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Langberg HA, Choyke S, Hale SE, Koekkoek J, Cenijn PH, Lamoree MH, Rundberget T, Jartun M, Breedveld GD, Jenssen BM, Higgins CP, Hamers T. Effect-Directed Analysis Based on Transthyretin Binding Activity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Contaminated Sediment Extract. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:245-258. [PMID: 37888867 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Only a fraction of the total number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are monitored on a routine basis using targeted chemical analyses. We report on an approach toward identifying bioactive substances in environmental samples using effect-directed analysis by combining toxicity testing, targeted chemical analyses, and suspect screening. PFAS compete with the thyroid hormone thyroxin (T4 ) for binding to its distributor protein transthyretin (TTR). Therefore, a TTR-binding bioassay was used to prioritize unknown features for chemical identification in a PFAS-contaminated sediment sample collected downstream of a factory producing PFAS-coated paper. First, the TTR-binding potencies of 31 analytical PFAS standards were determined. Potencies varied between PFAS depending on carbon chain length, functional group, and, for precursors to perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA), the size or number of atoms in the group(s) attached to the nitrogen. The most potent PFAS were the seven- and eight-carbon PFSA, perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid (PFHpS) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and the eight-carbon perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which showed approximately four- and five-times weaker potencies, respectively, compared with the native ligand T4 . For some of the other PFAS tested, TTR-binding potencies were weak or not observed at all. For the environmental sediment sample, not all of the bioactivity observed in the TTR-binding assay could be assigned to the PFAS quantified using targeted chemical analyses. Therefore, suspect screening was applied to the retention times corresponding to observed TTR binding, and five candidates were identified. Targeted analyses showed that the sediment was dominated by the di-substituted phosphate ester of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (SAmPAP diester), whereas it was not bioactive in the assay. SAmPAP diester has the potential for (bio)transformation into smaller PFAS, including PFOS. Therefore, when it comes to TTR binding, the hazard associated with this substance is likely through (bio)transformation into more potent transformation products. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:245-258. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Choyke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
- Eurofins Environment Testing, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Cenijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Sonne C, Ciesielski TM, Jenssen BM, Lam SS, Zhong H, Dietz R. Norway's mining plans threaten Arctic life. Science 2023; 381:843-844. [PMID: 37616344 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Huan Zhong
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Sonne C, Jenssen BM, Rinklebe J, Lam SS, Hansen M, Bossi R, Gustavson K, Dietz R. EU need to protect its environment from toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Sci Total Environ 2023; 876:162770. [PMID: 36906028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs) of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands submitted a proposal to the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) in February 2023 calling for a ban in the use of toxic industrial chemicals per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These chemicals are highly toxic causing elevated cholesterol, immune suppression, reproductive failure, cancer and neuro-endocrine disruption in humans and wildlife being a significant threat to biodiversity and human health. The main reason for the submitted proposal is recent findings of significant flaws in the transition to PFAS replacements that is leading to a widespread pollution. Denmark was the first country banning PFAS, and now other EU countries support the restrictions of these carcinogenic, endocrine disruptive and immunotoxic chemicals. The proposed plan is among the most extensive received by the ECHA for 50 years. Denmark is now the first EU country to initiate the establishment of groundwater parks to try and protect its drinking water. These parks are areas free of agricultural activities and nutritious sewage sludge to secure drinking water free of xenobiotic including PFAS. The PFAS pollution also reflects the lack of comprehensive spatial and temporal environmental monitoring programs in the EU. Such monitoring programs should include key indicator species across ecosystems of livestock, fish and wildlife, to facilitate detection of early ecological warning signals and sustain public health. Simultaneously with inferring a total PFAS ban, the EU should also push for more persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) PFAS substances to be listed on the Stockholm Convention (SC) Annex A such as PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) that is currently listed on the SCs Annex B. The combination of these regulative restrictions combined with groundwater parks and pan-European biomonitoring programs, would pave the way forward for a cleaner environment to sustain health across the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Martin Hansen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
