared to WT. In male mice, CORT treatment significantly decreased FL and N-R2 expression in the FC and N-R2 and N-R6 levels in the DH. This reelin down-regulation was accompanied by significant reductions in downstream N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) GluN2C subunit levels. There were no effects of CORT treatment in the VH of either of the sexes and only subtle changes in female DH. CORT-induced reelin and GluN2C down-regulation in males was not associated with changes in two GABAergic neuron markers, GAD67 and parvalbumin, or glucocorticoids receptors (GR). These results show that CORT treatment causes long-lasting and selective reductions of reelin form levels in male FC and DH accompanied by changes in NMDAR subunit composition. This sex-specific reelin down-regulation in regions implicated in schizophrenia could be involved in the effects of stress in this disease.
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Lussier AL, Lebedeva K, Fenton EY, Guskjolen A, Caruncho HJ, Kalynchuk LE. The progressive development of depression-like behavior in corticosterone-treated rats is paralleled by slowed granule cell maturation and decreased reelin expression in the adult dentate gyrus. Neuropharmacology 2013; 71:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gene expression patterns underlying the reinstatement of plasticity in the adult visual system. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:605079. [PMID: 23936678 PMCID: PMC3710606 DOI: 10.1155/2013/605079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is highly sensitive to experience during early postnatal life, but this phase of heightened plasticity decreases with age. Recent studies have demonstrated that developmental-like plasticity can be reactivated in the visual cortex of adult animals through environmental or pharmacological manipulations. These findings provide a unique opportunity to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adult plasticity. Here we used the monocular deprivation paradigm to investigate large-scale gene expression patterns underlying the reinstatement of plasticity produced by fluoxetine in the adult rat visual cortex. We found changes, confirmed with RT-PCRs, in gene expression in different biological themes, such as chromatin structure remodelling, transcription factors, molecules involved in synaptic plasticity, extracellular matrix, and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Our findings reveal a key role for several molecules such as the metalloproteases Mmp2 and Mmp9 or the glycoprotein Reelin and open up new insights into the mechanisms underlying the reopening of the critical periods in the adult brain.
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Folsom TD, Fatemi SH. The involvement of Reelin in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:122-35. [PMID: 22981949 PMCID: PMC3632377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reelin is a glycoprotein that serves important roles both during development (regulation of neuronal migration and brain lamination) and in adulthood (maintenance of synaptic function). A number of neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Alzheimer's disease and lissencephaly share a common feature of abnormal Reelin expression in the brain. Altered Reelin expression has been hypothesized to impair neuronal connectivity and synaptic plasticity, leading ultimately to the cognitive deficits present in these disorders. The mechanisms for abnormal Reelin expression in some of these disorders are currently unknown although possible explanations include early developmental insults, mutations, hypermethylation of the promoter for the Reelin gene (RELN), miRNA silencing of Reelin mRNA, FMRP underexpression and Reelin processing abnormalities. Increasing Reelin expression through pharmacological therapies may help ameliorate symptoms resulting from Reelin deficits. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Folsom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - S. Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Iwata K, Izumo N, Matsuzaki H, Manabe T, Ishibashi Y, Ichitani Y, Yamada K, Thanseem I, Anitha A, Vasu MM, Shimmura C, Wakuda T, Kameno Y, Takahashi T, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Nakamura K, Mori N. Vldlr overexpression causes hyperactivity in rats. Mol Autism 2012; 3:11. [PMID: 23110844 PMCID: PMC3533969 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Reelin regulates neuronal positioning in cortical brain structures and neuronal migration via binding to the lipoprotein receptors Vldlr and Lrp8. Reeler mutant mice display severe brain morphological defects and behavioral abnormalities. Several reports have implicated reelin signaling in the etiology of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Moreover, it has been reported that VLDLR mRNA levels are increased in the post-mortem brain of autistic patients. METHODS We generated transgenic (Tg) rats overexpressing Vldlr, and examined their histological and behavioral features. RESULTS Spontaneous locomotor activity was significantly increased in Tg rats, without detectable changes in brain histology. Additionally, Tg rats tended to show performance deficits in the radial maze task, suggesting that their spatial working memory was slightly impaired. Thus, Vldlr levels may be involved in determining locomotor activity and memory function. CONCLUSIONS Unlike reeler mice, patients with neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorders do not show striking neuroanatomical aberrations. Therefore, it is notable, from a clinical point of view, that we observed behavioral phenotypes in Vldlr-Tg rats in the absence of neuroanatomical abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nobuo Izumo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Manabe
