1
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Li C, Mu J, Song Y, Chen S, Xu F. Highly Aligned Cellulose/Polypyrrole Composite Nanofibers via Electrospinning and In Situ Polymerization for Anisotropic Flexible Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9820-9829. [PMID: 36757852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have recently attracted great attention due to their promising applications in human motion detection, healthcare monitoring, human-machine interfaces, and so forth. However, traditional uniaxial strain sensors can only detect strain in a single direction. Herein, an anisotropic flexible strain sensor is fabricated based on conductive and highly aligned cellulose composite nanofibers, via facile electrospinning cellulose acetate, deacetylation, and in situ polymerization of pyrrole, to detect complex multidimensional strains. Benefiting from the unique well-ordered structure of conductive composite nanofibers, the obtained strain sensor shows extraordinary anisotropic sensing performance with a sensitivity of 0.73 and 0.01 for the tensile applied perpendicular and parallel to the nanofiber alignment, respectively. The sensor also exhibits outstanding durability (2000 cycles) due to the strong hydrogen bonding between cellulose nanofibers and polypyrrole. Moreover, the flexible strain sensors exhibit promising potentials for application in motion detection, as demonstrated by the detection of various joint movements in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiahui Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yijia Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- MoE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- MoE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Cheng Y, Xie Y, Liu Z, Yan S, Ma Y, Yue Y, Wang J, Gao Y, Li L. Maximizing Electron Channels Enabled by MXene Aerogel for High-Performance Self-Healable Flexible Electronic Skin. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1393-1402. [PMID: 36622119 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the increasingly popular miniature and flexible smart electronics, two-dimensional materials show great potential in the development of flexible electronics owing to their layered structures and outstanding electrical properties. MXenes have attracted much attention in flexible electronics owing to their excellent hydrophilicity and metallic conductivity. However, their limited interlayer spacing and tendency for self-stacking lead to limited changes in electron channels under external pressure, making it difficult to exploit their excellent surface metal conductivity. We propose a strategy for rapid gas foaming to construct interlayer tunable MXene aerogels. MXene aerogels with rich interlayer network structures generate maximized electron channels under pressure, facilitating the effective utilization of the surface metal properties of MXene; this forms a self-healable flexible pressure sensor with excellent sensing properties such as high sensitivity (1,799.5 kPa-1), fast response time (11 ms), and good cycling stability (>25,000 cycles). This pressure sensor has applications in human body detection, human-computer interaction, self-healing, remote monitoring, and pressure distribution identification. The maximized electron channel design provides a simple, efficient, and scalable method to effectively exploit the excellent surface metal conduction of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Cheng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yimei Xie
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zunyu Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Power Battery, School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yue
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Electron Microscopy, MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yihua Gao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Luying Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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Chen Q, Wang Z, Jin H, Zhao X, Feng H, Li P, He D. Compressed Graphene Assembled Film with Tunable Electrical Conductivity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:526. [PMID: 36676263 PMCID: PMC9863763 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene-based materials gifted with high electrical conductivity are potential alternatives in various related fields. However, the electrical conductivity of the macro-graphene materials is much lower than their metal counterparts. Herein, we improved the electrical conductivity of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) based graphene assembled films (GAFs) by applying a series of compressive stress and systematically investigated the relationship between the compressive stress and the electrical conductivity. The result indicates that with increasing applied compressive stress, the sheet resistance increased as well, while the thickness decreased. Under the combined effect of these two competing factors, the number of charge carriers per unit volume increased dramatically, and the conductivity of compressed GAFs (c-GAFs) showed an initial increasing trend as we applied higher pressure and reached a maximum of 5.37 × 105 S/m at the optimal stress of 450 MPa with a subsequent decrease with stress at 550 MPa. Furthermore, the c-GAFs were fabricated into strain sensors and showed better stability and sensitivity compared with GAF-based sensors. This work revealed the mechanism of the tunable conductivity and presented a facile and universal method for improving the electrical conductivity of macro-graphene materials in a controllable manner and proved the potential applications of such materials in flexible electronics like antennas, sensors, and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Jin
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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4