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Sait STL, Rinø SF, Gonzalez SV, Pastukhov MV, Poletaeva VI, Farkas J, Jenssen BM, Ciesielski TM, Asimakopoulos AG. Occurrence and tissue distribution of 33 legacy and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica). Sci Total Environ 2023; 889:164096. [PMID: 37207777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are bioaccumulative and associated with adverse effects in both wildlife and humans. The occurrence of 33 PFASs was assessed in the plasma, liver, blubber, and brain of 18 Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) (16 pups and 2 adult females) from Lake Baikal, Russia (in 2011). Of the 33 congeners analysed for: perfluorooctanosulfonic acid (PFOS), 7 long chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C8-C14 PFCAs) and 1 branched PFCA (perfluoro-3,7-dimethyloctanoic acid; P37DMOA) were most frequently detected. The PFASs in plasma and liver with the highest median concentrations were legacy congeners: perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA; plasma: 11.2 ng/g w.w.; liver: 7.36 ng/g w.w.), PFOS (plasma: 8.67 ng/g w.w.; liver: 9.86 ng/g w.w.), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA; plasma: 5.13 ng/g w.w.; liver: 6.69 ng/g w.w.), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA; plasma: 4.65 ng/g w.w.; liver: 5.83 ng/g w.w.) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTriDA; plasma: 4.29 ng/g w.w.; liver: 2.55 ng/g w.w.). PFASs were detected in the brain of Baikal seals, indicating the crossing through the blood-brain barrier. In blubber, the majority of PFASs were detected in low abundance and concentrations. In contrast to legacy PFASs, novel congeners (e.g., Gen X) were either detected infrequently or not found in Baikal seals. The worldwide occurrence of PFASs in pinnipeds was compared and lower median concentrations of PFOS were observed in Baikal seals relative to other pinnipeds. Conversely, similar concentrations of long chain PFCAs were found in Baikal seals compared to other pinnipeds. Furthermore, human exposure was assessed by estimating weekly intakes (EWI) of PFASs through Baikal seal consumption. Although PFASs concentrations were comparatively low relative to other pinnipeds, consumption of Baikal seal could exceed current regulatory guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannen T L Sait
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje F Rinø
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susana V Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mikhail V Pastukhov
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS, 1A Favorsky str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Vera I Poletaeva
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS, 1A Favorsky str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Julia Farkas
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway.
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5
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Sonne C, Bank MS, Jenssen BM, Cieseielski TM, Rinklebe J, Lam SS, Hansen M, Bossi R, Gustavson K, Dietz R. PFAS pollution threatens ecosystems worldwide. Science 2023; 379:887-888. [PMID: 36862788 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Michael S Bank
- Insititute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Cieseielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Chennai, India
| | - Martin Hansen
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
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Ciesielski TM, Sonne C, Smette EI, Villanger GD, Styrishave B, Letcher RJ, Hitchcock DJ, Dietz R, Jenssen BM. Testosterone and persistent organic pollutants in east Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Heliyon 2023; 9:e13263. [PMID: 37101474 PMCID: PMC10123070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemicals that undergo long-range transport to the Arctic. These chemicals possess endocrine disruptive properties raising concerns for development and reproduction. Here, we report the relationship between concentrations of testosterone (T) and persistent organic pollutant (POPs) in 40 East Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled during January to September 1999-2001. The mean ± standard concentrations of blood T were 0.31 ± 0.49 (mean ± SD) ng/mL in juveniles/subadults (n = 22) and 3.58 ± 7.45 ng/mL in adults (n = 18). The ∑POP concentrations (mean ± SD) in adipose tissue were 8139 ± 2990 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in juveniles/subadults and 11,037 ± 3950 ng/g lw in adult males, respectively, of which Σpolychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) were found in highest concentrations. The variation in T concentrations explained by sampling date (season), biometrics and adipose tissue POP concentrations was explored using redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that age, body length, and adipose lipid content in adult males contributed (p = 0.02) to the variation in POP concentrations. However, although some significant relationships between individual organochlorine contaminants and T concentrations in both juveniles/subadults and adult polar bears were identified, no significant relationships (p = 0.32) between T and POP concentrations were identified by the RDAs. Our results suggest that confounders such as biometrics and reproductive status may mask the endocrine disruptive effects that POPs have on blood T levels in male polar bears, demonstrating why it can be difficult to detect effects on wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
| | - Eli I. Smette
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gro Dehli Villanger
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Mental and Physical Health, Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skoyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjørn M. Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