- Division of Gene Expression Mechanism, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishibashi
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukio Ichitani
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ayyappan Anitha
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mahesh Mundalil Vasu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Chie Shimmura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kameno
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Ayalew M, Le-Niculescu H, Levey DF, Jain N, Changala B, Patel SD, Winiger E, Breier A, Shekhar A, Amdur R, Koller D, Nurnberger JI, Corvin A, Geyer M, Tsuang MT, Salomon D, Schork NJ, Fanous AH, O'Donovan MC, Niculescu AB. Convergent functional genomics of schizophrenia: from comprehensive understanding to genetic risk prediction. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:887-905. [PMID: 22584867 PMCID: PMC3427857 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have used a translational convergent functional genomics (CFG) approach to identify and prioritize genes involved in schizophrenia, by gene-level integration of genome-wide association study data with other genetic and gene expression studies in humans and animal models. Using this polyevidence scoring and pathway analyses, we identify top genes (DISC1, TCF4, MBP, MOBP, NCAM1, NRCAM, NDUFV2, RAB18, as well as ADCYAP1, BDNF, CNR1, COMT, DRD2, DTNBP1, GAD1, GRIA1, GRIN2B, HTR2A, NRG1, RELN, SNAP-25, TNIK), brain development, myelination, cell adhesion, glutamate receptor signaling, G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and cAMP-mediated signaling as key to pathophysiology and as targets for therapeutic intervention. Overall, the data are consistent with a model of disrupted connectivity in schizophrenia, resulting from the effects of neurodevelopmental environmental stress on a background of genetic vulnerability. In addition, we show how the top candidate genes identified by CFG can be used to generate a genetic risk prediction score (GRPS) to aid schizophrenia diagnostics, with predictive ability in independent cohorts. The GRPS also differentiates classic age of onset schizophrenia from early onset and late-onset disease. We also show, in three independent cohorts, two European American and one African American, increasing overlap, reproducibility and consistency of findings from single-nucleotide polymorphisms to genes, then genes prioritized by CFG, and ultimately at the level of biological pathways and mechanisms. Finally, we compared our top candidate genes for schizophrenia from this analysis with top candidate genes for bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders from previous CFG analyses conducted by us, as well as findings from the fields of autism and Alzheimer. Overall, our work maps the genomic and biological landscape for schizophrenia, providing leads towards a better understanding of illness, diagnostics and therapeutics. It also reveals the significant genetic overlap with other major psychiatric disorder domains, suggesting the need for improved nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ayalew
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - H Le-Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - B Changala
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Winiger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Amdur
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - N J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A H Fanous
- Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A B Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bartzokis G. Neuroglialpharmacology: myelination as a shared mechanism of action of psychotropic treatments. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2137-53. [PMID: 22306524 PMCID: PMC3586811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current psychiatric diagnostic schema segregate symptom clusters into discrete entities, however, large proportions of patients suffer from comorbid conditions that fit neither diagnostic nor therapeutic schema. Similarly, psychotropic treatments ranging from lithium and antipsychotics to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have been shown to be efficacious in a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders ranging from autism, schizophrenia (SZ), depression, and bipolar disorder (BD) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This apparent lack of specificity suggests that psychiatric symptoms as well as treatments may share aspects of pathophysiology and mechanisms of action that defy current symptom-based