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de Almeida ADCD, Garde IAA, dos Santos MP, Penchel RA, Filho LC, de Oliveira JA. Scenarios for Ecodesign in loudspeaker's motor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19493. [PMID: 36376535 PMCID: PMC9663512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide loudspeaker market follows the growing tendency of electronic entertainment technologies both in quantity and variety. Consequently, the environmental impacts caused during the life cycle of loudspeakers increase in the same proportion, going in the opposite direction to what is determined by world environmental laws and regulations and global market tendencies. Even so, the environmental performance of this type of product is not considered in the decision-making process for technological updates in loudspeaker design. In this sense, Ecodesign is the most adequate Life Cycle Engineering tool applied in the design of a product since the environmental performance is considered throughout the different design stages. However, the feasibility of Ecodesign in products requiring complex production chains relies on splitting the product into subsystems and components. Thus, the present work focuses on evaluating the environmental performance of a classic loudspeaker motor, which is composed of a magnet, coil, and coil former. Eight raw material substitution scenarios are proposed and analyzed, which allowed the proposal identification with the best environmental performance within the current technologies. This represents an initial step toward the complete Ecodesign of a loudspeaker and sets the procedure to be followed with the other constitutive parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Di Cunto D’Avila de Almeida
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XCenter for Advanced and Sustainable Technologies - CAST, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo 13876-750 Brazil
| | - Ivan Aritz Aldaya Garde
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XCenter for Advanced and Sustainable Technologies - CAST, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo 13876-750 Brazil
| | - Mirian Paula dos Santos
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XCenter for Advanced and Sustainable Technologies - CAST, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo 13876-750 Brazil
| | - Rafael Abrantes Penchel
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XCenter for Advanced and Sustainable Technologies - CAST, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo 13876-750 Brazil
| | - Lúcio Cardozo Filho
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XCenter for Advanced and Sustainable Technologies - CAST, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo 13876-750 Brazil
| | - José Augusto de Oliveira
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XCenter for Advanced and Sustainable Technologies - CAST, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Profa. Isette Corrêa Fontão, 505, São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo 13876-750 Brazil
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Faucher M, Henaux L, Chaudron C, Mikhaylin S, Margni M, Bazinet L. Electromembrane approach to substantially improve the ecoefficiency of deacidified cranberry juice production: Physicochemical properties, life cycle assessment and ecoefficiency score. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sills DL, Van Doren LG, Beal C, Raynor E. The effect of functional unit and co-product handling methods on life cycle assessment of an algal biorefinery. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Leclerc A, Sala S, Secchi M, Laurent A. Building national emission inventories of toxic pollutants in Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104785. [PMID: 31252167 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of chemical pollution is a priority in many regional, national, and international policies, including in EU countries. To effectively do so, quantified overviews of pollutant emissions at national levels and with some granularity in their sources, are required. However, current monitoring efforts are often scattered and a quantitative and comprehensive inventory of toxic emissions in Europe is lacking. Toxic pollutants stem from a large variety of emission sources from industry, agriculture, households, etc. and the difficulty to cover all of them is manifest in public databases and official reports, where data gaps across countries and years exist for several substances. Here, we propose a methodology to tackle this problem and build comprehensive and harmonized national inventories of toxic pollutants. Using public databases, official reports, scientific literature and developing extrapolation techniques specific to each emission source, we derived harmonized annual inventories of toxic pollutants in all EU Member States over the years 2000-2014. They present an unprecedented coverage of 805, 572, and 468 substances emitted to air, water and soil, respectively. Although the resulting dataset shows a relatively good agreement with previous inventories of narrower scopes, uncertainties can be identified for specific emission sources and in the development of extrapolation techniques, thus calling for further research in these areas. Such efforts should also explore adaptation of the methodology to derive comprehensive inventories for countries outside EU, where data is scarcer. Nonetheless, the developed national inventories can provide a starting point for territorial chemical footprints of toxic pollutants and could be coupled with environmental impact assessment for gauging the damages to ecosystems and human health from toxic pollutants emitted in Europe. This can ultimately support policy-makers in their pollutants prioritisation and benchmarking across substances and countries towards improved toxic emission reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Leclerc
- Division for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Serenella Sala
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Michela Secchi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Division for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
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Esnouf A, Heijungs R, Coste G, Latrille É, Steyer JP, Hélias A. A tool to guide the selection of impact categories for LCA studies by using the representativeness index. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:768-776. [PMID: 30583172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental profile of a product computed from the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework is sometimes challenging due to the high number of environmental indicators involved. The objective here, in guiding interpretation of LCA results, is to highlight the importance of each impact category for each product alternative studied. For a given product, the proposed methodology identifies the impact categories that are worth focusing on, relatively to a whole set of products from the same cumulated database. The approach extends the analysis of Representativeness Indices (RI) developed by Esnouf et al. (2018). It proposes a new operational tool for calculating RIs at the level of impact categories for a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) result. Impact categories and LCI results are defined as vectors within a standardized vector space and a procedure is proposed to treat issues coming from the correlation of impact category vectors belonging to the same Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method. From the cumulated ecoinvent database, LCI results of the Chinese and the German electricity mixes illustrate the method. Relevant impact categories of the EU-standardized ILCD method are then identified. RI results from all products of a cumulated LCI database were therefore analysed to assess the main tendencies of the impact categories of the ILCD method. This operational approach can then significantly contribute to the interpretation of the LCA results by pointing to the specificities of the inventories analysed and for identifying the main representative impact categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Esnouf
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Narbonne, France; Elsa, Research Group for Environmental Life cycle and Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France.