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Dietz R, Letcher RJ, Aars J, Andersen M, Boltunov A, Born EW, Ciesielski TM, Das K, Dastnai S, Derocher AE, Desforges JP, Eulaers I, Ferguson S, Hallanger IG, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Heimbürger-Boavida LE, Hoekstra PF, Jenssen BM, Kohler SG, Larsen MM, Lindstrøm U, Lippold A, Morris A, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nielsen NH, Peacock E, Pinzone M, Rigét FF, Rosing-Asvid A, Routti H, Siebert U, Stenson G, Stern G, Strand J, Søndergaard J, Treu G, Víkingsson GA, Wang F, Welker JM, Wiig Ø, Wilson SJ, Sonne C. A risk assessment review of mercury exposure in Arctic marine and terrestrial mammals. Sci Total Environ 2022; 829:154445. [PMID: 35304145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There has been a considerable number of reports on Hg concentrations in Arctic mammals since the last Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) effort to review biological effects of the exposure to mercury (Hg) in Arctic biota in 2010 and 2018. Here, we provide an update on the state of the knowledge of health risk associated with Hg concentrations in Arctic marine and terrestrial mammal species. Using available population-specific data post-2000, our ultimate goal is to provide an updated evidence-based estimate of the risk for adverse health effects from Hg exposure in Arctic mammal species at the individual and population level. Tissue residues of Hg in 13 species across the Arctic were classified into five risk categories (from No risk to Severe risk) based on critical tissue concentrations derived from experimental studies on harp seals and mink. Exposure to Hg lead to low or no risk for health effects in most populations of marine and terrestrial mammals, however, subpopulations of polar bears, pilot whales, narwhals, beluga and hooded seals are highly exposed in geographic hotspots raising concern for Hg-induced toxicological effects. About 6% of a total of 3500 individuals, across different marine mammal species, age groups and regions, are at high or severe risk of health effects from Hg exposure. The corresponding figure for the 12 terrestrial species, regions and age groups was as low as 0.3% of a total of 731 individuals analyzed for their Hg loads. Temporal analyses indicated that the proportion of polar bears at low or moderate risk has increased in East/West Greenland and Western Hudson Bay, respectively. However, there remain numerous knowledge gaps to improve risk assessments of Hg exposure in Arctic mammalian species, including the establishment of improved concentration thresholds and upscaling to the assessment of population-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | | | - Andrei Boltunov
- Marine Mammal Research and Expedition Centre, 36 Nahimovskiy pr., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Erik W Born
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Krishna Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Sam Dastnai
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andrew E Derocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Environmental Studies and Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Steve Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | | | - Lars-Eric Heimbürger-Boavida
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stephen Gustav Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, E2-128, Gløshaugen, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin M Larsen
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulf Lindstrøm
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, Institute of Marine Research, FRAM Centre, NO-9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Lippold
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Adam Morris
- Northern Contaminants Program, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, 15 Eddy Street, 14th floor, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H4, Canada
| | - Jacob Nabe-Nielsen
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nynne H Nielsen
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Elizabeth Peacock
- USGS Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508-4626, USA
| | - Marianna Pinzone
- Department of Environmental Studies and Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstr. 6, DE-25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Garry Stenson
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Department DFO-MPO, 80 EastWhite Hills vie, St John's A1C 5X1, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gary Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 586Wallace Bld, 125 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T, 2N2, Canada
| | - Jakob Strand
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Treu
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisli A Víkingsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 586Wallace Bld, 125 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T, 2N2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Welker
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage 99508, United States; University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; University of the Arctic, Rovaniemi 96460, Finland
| | - Øystein Wiig
