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Deriu C, Conticello I, Mebel AM, McCord B. Micro Solid Phase Extraction Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (μ-SPE/SERS) Screening Test for the Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018 in Oral Fluid. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4780-4789. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Deriu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Irene Conticello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, School of Science, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Bruce McCord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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2
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González-Ramírez DF, Ávila-Pérez P, Torres-Bustillos LG, Aguilar-López R, Montes-Horcasitas MC, Esparza-García FJ, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Removal of phenanthrene in aqueous solution containing photon competitors by TiO 2-C-Ag film supported on fiberglass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:742-749. [PMID: 28394702 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1303311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface interactions with pollutants and photons are key factors that affect the applications of TiO2 in environmental remediation. In this study, the solubilizing agents dimethylsulfoxide and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, which act as photon competitors, had no effect on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-C-Ag film in phenanthrene (PHE) removal. Fiberglass with TiO2-C-Ag coating removed 91.1 ± 5.2 and 99.7 ± 0.4% of PHE in treatments using UVA (365-465 nm) and UVC (254 nm) irradiation, respectively. The use of fiberglass as a support increased the superficial area, thus allowing PHE sorption. C and Ag, which are electrically active impurities in TiO2, enhanced its photocatalytic activity and thus the attraction of the pollutant to its surface. The use of high-frequency UV light (UVC) decreased the amount of carbon species deposited on the TiO2CAg film surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the TiO2-C-Ag film revealed extensive oxidation of the carbon deposited on the film under UVC light and loss of electrons from Ag clusters by conversion of Ag0 to Ag3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Fabiola González-Ramírez
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Pedro Ávila-Pérez
- b National Institute of Nuclear Research, Direction of Technological Research , State of Mexico , México
| | - Luis G Torres-Bustillos
- c Department of Bioprocesses, Interdisciplinary Professional Unit of Biotechnology , National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Ricardo Aguilar-López
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - María C Montes-Horcasitas
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Fernando J Esparza-García
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
| | - Refugio Rodríguez-Vázquez
- a Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Research Center and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , México
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3
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Farkas J, Salaberria I, Styrishave B, Staňková R, Ciesielski TM, Olsen AJ, Posch W, Flaten TP, Krøkje Å, Salvenmoser W, Jenssen BM. Exposure of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to silver nanoparticles and 17α-ethinylestradiol mixtures: Implications for contaminant uptake and plasma steroid hormone levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:328-336. [PMID: 27692975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined exposure to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and anthropogenic contaminants can lead to changes in bioavailability, uptake and thus effects of both groups of contaminants. In this study we investigated effects of single and combined exposures of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on tissue uptake of both contaminants in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Silver uptake and tissue distribution (gills, liver, kidney, stomach, muscle and bile) were analyzed following a 14-day, 2-h daily pulsed exposure to AgNPs (2 μg L-1 and 200 μg L-1), Ag+ (50 μg L-1), EE2 (50 ng L-1) and AgNP + EE2 (2 or 200 μg L-1+50 ng L-1). Effects of the exposures on plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) levels, EE2 and steroid hormone concentrations were investigated. The AgNP and AgNP + EE2 exposures resulted in similar Ag concentrations in the tissues, indicating that combined exposure did not influence Ag uptake in tissues. The highest Ag concentrations were found in gills. For the Ag+ exposed fish, the highest Ag concentrations were measured in the liver. Our results show dissolution processes of AgNPs in seawater, indicating that the tissue concentrations of Ag may partly originate from ionic release. Plasma EE2 concentrations and Vtg induction were similar in fish exposed to the single contaminants and the mixed contaminants, indicating that the presence of AgNPs did not significantly alter EE2 uptake. Similarly, concentrations of most steroid hormones were not significantly altered due to exposures to the combined contaminants versus the single compound exposures. However, high concentrations of AgNPs in combination with EE2 caused a drop of estrone (E1) (female fish) and androstenedione (AN) (male and female fish) levels in plasma below quantification limits. Our results indicate that the interactive effects between AgNPs and EE2 are limited, with only high concentrations of AgNPs triggering synergistic effects on plasma steroid hormone concentrations in juvenile turbots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Radka Staňková