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Qian W, Fu H, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wu H, Kou Z, Li BW, He D, Nan CW. Scalable Assembly of High-Quality Graphene Films via Electrostatic-Repulsion Aligning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206101. [PMID: 36269002 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Assembling pristine graphene into freestanding films featuring high electrical conductivity, superior flexibility, and robust mechanical strength aims at meeting the all-around high criteria of new-generation electronics. However, voids and defects produced in the macroscopic assembly process of graphene nanosheets severely degrade the performance of graphene films, and mechanical brittleness often limits their applications in wide scenarios. To address such challenges, an electrostatic-repulsion aligning strategy is demonstrated to produce highly conductive, ultraflexible, and multifunctional graphene films. Typically, the high electronegativity of titania nanosheets (TiNS) induces the aligning of negatively charged graphene nanosheets via electrostatic repulsion in the film assembly. The resultant graphene films show fine microstructure, enhanced mechanical properties, and improved electrical conductivity up to 1.285 × 105 S m-1 . Moreover, the graphene films can withstand 5000 repeated folding without structural damage and electrical resistance fluctuation. These comprehensive improved properties, combined with the facile synthesis method and scalable production, make these graphene films a promising platform for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and thermal-management applications in smart and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qian
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Radio Frequency Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Radio Frequency Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zongkui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Radio Frequency Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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5
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Sun T, Zhao H, Zhang J, Chen Y, Gao J, Liu L, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L, Lin Q. Degradable Bioinspired Hypersensitive Strain Sensor with High Mechanical Strength Using a Basalt Fiber as a Reinforced Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42723-42733. [PMID: 36073899 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have received extensive attention due to their broad application prospects. However, a majority of present flexible strain sensors may fail to maintain normal sensing performances upon external loads because of their low strength and thus their performances are affected drastically with increasing loads, which severely restricts large-area popularization and application. Scorpions with hypersensitive vibration slit sensilla are coincident with a similar predicament. Herein, it is revealed that scorpions intelligently use risky slits to detect subtle vibrations, and meanwhile, the distinct layered composites of the main body of this organ prevent catastrophic failure of the sensory structure. Furthermore, the extensive use of flexible sensors will generate a mass of electronic waste just as obsoleting silicon-based devices. Considering mechanical properties and environmental issues, a flexible strain sensor based on an elastomer (Ecoflex)-wrapped fabric with the woven structure was designed and fabricated. Note that introducing a "green" basalt fiber (BF) into a degradable elastomer can effectively avoid environmental issues and significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the sensor. As a result, it shows excellent sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) ∼138.10) and high durability (∼40,000 cycles). Moreover, the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/BF/Ecoflex flexible strain sensor possesses superior mechanical properties (tensile strength ∼20 MPa) and good flexibility. More significantly, the sensor can maintain normal performances under large external tensions, impact loads, and even underwater environments, providing novel design principles for environmentally friendly flexible sensors under extremely harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Houqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jiqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qiao Lin
- Biomedical Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
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6
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Banerjee AN. Green syntheses of graphene and its applications in internet of things (IoT)-a status review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:322003. [PMID: 35395654 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is a trending technological field that converts any physical object into a communicable smarter one by converging the physical world with the digital world. This innovative technology connects the device to the internet and provides a platform to collect real-time data, cloud storage, and analyze the collected data to trigger smart actions from a remote location via remote notifications, etc. Because of its wide-ranging applications, this technology can be integrated into almost all the industries. Another trending field with tremendous opportunities is Nanotechnology, which provides many benefits in several areas of life, and helps to improve many technological and industrial sectors. So, integration of IoT and Nanotechnology can bring about the very important field of Internet of Nanothings (IoNT), which can re-shape the communication industry. For that, data (collected from trillions of nanosensors, connected to billions of devices) would be the 'ultimate truth', which could be generated from highly efficient nanosensors, fabricated from various novel nanomaterials, one of which is graphene, the so-called 'wonder material' of the 21st century. Therefore, graphene-assisted IoT/IoNT platforms may revolutionize the communication technologies around the globe. In this article, a status review of the smart applications of graphene in the IoT sector is presented. Firstly, various green synthesis of graphene for sustainable development is elucidated, followed by its applications in various nanosensors, detectors, actuators, memory, and nano-communication devices. Also, the future market prospects are discussed to converge various emerging concepts like machine learning, fog/edge computing, artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain, with the graphene-assisted IoT field to bring about the concept of 'all-round connectivity in every sphere possible'.
