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Gadd GM, Fomina M, Pinzari F. Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020022. [PMID: 38179930 PMCID: PMC10966957 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00200-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFungi are ubiquitous and important biosphere inhabitants, and their abilities to decompose, degrade, and otherwise transform a massive range of organic and inorganic substances, including plant organic matter, rocks, and minerals, underpin their major significance as biodeteriogens in the built environment and of cultural heritage. Fungi are often the most obvious agents of cultural heritage biodeterioration with effects ranging from discoloration, staining, and biofouling to destruction of building components, historical artifacts, and artwork. Sporulation, morphological adaptations, and the explorative penetrative lifestyle of filamentous fungi enable efficient dispersal and colonization of solid substrates, while many species are able to withstand environmental stress factors such as desiccation, ultra-violet radiation, salinity, and potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances. Many can grow under nutrient-limited conditions, and many produce resistant cell forms that can survive through long periods of adverse conditions. The fungal lifestyle and chemoorganotrophic metabolism therefore enable adaptation and success in the frequently encountered extremophilic conditions that are associated with indoor and outdoor cultural heritage. Apart from free-living fungi, lichens are a fungal growth form and ubiquitous pioneer colonizers and biodeteriogens of outdoor materials, especially stone- and mineral-based building components. This article surveys the roles and significance of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, with reference to the mechanisms involved and in relation to the range of substances encountered, as well as the methods by which fungal biodeterioration can be assessed and combated, and how certain fungal processes may be utilized in bioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Marina Fomina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Reserve “Sophia of Kyiv”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Mansour MMA, Salem MZM. Poultices as biofilms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles/carboxymethyl cellulose/Phytagel for cleaning of infected cotton paper by Aspergillus sydowii and Nevskia terrae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:114625-114645. [PMID: 37863855 PMCID: PMC10663203 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2NP)-coated film was produced to protect manuscripts against microorganisms using ecofriendly benign materials. As a result, a simple method was created that uses poultice biofilm made of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Phytagel plant cell (PGP) loaded with TiO2NPs to preserve manuscripts against microbes in an environmentally responsible way. Three volumes (1, 2, 4 mL) of TiO2NPs were put into a biofilm combination to produce the poultices known as CMC/PGP/TiO2-1, CMC/PGP/TiO2-2, and CMC/PGP/TiO2-3. The synthesized TiO2NPs were nearly spherical in shape, small in size (98 nm), and stable (zeta potential value - 33 mV). The results showed that the unique deposition of TiO2NPs on the biofilm surface gave the produced films loaded with TiO2NPs a rough structure. The highest values of mechanical characteristics were determined to be in CMC/PGP/TiO2-1 with values of 25.4 g, 6.6 MPa, and 11.4%, for tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength, respectively. Based on molecular identification, the fungus Aspergillus sydowii and the bacterium Nevskia terrae, with accession numbers MG991624 and AB806800, respectively, were isolated and identified from an antiquated manuscript formed from cellulosic fibers. Before the experiments, the produced cotton paper samples were aged, and then, one group was infected for 6 months by A. sydowii and the second group with N. terrae. Following the preparation of a CMC/PGP biofilm loaded with various volumes of TiO2NPs, poultices were applied to infected cotton paper in order to clean it. The infected cotton paper was placed inside the sandwich-like poultices that were created. The poultice CMC/PGP/TiO2-2 demonstrated potential for preventing the growth of A. sydowii and N. terrae-infected cotton paper, when the fibers were saved, cleaned, and coated with CMC/PGP/TiO2-2 after absorbing the fungus and the bacterium and exhibiting exceptional antimicrobial activities. Finally, the novel biofilms have demonstrated their capacity to lessen microbial contamination of cotton paper. In order to generalize the usage of these poultices, it is also advised that they be produced on a large scale and tested on a variety of organic materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa M A Mansour
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
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3