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon J Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat, Box 6606 Stakkevollan, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Nørregaard RD, Bach L, Geertz-Hansen O, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nowak B, Jantawongsri K, Dang M, Søndergaard J, Leifsson PS, Jenssen BM, Ciesielski TM, Arukwe A, Sonne C. Element concentrations, histology and serum biochemistry of arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius) in northwest Greenland. Environ Res 2022; 208:112742. [PMID: 35065927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing exploratory efforts in the Greenland mineral industry, and in particular, the proposed rare earth element (REE) mining projects, requires an urgent need to generate data on baseline REE concentrations and their potential environmental impacts. Herein, we have investigated REE concentrations in anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius) from uncontaminated sites in Northwest Greenland, along with the relationships between the element concentrations in gills and liver, and gill histology and serum biochemical parameters. Concentrations of arsenic, silver, cadmium, cerium, chromium, copper, dysprosium, mercury, lanthanum, neodymium, lead, selenium, yttrium, and zinc in gills, liver and muscle are presented. No significant statistical correlations were observed between element concentrations in different organs and gill histology or serum biochemical parameters. However, we observed positive relationships between age and histopathology, emphasizing the importance of including age as a co-variable in histological studies of fish. Despite no element-induced effects were observed, this study is considered an important baseline study, which can be used as a reference for the assessment of impacts of potential future REE mine sites in Greenland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Dyrmose Nørregaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Department of Environment and Mineral Resources, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Lis Bach
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Ole Geertz-Hansen
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Department of Environment and Mineral Resources, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Jacob Nabe-Nielsen
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Tasmania, 7248, Australia; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Khattapan Jantawongsri
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Tasmania, 7248, Australia
| | - Mai Dang
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Tasmania, 7248, Australia
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pall S Leifsson
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Technical Science, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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9
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Langberg HA, Hale SE, Breedveld GD, Jenssen BM, Jartun M. A review of PFAS fingerprints in fish from Norwegian freshwater bodies subject to different source inputs. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:330-342. [PMID: 35079763 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00408e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) has resulted in many environmental point and diffuse sources. Identifying the source responsible for a pollution hot spot is vital for assessing remediation measures, however, as there are many possible sources of environmental PFAS pollution, this can be challenging. Chemical fingerprinting has been proposed as an approach to identify contamination sources. Here, concentrations and profiles (relative distribution profiles) of routinely targeted PFAS in freshwater fish from eight sites in Norway, representing three different sources: (1) production of paper products, (2) the use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), and (3) long-range atmospheric transport, were investigated. The data were retrieved from published studies. Results showed that fingerprinting of PFAS in fish can be used to identify the dominant exposure source(s), and the profiles associated with the different sources were described in detail. Based on the results, the liver was concluded to be better suited for source tracking compared to muscle. PFAS fingerprints originating from AFFF were dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSA). Fingerprints originating from both long-range atmospheric transport and production of paper products were associated with high percentages of long chained perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA). However, there were differences between the two latter sources with respect to the ∑PFAS concentrations and ratios of specific PFCA pairs (PFUnDA/PFDA and PFTrDA/PFDoDA). Low ∑PFAS concentrations were detected in fish exposed mainly to PFAS via long-range atmospheric transport. In contrast, ∑PFAS concentrations were high and high percentages of PFOS were detected in fish exposed to pollution from production of paper products. The source-specific fingerprints described here can be used for source tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Environment and Geotechnics, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
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10
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Soloperto S, Altin D, Hallmann A, Skottene E, Hansen BH, Jenssen BM, Ciesielski TM. Oil-mediated oxidative-stress responses in a keystone zooplanktonic species, Calanus finmarchicus. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:151365. [PMID: 34742810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The copepod Calanus finmarchicus is an ecologically important species in the North Atlantic, Norwegian and Barents seas. Accidental or continuous petroleum pollution from oil and gas production in these seas may pose a significant threat to this low trophic level keystone species. Responses related to oxidative stress, protein damage and lipid peroxidation were investigated in C. finmarchicus exposed to a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of a naphthenic North Atlantic crude oil. The exposure concentration corresponded to 50% of the 96 h LC50, and samples were obtained at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exposure initiation. Gene expressions (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione synthetase, heat shock protein 70 and 90, ubiquitin and cytochrome P-450 330A1), enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and concentrations of total glutathione and malondialdehyde were analyzed. Gene expression analyses showed no differences between controls and the exposed animals, however significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations were found in the exposed group, suggests lipid peroxidation as main toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soloperto