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Mao L, Pan T, Ke Y, Yan Z, Huang S, Guo D, Gao N, Huang W, Yao G, Gao M, Lin Y. Configurable direction sensitivity of skin-mounted microfluidic strain sensor with auxetic metamaterial. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1630-1639. [PMID: 35348159 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electromechanical coupling plays a key role in determining the performance of stretchable strain sensor. Current regulation of the electromechanical coupling in stretchable strain sensor is largely restricted by the intrinsic mechanical properties of the device. In this study, a microfluidic strain sensor based on the core-shell package design with the auxetic metamaterial (AM) is presented. By overriding the mechanical properties of the device, the AM in the package effectively tunes the deformation of the microfluidic channel with the applied strain and configures the directional strain sensitivity with a large modulation range. The gauge factor (GF) of the strain sensor in the radial direction of the channel can be gradually shifted from the intrinsically negative value to a positive one by adopting the AMs with different designs. By simply replacing the AM in the package, the microfluidic strain sensor with the core-shell package can be configurated as an omnidirectional or directional stretchable strain sensor. With the directional sensitivity brought by the rational AM design, the application of the AM-integrated strain sensor in the skin-mounted tactile detection is demonstrated with high tolerance to unintended wrist movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Mao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Ke
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Zhuocheng Yan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Sirong Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Dengji Guo
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Neng Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Wen Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
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8
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Iqra M, Anwar F, Jan R, Mohammad MA. A flexible piezoresistive strain sensor based on laser scribed graphene oxide on polydimethylsiloxane. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4882. [PMID: 35318353 PMCID: PMC8941115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are an important constituent in soft robotics, health care devices, and in the defence industry. Strain sensors are characterized by their sensitivity (gauge factor-GF) and sensing range. In flexible strain sensors, simultaneously achieving consistency and high sensitivity has always been challenging. A number of materials and their derivatives have been explored to achieve balanced sensitivity with respect to sensing range with limited results. In this work, a low-cost flexible piezoresistive strain sensor has been developed using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The reduction has been performed using laser scribing, which enables the fabrication of arbitrary structures. After lead-out, the devices were again sandwiched in a layer of PDMS to secure the structures before performing their testing using a locally developed testing rig. Compared to previously reported graphene strain sensors, the devices fabricated in this work show relatively high GF with respect to sensing range. The GF calculated for stretching, bending and torsion was 12.1, 3.5, and 90.3 respectively, for the strain range of 0–140%, 0–130%, and 0–11.1%. A hand test was performed for the detection of joint movement. Change of resistance has been observed indicating muscle motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Iqra
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Furqan Anwar
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Jan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammad
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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9
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Feng P, Zheng Y, Li K, Zhao W. Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors with ginkgo-like sandwich architectures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1681-1693. [PMID: 36134381 PMCID: PMC9417334 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a strain sensor that can detect tensile strains exceeding 800% has been challenging. The non-conductive stretchable Eco-flex tape has been widely used in strain sensors due to its high elastic limit. In this work, an Eco-flex-based strain sensor that was conductive until occurrence of fracture was developed. The silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes constituted stretchable conductive paths in the Eco-flex matrix. The maximum tensile strain of this sensor was 867%, and the resistance change rate was higher than 104, while the strain resolution was 7.9%. Moreover, the sensor is characterized by segmented logarithmic linearity. This excellent performance was attributed to the ginkgo-like pattern, the patterned strain-coordinating architecture (PSCL), and specific nanocomposites with micro-cracks. The deformation of the architecture and the evolution of the microcracks were studied. In addition, the application of this strain sensor on a wing-shaped aircraft was proposed and its feasibility was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengdong Feng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
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10
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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11