diagnostic and neuron-based therapeutic schema. A myelin-centered model of human brain function can help integrate these incongruities and provide novel insights into disease etiologies and treatment mechanisms. Available data are integrated herein to suggest that widely used psychotropic treatments ranging from antipsychotics and antidepressants to lithium and electroconvulsive therapy share complex signaling pathways such as Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) that affect myelination, its plasticity, and repair. These signaling pathways respond to neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, hormones, and nutrition, underlie intricate neuroglial communications, and may substantially contribute to the mechanisms of action and wide spectra of efficacy of current therapeutics by promoting myelination. Imaging and genetic technologies make it possible to safely and non-invasively test these hypotheses directly in humans and can help guide clinical trial efforts designed to correct myelination abnormalities. Such efforts may provide insights into novel avenues for treatment and prevention of some of the most prevalent and devastating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bartzokis
- Department of Psychiatry, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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29
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Migración neuronal, apoptosis y trastorno bipolar. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2012; 5:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Serotonin transporter clustering in blood lymphocytes as a putative biomarker of therapeutic efficacy in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 137:46-55. [PMID: 22257570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin transporter (SERT) binding is decreased in lymphocytes of depression patients and this decrease is partially reversed by antidepressant medication. However, recent evidence has shown that clustering of SERT on cell membranes is very important for receptor functionality. Alteration in SERT clustering on peripheral lymphocytes does not affect symptoms severity. At the most it is associated or predicts responsivity to treatment. METHODS We collected blood samples from 38 untreated and newly diagnosed depression patients at the time of diagnosis and after 8weeks of pharmacological treatment and of 38 control subjects. We used the Hamilton Scale to quantify the level of depression in patients both before and after pharmacological treatment. We then used immunocytochemistry to assess SERT protein clusters in lymphocyte blood samples. RESULTS We found an increase in SERT cluster size, but not the number of SERT clusters, in naïve depression patients compared to control subjects. Based on the distribution of SERT cluster size we differentiated the naïve depression patients into two groups (D-I and D-II). Naïve D-I and D-II patients initially showed similar Hamilton scores. However, after pharmacological treatment the D-II patients showed a greater decrease in Hamilton scores than did the D-I patients, and they had an increase in the number of SERT clusters. LIMITATIONS The data should be replicated in a larger cohort of patients and with a proper clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS We propose that SERT clustering in blood lymphocytes may be a putative biomarker for antidepressant efficacy in major depressive disorder.
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Comparative gene expression study of the chronic exposure to clozapine and haloperidol in rat frontal cortex. Schizophr Res 2012; 134:211-8. [PMID: 22154595 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are effective in treating some of the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. APDs take time to achieve a therapeutic effect which suggests that changes in gene expression are involved in their efficacy. We hypothesized that there would be altered expression of specific genes associated with the etiology or treatment of schizophrenia in frontal cortex of rats that received chronic treatment with a typical APD (haloperidol) vs. an atypical APD (clozapine). Rats were administered clozapine, haloperidol, or sterile saline intraperitoneally daily for 21days. Frontal cortices from clozapine-, haloperidol-, and saline-treated rats were dissected and subjected to microarray analysis. We observed a significant (1.5 fold, p<0.05) downregulation of 278 genes and upregulation of 73 genes in the clozapine-treated brains vs. controls and downregulation of 451 genes and upregulation of 115 genes in the haloperidol-treated brains vs. control. A total of 146 genes (130 downregulated and 16 upregulated) were significantly altered by both clozapine and haloperidol. These genes were classified by functional groups. qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) analysis verified the direction and magnitude of change for a group of nine genes significantly altered by clozapine and 11 genes significantly altered by haloperidol. Three genes verified by qRT-PCR were altered by both drugs: Bcl2-like 1 (Bcl2l1), catechol-O-methyltransferase (Comt), and opioid-binding protein/cell adhesion molecule-like (Opcml). Our results show that clozapine and haloperidol cause changes in levels of many important genes that may be involved in etiology and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Benton CS, Miller BH, Skwerer S, Suzuki O, Schultz LE, Cameron MD, Marron JS, Pletcher MT, Wiltshire T. Evaluating genetic markers and neurobiochemical analytes for fluoxetine response using a panel of mouse inbred strains. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:297-315. [PMID: 22113448 PMCID: PMC3337404 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Identification of biomarkers that establish diagnosis or treatment response is critical to the advancement of research and management of patients with depression. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to identify biomarkers that can potentially assess fluoxetine response and risk to poor treatment outcome. METHODS We measured behavior, gene expression, and the levels of 36 neurobiochemical analytes across a panel of genetically diverse mouse inbred lines after chronic treatment with water or fluoxetine. RESULTS Glyoxylase 1 (GLO1) and guanine nucleotide-binding protein 1 (GNB1) mostly account for baseline anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior, indicating a common biological link between depression and anxiety. Fluoxetine-induced biochemical alterations discriminated positive responders, while baseline neurobiochemical differences differentiated negative responders (p < 0.006). Results show that glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100 beta protein, GLO1, and histone deacetylase 5 contributed most to fluoxetine response. These proteins are linked within a cellular growth/proliferation pathway, suggesting the involvement of cellular genesis in fluoxetine response. Furthermore, a candidate genetic locus that associates with baseline depressive-like behavior contains a gene that encodes for cellular proliferation/adhesion molecule (Cadm1), supporting a genetic basis for the role of neuro/gliogenesis in depression. CONCLUSION We provided a comprehensive analysis of behavioral, neurobiochemical, and transcriptome data across 30 mouse inbred strains that has not been accomplished before. We identified biomarkers that influence fluoxetine response, which, altogether, implicate the importance of cellular genesis in fluoxetine treatment. More broadly, this approach can be used to assess a wide range of drug response phenotypes that are challenging to address in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina S. Benton
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Brooke H. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Sean Skwerer
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Oscar Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Laura E. Schultz
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Michael D. Cameron
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - J. S. Marron
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Mathew T. Pletcher
- Orphan and Genetic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
| | - Tim Wiltshire
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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Overexpression of Reelin prevents the manifestation of behavioral phenotypes related to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2395-405. [PMID: 21814183 PMCID: PMC3194085 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impact of schizophrenia and mood disorders, which in extreme cases can lead to death, recent decades have brought little progress in the development of new treatments. Recent studies have shown that Reelin, an extracellular protein that is critical for neuronal development, is reduced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. However, data on a causal or protective role of Reelin in psychiatric diseases is scarce. In order to study the direct influence of Reelin's levels on behavior, we subjected two mouse lines, in which Reelin levels are either reduced (Reelin heterozygous mice) or increased (Reelin overexpressing mice), to a battery of behavioral tests: open-field, black-white box, novelty-suppressed-feeding, forced-swim-test, chronic corticosterone treatment followed by forced-swim-test, cocaine sensitization and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) deficits induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. These tests were designed to model some aspects of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, mood, and anxiety disorders. We found no differences between Reeler heterozygous mice and their wild-type littermates. However, Reelin overexpression in the mouse forebrain reduced the time spent floating in the forced-swim-test in mice subjected to chronic corticosterone treatment, reduced behavioral sensitization to cocaine, and reduced PPI deficits induced by a NMDA antagonist. In addition, we demonstrate that while stress increased NMDA NR2B-mediated synaptic transmission, known to be implicated in depression, Reelin overexpression significantly reduced it. Together, these results point to the Reelin signaling pathway as a relevant drug target for the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders.