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Bartoli F, Isola D, Casanova Municchia A, Kumbaric A, Caneva G. Science for art: multi-years' evaluations of biocidal efficacy in support of artwork conservation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178900. [PMID: 37362921 PMCID: PMC10288146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the relationship between Science and Art has been gradually strengthened through the use of diagnostic, conservation, and valorization technologies. New technologies can also be used to support the creation and durability of bio-artworks. Within such a context, starting from the Spring of 2014, we performed in situ experimentations to eventually increase the durability of the graphical artwork of William Kentridge on the Lungotevere embankments, whose creation was scheduled in the following years. We applied various combinations and concentrations of three different biocides (Algophase, Biotin R, and Preventol R80) and two water repellents (Hydrophase surfaces and Silo 111) on 34 test areas. However, the artist preferred to leave his artwork to a natural fading. Right before the realization of the graphical artwork "Triumph and Laments of Rome" in 2016, just the black biological colonizations mainly composed of cyanobacteria were removed through pressurized water. We monitored the artist's work through analyses of images and colorimetric variations and such drawings showed a duration of 4 years in the natural conditions of recolonization. Here we show how the recolonization of treated and control areas, analyzed with the same methods, showed an increased duration, 3 years longer than under natural conditions in the case of Preventol R80® and Biotin R® plus Silo 111®. The tested solutions showed differential effectiveness and multiple possibilities of use to support the maintenance of the artwork if the artist wanted to preserve his artwork for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bartoli
- Institute of Heritage Science [Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (CNR-ISPC)], National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Isola
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Annalaura Casanova Municchia
- Institute of Heritage Science [Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (CNR-ISPC)], National Research Council of Italy, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Rome, Italy
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Alma Kumbaric
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Caneva
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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He J, Zhang N, Shen X, Muhammad A, Shao Y. Deciphering environmental resistome and mobilome risks on the stone monument: A reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156443. [PMID: 35660621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment has attracted increasing attention as an emerging global threat to public health. Stone is an essential ecosystem in nature and also an important material for human society, having architectural and aesthetic values. However, little is known about the AMR in stone ecosystems, particularly in the stone monument, where antimicrobials are often applied against biodeterioration. Here, we provide the first detailed metagenomic study of AMR genes across different types of biodeteriorated stone monuments, which revealed abundant and diverse AMR genes conferring resistance to drugs (antibiotics), biocides, and metals. Totally, 132 AMR subtypes belonging to 27 AMR types were detected including copper-, rifampin-, and aminocoumarins-resistance genes, of which diversity was mainly explained by the spatial turnover (replacement of genes between samples) rather than nestedness (loss of nested genes between samples). Source track analysis confirms that stone resistomes are likely driven by anthropogenic activities across stone heritage areas. We also detected various mobile genetic elements (namely mobilome, e.g., prophages, plasmids, and insertion sequences) that could accelerate replication and horizontal transfer of AMR genes. Host-tracking analysis further identified multiple biodeterioration-related bacterial genera such as Pseudonocardia, Sphingmonas, and Streptomyces as the major hosts of resistome. Taken together, these findings highlight that stone microbiota is one of the natural reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant hazards, and the diverse resistome and mobilome carried by active biodeteriogens may improve their adaptation on stone and even deactivate the antimicrobials applied against biodeterioration. This enhanced knowledge may also provide novel and specific avenues for environmental management and stone heritage protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao He
- Max Planck Partner Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Max Planck Partner Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Shen
- Max Planck Partner Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- Max Planck Partner Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Max Planck Partner Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China.
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Holistic Approach to the Restoration of a Vandalized Monument: The Cross of the Inquisition, Seville City Hall, Spain. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The Cross of the Inquisition, sculpted in 1903 and raised on a column with a fluted shaft and ornamented with vegetable garlands, is located in a corner of the Plateresque façade of the Seville City Hall. The Cross was vandalized in September 2019 and the restoration concluded in September 2021. A geological and microbiological study was carried out in a few small fragments. The data are consistent with the exposure of the Cross of the Inquisition to an urban environment for more than 100 years. During that time, a lichen community colonized the Cross and the nearby City Hall façades. The lichens, bryophytes and fungi colonizing the limestone surface composed an urban community, regenerated from the remains of the original communities, after superficial cleaning of the limestone between 2008 and 2010. This biological activity was detrimental to the integrity of the limestone, as showed by the pitting and channels, which evidence the lytic activity of organisms on the stone surface. Stone consolidation was achieved with Estel 1000. Preventol RI80, a biocide able to penetrate the porous limestone and active against bacteria, fungi, lichens, and bryophytes, was applied in the restoration.