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Guo Y, Qiu H, Ruan K, Zhang Y, Gu J. Hierarchically Multifunctional Polyimide Composite Films with Strongly Enhanced Thermal Conductivity. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:26. [PMID: 34890012 PMCID: PMC8664909 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of lightweight and integration for electronics requires flexible films with high thermal conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding to overcome heat accumulation and electromagnetic radiation pollution. Herein, the hierarchical design and assembly strategy was adopted to fabricate hierarchically multifunctional polyimide composite films, with graphene oxide/expanded graphite (GO/EG) as the top thermally conductive and EMI shielding layer, Fe3O4/polyimide (Fe3O4/PI) as the middle EMI shielding enhancement layer and electrospun PI fibers as the substrate layer for mechanical improvement. PI composite films with 61.0 wt% of GO/EG and 23.8 wt% of Fe3O4/PI exhibits high in-plane thermal conductivity coefficient (95.40 W (m K)-1), excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (34.0 dB), good tensile strength (93.6 MPa) and fast electric-heating response (5 s). The test in the central processing unit verifies PI composite films present broad application prospects in electronics fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kunpeng Ruan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Gu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Li T, Zou L, Cheng K, Liu X, Shi H, Yang Q, Chang B, Shi X, Ma J, Liu C, Shen C. Environment‐tolerant conductive and superhydrophobic poly(m‐phenylene isophthalamide) fabric prepared via γ‐ray activation and reduced graphene oxide/nano
SiO
2
modification. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Lin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Kaichang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Honghui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Baobao Chang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xianzhang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jialu Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering China Astronauts Research and Training Center Beijing China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Changyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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13
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Hu Z, Xiao Z, Jiang S, Song R, He D. A Dual-Band Conformal Antenna Based on Highly Conductive Graphene-Assembled Films for 5G WLAN Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5087. [PMID: 34501177 PMCID: PMC8434397 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices are widely used in the Internet of Things, smart home and wearable devices, especially in carriers with irregular curved surfaces. Light weight, flexible and corrosion-resistant carbon-based materials have been extensively investigated in RF electronics. However, the insufficient electrical conductivity limits their further application. In this work, a flexible and low-profile dual-band Vivaldi antenna based on highly conductive graphene-assembled films (GAF) is proposed for 5G Wi-Fi applications. The proposed GAF antenna with the profile of 0.548 mm comprises a split ring resonator and open circuit half wavelength resonator to implement the dual band-notched characteristic. The operating frequency of the flexible GAF antenna covers the Wi-Fi 6e band, 2.4-2.45 GHz and 5.15-7.1 GHz. Different conformal applications are simulated by attaching the antenna to the surface of cylinders with different radii. The measured results show that the working frequency bands and the radiation patterns of the GAF antenna are relatively stable, with a bending angle of 180°. For demonstration of practical application, the GAF antennas are conformed to a commercial router. The spectral power of the GAF antenna router is greater than the copper antenna router, which means a higher signal-to-noise ratio and a longer transmission range can be achieved. All results indicate that the proposed GAF antenna has broad application prospects in next generation Wi-Fi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Hu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Zhuohua Xiao
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Shaoqiu Jiang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Rongguo Song
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
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14
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Gao L, Wang M, Wang W, Xu H, Wang Y, Zhao H, Cao K, Xu D, Li L. Highly Sensitive Pseudocapacitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Broad Sensing Range. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:140. [PMID: 34138418 PMCID: PMC8193410 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The iontronic pressure sensor achieved an ultrahigh sensitivity (Smin > 200 kPa-1, Smax > 45,000 kPa-1). The iontronic pressure sensor exhibited a broad sensing range of over 1.4 MPa. Pseudocapacitive iontronic pressure sensor using MXene was proposed. Flexible pressure sensors are unprecedentedly studied on monitoring human physical activities and robotics. Simultaneously, improving the response sensitivity and sensing range of flexible pressure sensors is a great challenge, which hinders the devices' practical application. Targeting this obstacle, we developed a Ti3C2Tx-derived iontronic pressure sensor (TIPS) by taking the advantages of the high intercalation pseudocapacitance under high pressure and rationally designed structural configuration. TIPS achieved an ultrahigh sensitivity (Smin > 200 kPa-1, Smax > 45,000 kPa-1) in a broad sensing range of over 1.4 MPa and low limit of detection of 20 Pa as well as stable long-term working durability for 10,000 cycles. The practical application of TIPS in physical activity monitoring and flexible robot manifested its versatile potential. This study provides a demonstration for exploring pseudocapacitive materials for building flexible iontronic sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity and sensing range to advance the development of high-performance wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Gao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China.