| | - Reinout Heijungs
- Department of Econometrics and Operations Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Department of Industrial Ecology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gustave Coste
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Narbonne, France; Elsa, Research Group for Environmental Life cycle and Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France
| | - Éric Latrille
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Narbonne, France
| | | | - Arnaud Hélias
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Narbonne, France; Elsa, Research Group for Environmental Life cycle and Sustainability Assessment, Montpellier, France; Chair of Sustainable Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Roibás L, Loiseau E, Hospido A. On the feasibility and interest of applying territorial Life Cycle Assessment to determine subnational normalisation factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1086-1099. [PMID: 29898516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Normalisation is an optional step in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), often used in decision making since it helps interpreting the results of LCA studies with regard to some reference information. The applicable ISO standard recommends considering different reference systems to guarantee the robustness of the normalisation step, and so the availability of different normalisation datasets becomes of high relevance. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods provide normalisation factors (NFs) for global and regional areas, but no NFs are proposed for smaller areas such as local or subnational scales. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of using territorial LCA approach to determine subnational NFs. Normalisation datasets for both Galician (NW Spain) production and consumption activities have been calculated considering a life cycle perspective. In addition to this, the normalisation datasets calculated for Galicia have been used to evaluate two food products produced and/or consumed in the region as case studies. Then, the normalised results have been compared to those obtained using different reference systems (Europe and the World), calculated following the same methodology (ReCiPe). A qualitative uncertainty analysis of the NFs has been carried out, and the usefulness of territorial LCA to determine them has been discussed. It was concluded that territorial LCA is a promising way to determine NFs but that some improvements could be made, which have also been pointed out here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roibás
- Group of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Eléonore Loiseau
- ITAP, Irstea, Montpellier SupAgro, ELSA Research Group, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Almudena Hospido
- Group of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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James JA, Sung S, Jeong H, Broesicke OA, French SP, Li D, Crittenden JC. Impacts of Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems, and Rainwater Harvesting on Water Demand, Carbon Dioxide, and NO x Emissions for Atlanta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3-10. [PMID: 29129064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the potential water, CO2 and NOx emission, and cost savings that the deployment of decentralized water and energy technologies within two urban growth scenarios can achieve. We assess the effectiveness of urban growth, technological, and political strategies to reduce these burdens in the 13-county Atlanta metropolitan region. The urban growth between 2005 and 2030 was modeled for a business as usual (BAU) scenario and a more compact growth (MCG) scenario. We considered combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems using microturbines for our decentralized energy technology and rooftop rainwater harvesting and low flow fixtures for the decentralized water technologies. Decentralized water and energy technologies had more of an impact in reducing the CO2 and NOx emissions and water withdrawal and consumption than an MCG growth scenario (which does not consider energy for transit). Decentralized energy can reduce the CO2 and NOx emissions by 8% and 63%, respectively. Decentralized energy and water technologies can reduce the water withdrawal and consumption in the MCG scenario by 49% and 50% respectively. Installing CCHP systems on both the existing and new building stocks with a net metering policy could reduce the CO2, NOx, and water consumption by 50%, 90%, and 75% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ann James
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sangwoo Sung
- The Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Hyunju Jeong
- College of Engineering, Arkansas State University , Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Osvaldo A Broesicke
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven P French
- School of City and Regional Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Duo Li
- Crittenden and Associates, C-305, Building E, Wangjing High-Tech Park, Lizezhong Er Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Crittenden and Associates, C-305, Building E, Wangjing High-Tech Park, Lizezhong Er Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
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Aymard V, Botta-Genoulaz V. Normalisation in life-cycle assessment: consequences of new European factors on decision-making. SUPPLY CHAIN FORUM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/16258312.2017.1333385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Aymard