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Trond P Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Farkas J, Bergum S, Nilsen EW, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Ciesielski TM, Bączek T, Konieczna L, Salvenmoser W, Jenssen BM. The impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on uptake and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:469-476. [PMID: 25574974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are emerging contaminants of concern. Knowledge on their environmental impacts is scarce, especially on their interactive effects with other contaminants. In this study we investigated effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and determined their influence on the bioavailability and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Blue mussels were exposed to either TiO2NP (0.2 and 2.0 mg L(-1)) or B(a)P (20 μg L(-1)) and to the respective combinations of these two compounds. Aqueous contaminant concentrations, the uptake of Ti and B(a)P into mussel soft tissue, effects on oxidative stress and chromosomal damage were analyzed. The uncoated TiO2NP agglomerated rapidly in the seawater. The presence of TiO2NP significantly reduced the bioavailability of B(a)P, shown by lowered B(a)P concentrations in exposure tanks and in mussel tissue. The activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were impacted by the various exposure regimes, indicating oxidative stress in the contaminant exposure groups. While SOD activity was increased only in the 0.2TiO2NP exposure group, CAT activity was enhanced in both combined exposure groups. The GPx activity was increased only in the groups exposed to the two single compounds. In hemocytes, increased chromosomal damage was detected in mussels exposed to the single compounds, which was further increased after exposure to the combination of compounds. In this study we show that the presence of TiO2NP in the exposure system reduced B(a)P uptake in blue mussels. However, since most biomarker responses did not decrease despite of the lower B(a)P uptake in combined exposures, the results suggest that TiO2NP can act as additional stressor, or potentially alters B(a)P toxicity by activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - S Bergum
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - E W Nilsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - I Salaberria
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - T M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - L Konieczna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - W Salvenmoser
- Department of Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Tourinho PS, Waalewijn-Kool PL, Zantkuijl I, Jurkschat K, Svendsen C, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S, van Gestel CAM. CeO2 nanoparticles induce no changes in phenanthrene toxicity to the soil organisms Porcellionides pruinosus and Folsomia candida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:201-206. [PMID: 25499053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are used as diesel fuel additives to catalyze oxidation. Phenanthrene is a major component of diesel exhaust particles and one of the most common pollutants in the environment. This study aimed at determining the effect of CeO2 NPs on the toxicity of phenanthrene in Lufa 2.2 standard soil for the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus and the springtail Folsomia candida. Toxicity tests were performed in the presence of CeO2 concentrations of 10, 100 or 1000mg Ce/kg dry soil and compared with results in the absence of CeO2 NPs. CeO2 NPs had no adverse effects on isopod survival and growth or springtail survival and reproduction. For the isopods, LC50s for the effect of phenanthrene ranged from 110 to 143mg/kg dry soil, and EC50s from 17.6 to 31.6mg/kg dry soil. For the springtails, LC50s ranged between 61.5 and 88.3mg/kg dry soil and EC50s from 52.2 to 76.7mg/kg dry soil. From this study it may be concluded that CeO2 NPs have a low toxicity and do not affect toxicity of phenanthrene to isopods and springtails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Tourinho
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pauline L Waalewijn-Kool
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Zantkuijl
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Jurkschat
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Begbroke Science Park OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gauthier PT, Norwood WP, Prepas EE, Pyle GG. Metal-PAH mixtures in the aquatic environment: a review of co-toxic mechanisms leading to more-than-additive outcomes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:253-69. [PMID: 24929353 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur ubiquitously in aquatic environments, yet relatively little is known regarding their combined toxicities. Emerging reports investigating the additive mortality in metal-PAH mixtures have indicated that more-than-additive effects are equally as common as strictly-additive effects, raising concern for ecological risk assessment typically based on the summation of individual toxicities. Moreover, the current separation of focus between in vivo and in vitro studies, and fine- and coarse-scale endpoints, creates uncertainty regarding the mechanisms of co-toxicity involved in more-than-additive effects on whole organisms. Drawing from literature on metal and PAH toxicity in bacteria, protozoa, invertebrates, fish, and mammalian models, this review outlines several key mechanistic interactions likely to promote more-than-additive toxicity in metal-PAH mixtures. Namely, the deleterious effects of PAHs on membrane integrity and permeability to metals, the potential for metal-PAH complexation, the inhibitory nature of metals to the detoxification of PAHs via the cytochrome P450 pathway, the inhibitory nature of PAHs towards the detoxification of metals via metallothionein, and the potentiated production of reactive oxygenated species (ROS) in certain metal (e.g. Cu) and PAH (e.g., phenanthrenequinone) mixtures. Moreover, the mutual inhibition of detoxification suggests the possibility of positive feedback among these mechanisms. The individual toxicities and interactive aspects of contaminant transport, detoxification, and the production of ROS are herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Gauthier
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1.