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Lussier AL, Romay-Tallón R, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Reelin as a putative vulnerability factor for depression: Examining the depressogenic effects of repeated corticosterone in heterozygous reeler mice. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:1064-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fei W, Aixi Y, Danmou X, Wusheng K, Zhengren P, Ting R. The mood stabilizer valproic acid induces proliferation and myelination of rat Schwann cells. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:383-90. [PMID: 21530595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) within peripheral nerve respond robustly after exposure to neurotrophic factors. Recent results have revealed that valproic acid (VPA), at a clinically relevant therapeutic concentration, produces effects similar to neurotrophic factors, and promotes neurite growth and cell survival. We hypothesized that VPA could also induce Schwann cell response. In this study, we sought to determine how pure Schwann cells responded to VPA by evaluating for proliferation, expression of S-100, growth cone-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and myelin basic protein (MBP). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the Schwann cells were positive for S-100, GAP-43, MAG, and MBP greater than 99% of the experimental cells. The rate of proliferation was increased in experimental cells from MTT assay and Bromodeoxyuridine/DAPI double staining. Furthermore, Western blot showed an up-regulation in GAP-43, MAG and MBP protein expression in experimental cells, respectively. We also found that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway was involved in the enhanced cell proliferation of Schwann cells evoked by VPA. This study provides novel information regarding Schwann cell response to VPA, which might help the understanding of VPA-based treatment for peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Fei
- Department of Hand Surgery & Microsurgery, Affiliated Pu Ai Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan City, Hu Bei Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Central nervous system disorders are the third greatest health problem in developed countries, and schizophrenia represents some of the most disabling ailments in young individuals. There is an abuse and/or misuse of antipsychotics, and recent advances in pharmacogenomics pose new challenges for the clinical management of this complex disorder. Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial/polygenic complex disorder in which hundreds of different genes are potentially involved, leading to the phenotypic expression of the disease in conjunction with epigenetic and environmental phenomena. Consequently, structural and functional genomic changes induce proteomic and metabolomic defects associated with the disease phenotype. Disease-related genomic profiles and genetic variants in genes involved in drug metabolism are responsible for drug efficacy and safety. About 20% of Caucasians are defective in CYP2D6 enzymes, which participate in the metabolism of 25-30% of central nervous system drugs. Approximately 40% of antipsychotics are substrates of CYP2D6 enzymes, 23% are substrates of CYP3A4, and 18% are substrates of CYP1A2. In order to achieve a mature discipline of pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia it would be effective to accelerate: (i) the education of physicians and the public in the use of genomic screening in daily clinical practice; (ii) the standardization of genetic testing for major categories of drugs; (iii) the validation of pharmacogenomic procedures according to drug category and pathology; (iv) the regulation of ethical, social, and economic issues; and (v) the incorporation of pharmacogenomic procedures of drugs in development and drugs on the market in order to optimize therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Coruña, Spain
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Future Trends in the Pharmacogenomics of Brain Disorders and Dementia: Influence of APOE and CYP2D6 Variants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034082 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 80% of functional genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain and over 1,200 different genes have been associated with the pathogenesis of CNS disorders and dementia. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variations in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily; and the pharmacogenomic response of psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with dementia. Prospective studies with anti-dementia drugs or with multifactorial strategies have revealed that the therapeutic response to conventional drugs in Alzheimer’s disease is genotype-specific. The disease-modifying effects (cognitive performance, biomarker modification) of therapeutic intervention are APOE-dependent, with APOE-4 carriers acting as the worst responders (APOE-3/3 > APOE-3/4 > APOE-4/4). APOE-CYP2D6 interactions also influence the therapeutic outcome in patients with dementia.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is among the most disabling of mental disorders. Several neurobiological hypotheses have been postulated as responsible for SCZ pathogenesis: polygenic/multifactorial genomic defects, intrauterine and perinatal environment-genome interactions, neurodevelopmental defects, dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, gamma-aminobutiric acid (GABAergic), neuropeptidergic and glutamatergic/N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) dysfunctions, seasonal infection, neuroimmune dysfunction, and epigenetic dysregulation. SCZ has a heritability estimated at 60-90%. Genetic studies in SCZ have revealed the presence of chromosome anomalies, copy number variants, multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of susceptibility distributed across the human genome, aberrant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA genes, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and epigenetic phenomena. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variation in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are major substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. About 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily. Only 26% of Southern Europeans are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by the CYP2D6+CYP2C19+CYP2C9 genes. The pharmacogenomic response of SCZ patients to conventional psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with SCZ-related genes. Consequently, the incorporation of pharmacogenomic procedures both to drugs in development and drugs on the market would help to optimize therapeutics in SCZ and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165-Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia postmortem brain is characterized by gamma aminobutyric acid downregulation and by decreased dendritic spine density in frontal cortex. Protracted L-methionine treatment exacerbates schizophrenia symptoms, and our earlier work (Tremolizzo et al. and Dong et al.) has shown that L-methionine decreases reelin and GAD67 transcription in mice which is prevented by co-administration of valproate. In this study, we observed a decrease in spine density following L-methionine treatment, which was prevented by co-administration of valproate. Together with our earlier findings conducted under the same experimental conditions, we suggest that downregulation of spine density in L-methionine-treated mice may be because of the decreased expression of reelin and that valproate may prevent spine downregulation by inhibiting the methylation induced decrease in reelin.