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Black Fungi and Stone Heritage Conservation: Ecological and Metabolic Assays for Evaluating Colonization Potential and Responses to Traditional Biocides. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identifying species involved in biodeterioration processes is helpful, however further effort is needed to assess their ecological requirements and actual activity. Black fungi (BF) represent one of the most underestimated threats to stone cultural heritage in the Mediterranean basin; they are difficult to kill or remove due to their ability to grow inside the rock and cope with several stresses. Despite this, little is known about BF and factors favoring their growth on stone surfaces. Eighteen BF species were here investigated for temperature and salt tolerance, and metabolic traits by plate assays. The relation between some highly damaged monuments and their BF settlers was assessed using X-ray diffraction analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and SEM. The sensitiveness to four commonly used traditional biocides was also tested. All strains were able to grow within the range of 5–25 °C and in the presence of 3.5% NaCl. Instrumental analyses were fundamental in discovering the relation between halophilic strains and weathered marble sculptures. The acid, cellulase, esterase, and protease production recorded proved BF’s potential to produce a chemical action on carbonate stones and likely affect other materials/historical artefacts. Besides, the use of carboxymethylcellulose and Tween 20 should be evaluated in restoration practice to prevent tertiary bioreceptivity. Agar diffusion tests helped identify the most resistant species to biocides, opening the perspective of its use as reference organisms in material testing procedures.
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Romani M, Warscheid T, Nicole L, Marcon L, Di Martino P, Suzuki MT, Lebaron P, Lami R. Current and future chemical treatments to fight biodeterioration of outdoor building materials and associated biofilms: Moving away from ecotoxic and towards efficient, sustainable solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149846. [PMID: 34464791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
All types of building materials are rapidly colonized by microorganisms, initially through an invisible and then later a visible biofilm that leads to their biodeterioration. Over centuries, this natural phenomenon has been managed using mechanical procedures, oils, or even wax. In modern history, many treatments such as high-pressure cleaners, biocides (mainly isothiazolinones and quaternary ammonium compounds) are commercially available, as well as preventive ones, such as the use of water-repellent coatings in the fabrication process. While all these cleaning techniques offer excellent cost-benefit ratios, their limitations are numerous. Indeed, building materials are often quickly recolonized after application, and microorganisms are increasingly reported as resistant to chemical treatments. Furthermore, many antifouling compounds are ecotoxic, harmful to human health and the environment, and new regulations tend to limit their use and constrain their commercialization. The current state-of-the-art highlights an urgent need to develop innovative antifouling strategies and the widespread use of safe and eco-friendly solutions to biodeterioration. Interestingly, innovative approaches and compounds have recently been identified, including the use of photocatalysts or natural compounds such as essential oils or quorum sensing inhibitors. Most of these solutions developed in laboratory settings appear very promising, although their efficiency and ecotoxicological features remain to be further tested before being widely marketed. This review highlights the complexity of choosing the adequate antifouling compounds when fighting biodeterioration and proposes developing case-to-case innovative strategies to raise this challenge, relying on integrative and multidisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Romani
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | | | - Lionel Nicole
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de chimie de la matière condensée de Paris (LCMCP), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Marcon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Patrick Di Martino
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Laboratoire ERRMECe, rue Descartes site de Neuville-sur-Oise, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Marcelino T Suzuki
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Raphaël Lami
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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Nowicka-Krawczyk P, Komar M, Gutarowska B. Towards understanding the link between the deterioration of building materials and the nature of aerophytic green algae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149856. [PMID: 34454144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The gradual degradation of technical materials by bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi, is of great economic and social significance. In temperate climates, microbial colonization is associated with phototrophic eukaryotes, predominantly aerial green algae. However, these phototrophs are able to colonize most substrates in all terrestrial environments, regardless he geographical area. As little is known of the life processes of green algae, it is widely believed that their impact on materials is purely aesthetic. Most studies on the deterioration of building materials examine both algae and cyanobacteria and propose various methods, mainly conservation practices, to halt the causes and effects of algal colonization. However, to fully comprehend the phenomenon of biodeterioration by green algae, it is essential to understand both the causes and effects of their activities, as their life processes have considerable influence on changes of technical state of building materials. Aerophytic green algae possess various cellular adaptations and life mechanisms to survive and successfully develop in the harsh terrestrial environment. In response to desiccation, UV radiation and high/low temperature fluctuation they form endo- and epilithic biofilms, produce various protective biomolecules and extracellular matrices, and change the volume of cells. Due to their adaptation mechanisms and wide ecological tolerance, green algae undoubtedly have a high potential to accelerate the degradation of building materials. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of biodeterioration, examines the role played by green algae as a result of their adaptation to a terrestrial environment, presents methods that can be used to prevent the development of green algal biofilms and indicate future prospects in the assessment of algal deterioration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Nowicka-Krawczyk