| | - Warren P Norwood
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
| | - Ellie E Prepas
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
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Duester L, Burkhardt M, Gutleb AC, Kaegi R, Macken A, Meermann B, von der Kammer F. Toward a comprehensive and realistic risk evaluation of engineered nanomaterials in the urban water system. Front Chem 2014; 2:39. [PMID: 25003102 PMCID: PMC4066929 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European COoperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1205 on the transfer of Engineered Nano materials from wastewater Treatment and stormwatEr to Rivers (ENTER) aims to create and to maintain a trans European network among scientists. This perspective article delivers a brief overview on the status quo at the beginning of the project by addressing the following aspects on engineered nano materials (ENMs) in the urban systems: (1) ENMs that need to be considered on a European level; (2) uncertainties on production-volume estimations; (3) fate of selected ENMs during waste water transport and treatment; (4) analytical strategies for ENM analysis; (5) ecotoxicity of ENMs, and (6) future needs. These six step stones deliver the derivation of the position of the ES1205 network at the beginning of the projects runtime, by defining six fundamental aspects that should be considered in future discussions on risk evaluation of ENMs in urban water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Duester
- Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfGKoblenz, Germany
| | - Michael Burkhardt
- Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering (UMTEC), HSR University of Applied SciencesRapperswil, Switzerland
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Département Environnement et Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel LippmannBelvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Department of Process Engineering, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDuebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ailbhe Macken
- Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water ResearchOslo, Norway
| | - Björn Meermann
- Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfGKoblenz, Germany
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Sharma VK, Siskova KM, Zboril R, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Organic-coated silver nanoparticles in biological and environmental conditions: fate, stability and toxicity. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 204:15-34. [PMID: 24406050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper presents the overview of processes involved in transformation of organic-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biological systems and in the aquatic environment. The coating on AgNPs greatly influences the fate, stability, and toxicity of AgNPs in aqueous solutions, biological systems, and the environment. Several organic-coated AgNP systems are discussed to understand their stability and toxicity in biological media and natural water. Examples are presented to demonstrate how a transformation of organic-coated AgNPs in an aqueous solution is affected by the type of coating, pH, kind of electrolyte (mono- or divalent), ionic strength, organic ligands (inorganic and organic), organic matter (fulvic and humic acids), redox conditions (oxic and anoxic), and light. Results of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and ecotoxicity of coated AgNPs to food chain members (plants, bacteria, and aquatic and terrestrial organisms) are reviewed. Key factors contributing to toxicity are the size, shape, surface coating, surface charge, and conditions of silver ion release. AgNPs may directly damage the cell membranes, disrupt ATP production and DNA replication, alternate gene expressions, release toxic Ag(+) ion, and produce reactive oxygen species to oxidize biological components of the cell. A progress made on understanding the mechanism of organic-coated AgNP toxicity using different analytical techniques is presented.
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Jośko I, Oleszczuk P. The influence of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles on the toxicity of sewage sludges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:296-306. [PMID: 24592447 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30653k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
More and more often sewage sludges become the place of deposition of nanoparticles (NPs), the use of which in consumer products is increasing. In turn, the increasing amount of sewage sludges enforces the need for their utilization (e.g. through the application of sludges to the soil). Therefore, the presence of NPs in sewage sludges may create a new threat to the environment. Thus it becomes important to perform evaluation of the toxicity of sewage sludges in the context of their content of NPs. The objective of the study was to estimate the effect of nanoparticles of ZnO (nano-ZnO) and TiO2 (nano-TiO2) and their bulk counterparts (bZnO and bTiO2) on the toxicity of sewage sludges in relation to selected organisms (plants – Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba, and microorganisms – Vibrio fischeri and 11 different strains from Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment – MARA). The study also involved the estimation of other factors that may have an effect on the phytotoxicity of NPs in sewage sludge: the size of the particles, the dose of the sewage sludge, the time of NP–sewage sludge contact and light conditions. The effect of both nano-ZnO and nano-TiO2 on the toxicity of the sludges is dependent on the kind of NPs and their concentration. Sludges containing NPs displayed a different level of toxicity from their bulk counterparts. All of the factors estimated (size of particles, dose of sludge, contact time and light conditions) had a significant effect on the phytotoxicity of NPs which was dependent both on the kind of the NPs and on that of the sewage sludge. Estimation of the leachate toxicity indicated a greater sensitivity of plants to the presence of NPs as compared to the sensitivity of microorganisms. Leachates caused a greater reduction of bioluminescence of V. fischeri in the presence of nano-TiO2 than nano-ZnO. Nano-ZnO caused a reduction of the toxicity of the sewage sludge leachates.
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Zielińska K, van Leeuwen HP, Thibault S, Town RM. Speciation analysis of aqueous nanoparticulate diclofenac complexes by solid-phase microextraction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14672-14680. [PMID: 22989313 DOI: 10.1021/la303143w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic sorption of an organic compound by nanoparticles (NPs) is analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the example case of the pharmaceutical diclofenac in dispersions of impermeable (silica, SiO(2)) and permeable (bovine serum albumin, BSA) NPs. It is shown that only the protonated neutral form of diclofenac is accumulated in the solid phase, and hence this species governs the eventual partition equilibrium. On the other hand, the rate of the solid/water partition equilibration is enhanced in the presence of the sorbing nanoparticles of SiO(2) and BSA. This feature demonstrates that the NPs themselves do not enter the solid phase to any appreciable extent. The enhanced rate of attainment of equilibrium is due to a shuttle-type of contribution from the NP-species to the diffusive supply of diclofenac to the water/solid interface. For both types of nanoparticulate complexes, the rate constant for desorption (k(des)) of bound diclofenac was derived from the measured thermodynamic affinity constant and a diffusion-limited rate of adsorption. The computed k(des) values were found to be sufficiently high to render the NP-bound species labile on the effective time scale of SPME. In agreement with theoretical prediction, the experimental results are quantitatively described by fully labile behavior of the diclofenac/nanoparticle system and an ensuing accumulation rate controlled by the coupled diffusion of neutral, deprotonated, and NP-bound diclofenac species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zielińska
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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