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UCBL, ULL, DISP EA4570, Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Environmental Impacts of the U.S. Health Care System and Effects on Public Health. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157014. [PMID: 27280706 PMCID: PMC4900601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. health care sector is highly interconnected with industrial activities that emit much of the nation’s pollution to air, water, and soils. We estimate emissions directly and indirectly attributable to the health care sector, and potential harmful effects on public health. Negative environmental and public health outcomes were estimated through economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA) modeling using National Health Expenditures (NHE) for the decade 2003–2013 and compared to national totals. In 2013, the health care sector was also responsible for significant fractions of national air pollution emissions and impacts, including acid rain (12%), greenhouse gas emissions (10%), smog formation (10%) criteria air pollutants (9%), stratospheric ozone depletion (1%), and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic air toxics (1–2%). The largest contributors to impacts are discussed from both the supply side (EIOLCA economic sectors) and demand side (NHE categories), as are trends over the study period. Health damages from these pollutants are estimated at 470,000 DALYs lost from pollution-related disease, or 405,000 DALYs when adjusted for recent shifts in power generation sector emissions. These indirect health burdens are commensurate with the 44,000–98,000 people who die in hospitals each year in the U.S. as a result of preventable medical errors, but are currently not attributed to our health system. Concerted efforts to improve environmental performance of health care could reduce expenditures directly through waste reduction and energy savings, and indirectly through reducing pollution burden on public health, and ought to be included in efforts to improve health care quality and safety.
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Gerber LN, Tester JW, Beal CM, Huntley ME, Sills DL. Target Cultivation and Financing Parameters for Sustainable Production of Fuel and Feed from Microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3333-3341. [PMID: 26942694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Production of economically competitive and environmentally sustainable algal biofuel faces technical challenges that are subject to high uncertainties. Here we identify target values for algal productivity and financing conditions required to achieve a biocrude selling price of $5 per gallon and beneficial environmental impacts. A modeling framework--combining process design, techno-economic analysis, life cycle assessment, and uncertainty analysis--was applied to two conversion pathways: (1) "fuel only (HTL)", using hydrothermal liquefaction to produce biocrude, heat and power, and (2) "fuel and feed", using wet extraction to produce biocrude and lipid-extracted algae, which can substitute components of animal and aqua feeds. Our results suggest that with supporting policy incentives, the "fuel and feed" scenario will likely achieve a biocrude selling price of less than $5 per gallon at a productivity of 39 g/m(2)/day, versus 47 g/m(2)/day for the "fuel only (HTL)" scenario. Furthermore, if lipid-extracted algae are used to substitute fishmeal, the process has a 50% probability of reaching $5 per gallon with a base case productivity of 23 g/m(2)/day. Scenarios with improved economics were associated with beneficial environmental impacts for climate change, ecosystem quality, and resource depletion, but not for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léda N Gerber
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell Energy Institute, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jefferson W Tester
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell Energy Institute, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Colin M Beal
- B&D Engineering and Consulting LLC, Lander Wyoming, United States
| | - Mark E Huntley
- Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Deborah L Sills
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell Energy Institute, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bucknell University , Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
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Algal biofuel production for fuels and feed in a 100-ha facility: A comprehensive techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang S, Bi XT, Clift R. A Life Cycle Assessment of integrated dairy farm-greenhouse systems in British Columbia. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 150:496-505. [PMID: 24138886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticipated environmental benefits from integrating a dairy farm and a greenhouse; the integration is based on anaerobic digestion of manures to produce biogas energy, biogenic CO2, and digested slurry. A full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been conducted on six modeled cases applicable in British Columbia, to evaluate non-renewable energy consumption, climate change, acidification, eutrophication, respiratory effects and human toxicity. Compared to conventional practice, an integrated system has the potential to nearly halve eutrophication and respiratory effects caused by inorganic emissions and to reduce non-renewable energy consumption, climate change, and acidification by 65-90%, while respiratory effects caused by organic emissions become negative as co-products substitute for other materials. Co-digestion of other livestock manures, greenhouse plant waste, or food and food processing waste with dairy manure can further improve the performance of the integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siduo Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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