- Department of Algology and Mycology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha street 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Michał Komar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173 street, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Łódź University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173 street, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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Romani M, Carrion C, Fernandez F, Lebaron P, Lami R. Methyl Potassium Siliconate and Siloxane Inhibit the Formation of Multispecies Biofilms on Ceramic Roof Tiles: Efficiency and Comparison of Two Common Water Repellents. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020394. [PMID: 33671900 PMCID: PMC7918968 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramic roof tiles are widespread marketed building materials, rapidly colonized by microorganisms that form multispecies biofilms on their surface and play crucial roles in biodeterioration processes. Coating tiles with water repellents is a pervasive industrial strategy employed to prevent liquid water penetration and slow biodeterioration. Very few studies have examined the links between the characteristics of water-repellent coatings and biofilm colonization patterns. Our work aims to compare the effects of coating tiles with two common water repellents (siliconate and siloxane) on the growth of colonizing microbes. We combined in situ exposure of tiles for over six years and macroscopic and microscopic observations with in vitro biotests, relying on the use of algal and fungal models. Our data showed that (1) tiles coated with water repellents were macroscopically less colonized by lichens (2) a significant fungal biofilm development at the microscopic scale (3) water repellents had very contrasting effects on our model strains. These data reinforce the great interest for industry to conduct more studies linking the nature of the water repellents with the composition of colonizing multispecies biofilms. The long-term objective is to improve the available water repellents and better adapt their selection to the nature of microbial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Romani
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; (M.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Claire Carrion
- US042 INSERM—UMS 2015 CNRS (BISCEm), Université de Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France;
| | - Frédéric Fernandez
- Microscopie Électronique Analytique (MEA), Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; (M.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Raphaël Lami
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; (M.R.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
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The Control of Cultural Heritage Microbial Deterioration. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101542. [PMID: 33036341 PMCID: PMC7600914 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial deterioration of cultural heritage includes physical and chemical damage as well as aesthetic alteration. With the technological advancement, a plethora of techniques for removing unwanted microorganisms have opened up new opportunities for microbiologists and conservators. This article reviews the most applied, up-to-date, and sustainable techniques developed for the control of cultural heritage microbial deterioration presenting noteworthy case studies. These techniques include chemical methods, i.e., traditional biocides and nanoparticles; physical methods, such as mechanical removal, UV irradiation, gamma radiation, laser cleaning, heat shocking, microwaves, and dry ice treatment; and biological methods, such as natural molecules with biocidal activity, enzymes, and microorganisms. The application of control systems requires the comprehension of their behavior toward the unwanted microorganisms and possible interactions with the heritage materials. This overview shows also the control methods drawbacks for the purpose of creating awareness in selecting the most suitable technique or combination of techniques.
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12
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Present and Future Perspectives for Biocides and Antifouling Products for Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: Ionic Liquids as a Challenging Alternative. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview of the most recent research activities on counteracting the biodeterioration process of stone monuments, underlining all those aspects regarding eventual procedural drawbacks and compliance with sustainable criteria. For this purpose, the definition of “green conservation of cultural heritage” has been proposed. Its basics have been utilized in the text to highlight the issues arising from the most common conservative procedures as well as guidelines for the development of innovative technologies. The review then deals with the most innovative antimicrobial approaches, among which nano- and bio-technologies play a main role. Ionic liquids are a special class of salts, which can be prepared by applying Safe by Design concepts, to meet the Green Conservation criteria.