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elise Skottene
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn H Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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11
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Dietz R, Sonne C, Jenssen BM, Das K, de Wit CA, Harding KC, Siebert U, Olsen MT. The Baltic Sea: An ecosystem with multiple stressors. Environ Int 2021; 147:106324. [PMID: 33326905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This introductory chapter to our Environment International VSI does not need an abstract and therefore we just include our recommendations below in order to proceed with the resubmission. Future work should examine waterbirds as food web sentinels of multiple stressors as well as Baltic Sea food web dynamics of hazardous substances and how climate change may modify it. Also, future work should aim at further extending the new frameworks developed within BALTHEALTH for energy and contaminant transfer at the population level (Desforges et al., 2018, Cervin et al., 2020/this issue Silva et al., 2020/this issue) and their long term effects on Baltic Sea top predators, such as harbour porpoises, grey seals ringed seals, and white-tailed eagles. Likewise, the risk evaluation conducted for PCB in connection with mercury on Arctic wildlife (Dietz et al., 2019, not a BONUS BALTHEALTH product) could be planned for Baltic Sea molluscs, fish, bird and marine mammals in the future. Finally, future efforts could include stressors not covered by the BONUS BALTHEALTH project, such as food web fluxes, overexploitation, bycatches, eutrophication and underwater noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - C Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - B M Jenssen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - K Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Laboratory of Oceanology, University of Liege, Allée du six Août 11, Bât. B6C, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K C Harding
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Box 461, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - U Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Büsum, Germany
| | - M T Olsen
- Evolutionary Genomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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12
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Langberg HA, Arp HPH, Breedveld GD, Slinde GA, Høiseter Å, Grønning HM, Jartun M, Rundberget T, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Paper product production identified as the main source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a Norwegian lake: Source and historic emission tracking. Environ Pollut 2020; 273:116259. [PMID: 33450507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The entirety of the sediment bed in lake Tyrifjorden, Norway, is contaminated by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). A factory producing paper products and a fire station were investigated as possible sources. Fire station emissions were dominated by the eight carbon perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), from aqueous film forming foams. Factory emissions contained PFOS, PFOS precursors (preFOS and SAmPAP), long chained fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA). Concentrations and profiles in sediments and biota indicated that emissions originating from the factory were the main source of pollution in the lake, while no clear indication of fire station emissions was found. Ratios of linear-to branched-PFOS increased with distance from the factory, indicating that isomer profiles can be used to trace a point source. A dated sediment core contained higher concentrations in older sediments and indicated that two different PFAS products have been used at the factory, referred to here as Scotchban and FTS mixture. Modelling, based on the sediment concentrations, indicated that 42-189 tons Scotchban, and 2.4-15.6 tons FTS mixture, were emitted. Production of paper products may be a major PFAS point source, that has generally been overlooked. It is hypothesized that paper fibres released from such facilities are important vectors for PFAS transport in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøril A Slinde
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Høiseter
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; DMR Miljø Og Geoteknikk, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
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13
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Langberg HA, Breedveld GD, Slinde GA, Grønning HM, Høisæter Å, Jartun M, Rundberget T, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Fluorinated Precursor Compounds in Sediments as a Source of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (PFAA) to Biota. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:13077-13089. [PMID: 32986950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The environmental behavior of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) and their precursors was investigated in lake Tyrifjorden, downstream a factory producing paper products coated with per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Low water concentrations (max 0.18 ng L-1 linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, L-PFOS) compared to biota (mean 149 μg kg-1 L-PFOS in perch livers) resulted in high bioaccumulation factors (L-PFOS BAFPerch liver: 8.05 × 105-5.14 × 106). Sediment concentrations were high, particularly for the PFOS precursor SAmPAP diester (max 1 872 μg kg-1). Biota-sediment accumulation factors (L-PFOS BSAFPerch liver: 22-559) were comparable to elsewhere, and concentrations of PFAA precursors and long chained PFAA in biota were positively correlated to the ratio of carbon isotopes (13C/12C), indicating positive correlations to dietary intake of benthic organisms. The sum fluorine from targeted analyses accounted for 54% of the extractable organic fluorine in sediment, and 9-108% in biota. This, and high trophic magnification factors (TMF, 3.7-9.3 for L-PFOS), suggests that hydrophobic precursors in sediments undergo transformation and are a main source of PFAA accumulation in top predator fish. Due to the combination of water exchange and dilution, transformation of larger hydrophobic precursors in sediments can be a source to PFAA, some of which are normally associated with uptake from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Gøril Aa Slinde
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- DMR Miljø og Geoteknikk, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Høisæter
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo 0855, Norway
| | - Morten Jartun
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo 0349, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7010, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo 0855, Norway
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14
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Farkas J, Cappadona V, Olsen AJ, Hansen BH, Posch W, Ciesielski TM, Goodhead R, Wilflingseder D, Blatzer M, Altin D, Moger J, Booth AM, Jenssen BM. Combined effects of exposure to engineered silver nanoparticles and the water-soluble fraction of crude oil in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 227:105582. [PMID: 32823071 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While it is likely that ENPs may occur together with other contaminants in nature, the combined effects of exposure to both ENPs and environmental contaminants are not studied sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the acute and sublethal toxicity of PVP coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and ionic silver (Ag+; administered as AgNO3) to the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We further studied effects of single exposures to AgNPs (nominal concentrations: low 15 μg L-1 NPL, high 150 μg L-1 NPH) or Ag+ (60 μg L-1), and effects of co-exposure to AgNPs, Ag+ and the water-soluble fraction (WSF; 100 μg L-1) of a crude oil (AgNP + WSF; Ag++WSF). The gene expression and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes SOD, CAT and GST, as well as the gene expression of HSP90 and CYP330A1 were determined as sublethal endpoints. Results show that Ag+ was more acutely toxic compared to AgNPs, with 96 h LC50 concentrations of 403 μg L-1 for AgNPs, and 147 μg L-1 for Ag+. Organismal uptake of Ag following exposure was similar for AgNP and Ag+, and was not significantly different when co-exposed to WSF. Exposure to AgNPs alone caused increases in gene expressions of GST and SOD, whereas WSF exposure caused an induction in SOD. Responses in enzyme activities were generally low, with significant effects observed only on SOD activity in NPL and WSF exposures and on GST activity in NPL and NPH exposures. Combined AgNP and WSF exposures caused slightly altered responses in expression of SOD, GST and CYP330A1 genes compared to the single exposures of either AgNPs or WSF. However, there was no clear pattern of cumulative effects caused by co-exposures of AgNPs and WSF. The present study indicates that the exposure to AgNPs, Ag+, and to a lesser degree WSF cause an oxidative stress response in C. finmarchicus, which was slightly, but mostly not significantly altered in combined exposures. This indicated that the combined effects between Ag and WSF are relatively limited, at least with regard to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - V Cappadona
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - B H Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - W Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - R Goodhead
- Department for Bioscience, University of Exeter, UK
| | - D Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Blatzer
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Julian Moger
- Physics and Medical Imaging, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - A M Booth
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - B M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Villanger GD, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Haug LS, Sabaredzovic A, Jenssen BM, Routti H. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard - A comparison of concentrations in plasma sampled 15 years apart. Environ Pollut 2020; 263:114497. [PMID: 32302893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate recent concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard and compare them to concentrations found in white whales sampled from that same area 15 years ago. Plasma collected from live-captured white whales from two time periods (2013-2014, n = 9, and 1996-2001, n = 11) were analysed for 19 different PFASs. The 11 PFASs detected included seven C8-C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and three C6-C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) as well as perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA). Recent plasma concentrations (2013-2014) of the dominant PFAS in white whales, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; geometric mean = 22.8 ng/mL), was close to an order of magnitude lower than reported in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard. PFOS concentrations in white whales were about half the concentrations in harbour (Phoca vitulina) and ringed (Pusa hispida) seals, similar to hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) and higher than in walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) from that same area. From 1996 to 2001 to 2013-2014, plasma concentrations of PFOS decreased by 44%, whereas four C9-12 PFCAs and total PFCAs increased by 35-141%. These results follow a similar trend to what has been reported in other studies of Arctic marine mammals from Svalbard. The most dramatic change has been the decline of PFOS concentrations since 2000, corresponding to the production phase-out of PFOS and related compounds in many countries around the year 2000 and a global restriction on these substances in 2009. Still, the continued dominance of PFOS in white whales, and increasing concentration trends for several PFCAs, even though exposure is relatively low, calls for continued monitoring of concentrations of both PFCAs and PFSAs and investigation of biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro D Villanger
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Mortensen ÅK, Mæhre S, Kristiansen K, Heimstad ES, Gabrielsen GW, Jenssen BM, Sylte I. Homology modeling to screen for potential binding of contaminants to thyroid hormone receptor and transthyretin in glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) and herring gull (Larus argentatus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2020.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Skottene E, Tarrant AM, Olsen AJ, Altin D, Hansen BH, Choquet M, Olsen RE, Jenssen BM. A Crude Awakening: Effects of Crude Oil on Lipid Metabolism in Calanoid Copepods Terminating Diapause. Biol Bull 2019; 237:90-110. [PMID: 31714858 DOI: 10.1086/705234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis are keystone zooplankton species in North Atlantic and Arctic marine ecosystems because they form a link in the trophic transfer of nutritious lipids from phytoplankton to predators on higher trophic levels. These calanoid copepods spend several months of the year in deep waters in a dormant state called diapause, after which they emerge in surface waters to feed and reproduce during the spring phytoplankton bloom. Disruption of diapause timing could have dramatic consequences for marine ecosystems. In the present study, Calanus C5 copepodites were collected in a Norwegian fjord during diapause and were subsequently experimentally exposed to the water-soluble fraction of a naphthenic North Sea crude oil during diapause termination. The copepods were sampled repeatedly while progressing toward adulthood and were analyzed for utilization of lipid stores and for differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Our results indicate that water-soluble fraction exposure led to a temporary pause in lipid catabolism, suggested by (i) slower utilization of lipid stores in water-soluble fraction-exposed C5 copepodites and (ii) more genes in the β-oxidation pathway being downregulated in water-soluble fraction-exposed C5 copepodites than in the control C5 copepodites. Because lipid content and/or composition may be an important trigger for termination of diapause, our results imply that the timing of diapause termination and subsequent migration to the surface may be delayed if copepods are exposed to oil pollution during diapause or diapause termination. This delay could have detrimental effects on ecosystem dynamics.
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Langberg HA, Breedveld GD, Grønning HM, Kvennås M, Jenssen BM, Hale SE. Bioaccumulation of Fluorotelomer Sulfonates and Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Marine Organisms Living in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Impacted Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10951-10960. [PMID: 31353899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) has resulted in hot spots polluted with poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). The phase out of long-chained perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from AFFFs resulted in the necessity for alternatives, and short-chained PFAAs and fluorotelomer-based surfactants have been used. Here, the distribution of PFAS contamination in the marine environment surrounding a military site in Norway was investigated. Up to 30 PFASs were analyzed in storm, leachate, and fjord water; marine sediments; marine invertebrates (snails, green shore crab, great spider crab, and edible crab); and teleost fish (Atlantic cod, European place, and Lemon sole). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most abundantly detected PFAS. Differences in PFAS accumulation levels were observed among species, likely reflecting different exposure routes among trophic levels and different capabilities for depuration and/or enzymatic degradation. In agreement with previous literature, almost no 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) was detected in teleost fish. However, this study is one of the first to report considerable concentrations of 6:2 FTS in marine invertebrates, suggesting bioaccumulation. Biota monitoring and risk assessments of sites contaminated with fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs) and related compounds should not be limited to fish, but should also include invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon A Langberg
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
- Department of Geosciences , University of Oslo (UiO) , 0371 Oslo , Norway
| | - Hege M Grønning
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
| | - Marianne Kvennås
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Environmental Department , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , N-0855 Oslo , Norway
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19