| | - Hongcheng Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian, 710071, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- CityU-Xidian Joint Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Manufacturing, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xian Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xian, 710049, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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15
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Kamat AM, Zheng X, Jayawardhana B, Kottapalli AGP. Bioinspired PDMS-graphene cantilever flow sensors using 3D printing and replica moulding. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:095501. [PMID: 33217747 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcc96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flow sensors found in animals often feature soft and slender structures (e.g. fish neuromasts, insect hairs, mammalian stereociliary bundles, etc) that bend in response to the slightest flow disturbances in their surroundings and heighten the animal's vigilance with respect to prey and/or predators. However, fabrication of bioinspired flow sensors that mimic the material properties (e.g. low elastic modulus) and geometries (e.g. high-aspect ratio (HAR) structures) of their biological counterparts remains a challenge. In this work, we develop a facile and low-cost method of fabricating HAR cantilever flow sensors inspired by the mechanotransductory flow sensing principles found in nature. The proposed workflow entails high-resolution 3D printing to fabricate the master mould, replica moulding to create HAR polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cantilevers (thickness = 0.5-1 mm, width = 3 mm, aspect ratio = 20) with microfluidic channel (150 μm wide × 90 μm deep) imprints, and finally graphene nanoplatelet ink drop-casting into the microfluidic channels to create a piezoresistive strain gauge near the cantilever's fixed end. The piezoresistive flow sensors were tested in controlled airflow (0-9 m s-1) inside a wind tunnel where they displayed high sensitivities of up to 5.8 kΩ m s-1, low hysteresis (11% of full-scale deflection), and good repeatability. The sensor output showed a second order dependence on airflow velocity and agreed well with analytical and finite element model predictions. Further, the sensor was also excited inside a water tank using an oscillating dipole where it was able to sense oscillatory flow velocities as low as 16-30 μm s-1 at an excitation frequency of 15 Hz. The methods presented in this work can enable facile and rapid prototyping of flexible HAR structures that can find applications as functional biomimetic flow sensors and/or physical models which can be used to explain biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar M Kamat
- Advanced Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xingwen Zheng
- Advanced Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bayu Jayawardhana
- Discrete Technology and Production Automation, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ajay Giri Prakash Kottapalli
- Advanced Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- MIT Sea Grant College Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Avenue, NW98-151, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
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16
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Zhang B, Zhang C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu C, He D, Wu ZP. Flexible Anti-Metal RFID Tag Antenna Based on High-Conductivity Graphene Assembly Film. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1513. [PMID: 33671608 PMCID: PMC7926944 DOI: 10.3390/s21041513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose a flexible anti-metal radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna based on a high-conductivity graphene assembly film (HCGAF). The HCGAF has a conductivity of 1.82 × 106 S m-1, a sheet resistance of 25 mΩ and a thickness of 22 μm. The HCGAF is endowed with high conductivity comparable to metal materials and superb flexibility, which is suitable for making antennas for microwave frequencies. Through proper structural design, parameter optimization, semiautomatic manufacturing and experimental measurements, an HCGAF antenna could realize a realized gain of -7.3 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 80%, and the tag could achieve a 6.4 m read range at 915 MHz on a 20 × 20 cm2 flat copper plate. In the meantime, by utilizing flexible polyethylene (PE) foam, good conformality was obtained. The read ranges of the tags attached to curved copper plates with different bending radii were measured, as well as those of those attached to several daily objects. All the results demonstrate the excellent performance of the design, which is highly favorable for practical RFID anti-metal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.); (D.H.); (Z.P.W.)
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.); (D.H.); (Z.P.W.)
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.); (D.H.); (Z.P.W.)
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.); (D.H.); (Z.P.W.)
| | - Chengguo Liu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.); (D.H.); (Z.P.W.)
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.); (D.H.); (Z.P.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi P. Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.); (D.H.); (Z.P.W.)
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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