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Franco Castillo I, García Guillén E, M de la Fuente J, Silva F, Mitchell SG. Preventing fungal growth on heritage paper with antifungal and cellulase inhibiting magnesium oxide nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:6412-6419. [PMID: 31642855 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00992b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae and moulds are highly proficient at colonizing artistic and architectural heritage. The irreparable damage they cause to unique artefacts results in immeasurable cultural and societal losses to our shared cultural heritage, which represent an important social and economic resource for Europe. With the overall aim of preventing fungal deterioration of paper artefacts, we report the use of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) of average diameter 12 nm as potent antifungal agents against fungi commonly found colonising paper heritage: A. niger, C. cladosporioides and T. reesei. Dispersions of MgO NPs on original 18th century paper samples from the Archives of the Spanish Royal Botanic Garden were effective at preventing fungal colonisation without altering the appearance of the paper artefacts. Importantly, MgO NPs also inhibit cellulase activity in the filamentous fungi T. resei and A. niger, two of the principle biodeteriogens of cellulosic materials. In addition, our report provides three simple new procedures for studying the fungal colonisation prevention properties of nanomaterials on paper samples. Overall this opens the door to the use of colourless, low-cost, and scalable nanomaterials for preventing biodeterioration in cellulose-based artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Franco Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. and CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther García Guillén
- Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. and CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filomena Silva
- ARAID - Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo, Av. Ranillas, 1D, 2B, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain and Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Scott G Mitchell
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. and CIBER-BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This multidisciplinary research focuses on diagnostic investigations to characterize the archaeological materials, as well as the alteration and degradation forms detected at the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria (Calabria, South Italy) site. The thermal complex, (dating I–II century B.C.), was built around three main rooms such as the caldarium (hot bath), the tepidarium (warm bath) and the frigidarium (cold bath), all connected to a central room through several entrances. The central hall still preserves a suggestive mosaic floor dating between the II and III century A.D., characterized by geometric motifs and black and white tesserae. Fragments of various archaeological stone materials, such as bricks, mortars, sedimentary, volcanic and metamorphic rocks have been studied with different and complementary techniques. Particularly, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were performed to characterize the materials employed to construct the site and evaluate their state of preservation. Finally, laboratory microbiological culture analysis was conducted to identify the main microorganisms composing the biological patinas detected on the sampled materials. Results allowed us to evaluate the most suitable restoration procedures to conduct at the archaeological site, considering the different stone materials present in the studied area and their state of conservation.
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Zarzuela R, Carbú M, Gil MLA, Cantoral JM, Mosquera MJ. Ormosils loaded with SiO 2 nanoparticles functionalized with Ag as multifunctional superhydrophobic/biocidal/consolidant treatments for buildings conservation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:345701. [PMID: 31067526 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1ff0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The alarming increase of pollution has significantly increased buildings maintenance. Nowadays, the economic figures associated to repairing activities are even more relevant than those corresponding to new construction works, especially on heritage buildings. Since the degradation of building materials is the result of a complex combination of physical, chemical and biological agents, the development of multifunctional protective treatments remains a significant challenge. We report a simple strategy to produce a versatile biocidal/superhydrophobic/consolidant treatment by incorporating biocidal Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) grafted to functionalized SiO2NPs into a silica sol, which can be applied by simple procedures such as spraying. The use of an Ag-SiO2 coupling agent increases biocidal effectiveness up to >90% values due to: (1) an increase of the AgNPs stability; (2) a hierarchical roughness due to the formation of Ag/SiO2NPs clusters; and (3) an enhanced contact with the cell walls. In addition, the synergistic effect allows for an easier removal of the dead cells, increasing the durability of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zarzuela
- TEP-243 Nanomaterials Group. Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Cadiz, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Sanmartín P. Exposure to artificial daylight or UV irradiation (A, B or C) prior to chemical cleaning: an effective combination for removing phototrophs from granite. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:851-869. [PMID: 30392382 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1512103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether exposing samples of granite colonized by a natural biofilm to artificial daylight or UV-A/B/C irradiation for 48 h enhanced removal of the biofilm with a chemical product previously approved for conservation of monuments by the European Biocide Directive. Rodas granite, which is commonly found in stone-built heritage monuments in Galicia (NW Spain), was naturally colonized by a sub-aerial biofilm. The efficacy of the cleaning method was evaluated relative to uncolonized surfaces and colonized control samples without previous irradiation, treated by dry-brushing or with benzalkonium chloride. The effect of UV irradiation in the combined treatment was evident, as comparable cleaning levels were not reached in the controls. Although the biofilm was not totally removed by any of the treatments, UV-B irradiation followed by benzalkonium chloride was potentially useful for cleaning stone, with results comparable to those achieved by UV-C irradiation, which is known to have germicidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santiago Pozo-Antonio