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Fatemi SH, Folsom TD, Reutiman TJ, Braun NN, Lavergne LG. Levels of phosphodiesterase 4A and 4B are altered by chronic treatment with psychotropic medications in rat frontal cortex. Synapse 2010; 64:550-5. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sterner EY, Kalynchuk LE. Behavioral and neurobiological consequences of prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in rats: relevance to depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:777-90. [PMID: 20226827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a critical environmental trigger for the development of clinical depression, yet little is known about the specific neurobiological mechanisms by which stress influences the development of depressive symptomatology. Animal models provide an efficient way to study the etiology of human disorders such as depression, and a number of preclinical models have been developed to assess the link between stress, glucocorticoids, and depressive behavior. These mode ls typically make use of repeated exposure to physical or psychological stressors in rodents or other small laboratory animals. This review focuses primarily on a recently developed preclinical model of depression that uses exogenous administration of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) in rodents instead of exposure to physical or psychological stressors. Repeated CORT administration in rats or mice produces reliable behavioral and neurobiological alterations that parallel many of the core symptoms and neurobiological changes associated with human depression. This provides an opportunity to study behavior and neurobiology in the same animal, so that the neurobiological factors that underlie specific symptoms can be identified. Taken together, these findings suggest that exogenous CORT administration is a useful method for studying the relationship between stress, glucocorticoids, and depression. Further study with this model may provide important new data regarding the neurobiological bases of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Y Sterner
- Department of Psychology, 9 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A5
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Yin HS, Chen K, Shih JC, Tien TW. Down-regulated GABAergic expression in the olfactory bulb layers of the mouse deficient in monoamine oxidase B and administered with amphetamine. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:511-9. [PMID: 19902350 PMCID: PMC2875355 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explores primarily the role of the activity of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) in the regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase(67) (GAD(67)) expression in distinct layers of main olfactory bulb (OlfB), which links the limbic system. Moreover, the response of GAD(67) was investigated to amphetamine perturbation in the absence of MAOB activity. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed on OlfB sections prepared from the adult wild type (WT) and the MAOB gene-knocked-out (KO) mice after receiving repeated intraperitoneal injections (two doses per day, total seven doses) of saline or amphetamine, 5 mg/kg. The levels of the GAD(67) immunoreactivity were approximate 25 and 38% lower in respective glomerular (GloL) and mitral cell layers (ML) of saline-treated KO mice than that of WT, whereas similar in the external plexiform or granule cell layers (GraL) of the KO and WT. In the GloL, the level of tyrosine hydroxylase was 39% lower in the KO mice than WT, implicating different dopamine content in the KO from WT. The amphetamine exposure down-regulated the levels of GAD(67) in the WT layers by 46 to 52%, and in KO layers 65 to 71%, except ML. The GraL GAD(67) level may be regulated by the activation of CREB, as the phosphorylated (p) CREB coexisted with GAD(67), and the percentage of GAD(67)-expressing pCREB neurons was decreased by the amphetamine exposure. The data indicate that the activity of MAOB could modulate the regular and amphetamine-perturbed expression of GAD(67) and pCREB. Thus, interactions are suggested among the MAOB activity, GABA content of OlfB, and olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Shu Yin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan, ROC.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22:246-55. [PMID: 20299870 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32833846de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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