- a Departamento de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente , Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , Spain
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- b Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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De Leo F, Cardiano P, De Carlo G, Lo Schiavo S, Urzì C. Testing the antimicrobial properties of an upcoming “environmental-friendly” family of ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Performances and Coating Morphology of a Siloxane-Based Hydrophobic Product Applied in Different Concentrations on a Highly Porous Stone. COATINGS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings6040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Essa AMM, Khallaf MK. Antimicrobial potential of consolidation polymers loaded with biological copper nanoparticles. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:144. [PMID: 27400968 PMCID: PMC4940715 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodeterioration of historic monuments and stone works by microorganisms takes place as a result of biofilm production and secretion of organic compounds that negatively affect on the stone matrix. METHODS Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were prepared biologically using the headspace gases generated by the bacterial culture Escherichia coli Z1. The antimicrobial activity of CuNPs was evaluated against the bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Streptomyces parvulus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as some fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium solani and Alternaria solani. RESULTS Biological CuNPs demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities higher than those of the untreated copper sulfate. At the same time, limestone and sandstone blocks treated with consolidation polymers functionalized with CuNPs recorded apparent antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. parvulus and B. subtilis in addition to an improvement in the physical and mechanical characters of the treated stones. Furthermore, the elemental composition of CuNPs was elucidated using electron dispersive x-ray system connected with the scanning electron microscope. CONCLUSION Consolidation polymers impregnated with CuNPs could be used to restrain microbial deterioration in addition to the refinement of physico-mechanical behavior of the historic stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M M Essa
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt. .,Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed K Khallaf
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Ditaranto N, van der Werf ID, Picca RA, Sportelli MC, Giannossa LC, Bonerba E, Tantillo G, Sabbatini L. Characterization and behaviour of ZnO-based nanocomposites designed for the control of biodeterioration of patrimonial stoneworks. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive ZnO nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrices are able to exert a marked biological activity without changing their consolidant/water-repellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Ditaranto
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale “Laboratorio di ricerca per la diagnostica dei Beni Culturali”
| | | | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Bonerba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria
- Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- Valenzano (BA)
- Italy
| | - Giuseppina Tantillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria
- Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- Valenzano (BA)
- Italy
| | - Luigia Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale “Laboratorio di ricerca per la diagnostica dei Beni Culturali”
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Bellissima F, Bonini M, Giorgi R, Baglioni P, Barresi G, Mastromei G, Perito B. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles grafted on stone surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13278-13286. [PMID: 24151026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization has a relevant impact on the deterioration of stone materials with consequences ranging from esthetic to physical and chemical changes. Avoiding microbial growth on cultural stones therefore represents a crucial aspect for their long-term conservation. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively investigated in recent years, showing that they could be successfully applied as bactericidal coatings on surfaces of different materials. In this work, we investigated the ability of AgNPs grafted to Serena stone surfaces to inhibit bacterial viability. A silane derivative, which is commonly used for stone consolidation, and Bacillus subtilis were chosen as the grafting agent and the target bacterium, respectively. Results show that functionalized AgNPs bind to stone surface exhibiting a cluster disposition that is not affected by washing treatments. The antibacterial tests on stone samples revealed a 50 to 80 % reduction in cell viability, with the most effective AgNP concentration of 6.7 μg/cm(2). To our knowledge, this is the first report on antimicrobial activity of AgNPs applied to a stone surface. The results suggest that AgNPs could be successfully used in the inhibition of microbial colonization of stone artworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bellissima
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Tuduce Trǎistaru AA, Crina Anca Sandu I, Cristina Timar M, Lucia Dumitrescu G, Sandu I. SEM-EDX, water absorption, and wetting capability studies on evaluation of the influence of nano-zinc oxide as additive to paraloid B72 solutions used for wooden artifacts consolidation. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 76:209-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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