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Macur K, Hagen L, Ciesielski TM, Konieczna L, Skokowski J, Jenssen BM, Slupphaug G, Bączek T. A targeted mass spectrometry immunoassay to quantify osteopontin in fresh-frozen breast tumors and adjacent normal breast tissues. J Proteomics 2019; 208:103469. [PMID: 31374364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein that can activate cell-signaling pathways and lead to cancer development and metastasis. Elevated OPN expression was reported in different cancer types, including breast tumors. Here, we present a new immuno-mass spectrometry method for OPN quantification in fresh-frozen malignant and adjacent normal human breast tissues. For quantification we used two proteotypic peptides: OPN-peptide-1 and OPN-peptide-2. Peptide concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with stable isotope standards (SIS) and immuno-affinity enrichment for isolation of OPN peptides. Based on the OPN-peptide-1, the average OPN concentration in normal breast tissue was 19.42 μg/g, while the corresponding level in breast tumors was 603.9 μg/g. Based on OPN-peptide-2, the average concentration in normal breast tissue was 19.30 μg/g and in breast tumors 535.0 μg/g. In ER/PR/HER2(-) patients the OPN levels in breast tumors were significantly higher than in corresponding normal breast tissue samples, whereas in the single ER/PR/HER2(+) patient the OPN concentration in tumor samples was lower than in normal breast tissue sample. In conclusion, the current method is considered promising for the quantification of OPN in research and in clinical settings and should be further studied in breast cancer patients. SIGNIFICANCE: A new immuno-mass spectrometry method was successfully developed and applied to determine OPN concentrations in malignant tumor and normal breast tissues from six patients, and the method is promising for OPN quantification in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Macur
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Lars Hagen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Erling Skjalgssons gt.1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; PROMEC, Proteomics and Modomics Core Facility, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority Norway, Norway.
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Lucyna Konieczna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Skokowski
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Biobank, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI.PL), Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Erling Skjalgssons gt.1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; PROMEC, Proteomics and Modomics Core Facility, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority Norway, Norway.
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, al. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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20
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Warner NA, Sagerup K, Kristoffersen S, Herzke D, Gabrielsen GW, Jenssen BM. Snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivealis) as bio-indicators for exposure differences to legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants from the Arctic terrestrial environment on Svalbard. Sci Total Environ 2019; 667:638-647. [PMID: 30833262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eggs of snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivealis) were applied as a bio-indicator to examine differences in exposure to legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and perflouroalkyl subtances (PFAS) from the terrestrial environment surrounding the settlements of Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and Pyramiden on Svalbard, Norway. Significantly higher concentrations of summed polychlorinated biphenyls (sumPCB7) in eggs collected from Barentsburg (2980 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and Pyramiden (3860 ng/g lw) compared to Longyearbyen (96 ng/g lw) are attributed to local sources of PCBs within these settlements. Similar findings were observed for p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) where higher median concentrations observed in Pyramiden (173 ng/g lw) and Barentsburg (75 ng/g lw) compared to Longyearbyen (48 ng/g lw) may be influenced by guano inputs from breeding seabird populations, although other point sources cannot be ruled out. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and several perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in snow bunting eggs were found to be statistically higher in the populated settlements of Longyearbyen and Barentsburg compared to the abandoned Pyramiden. Narrow foraging ranges of snow buntings during breeding season was useful in assessing point sources of exposure for PCBs and PFAS at particular sites with extreme differences observed between nest locations. SumPCB7 concentrations ranged from 2 μg/g ww to below detection limits between nest sites located less than a kilometer from each other in Pyramiden. Similar findings were observed in Longyearbyen, where several PFCAs ranged from 2 to 55 times higher between nest sites with similar spatial distances. These findings indicate that snow buntings can be a useful bio-indicator offering high spatial resolution for contaminant source apportionment in terrestrial environments on Svalbard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Warner
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Siv Kristoffersen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir W Gabrielsen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, University Center in Svalbard, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, University Center in Svalbard, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
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21
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Routti H, Atwood TC, Bechshoft T, Boltunov A, Ciesielski TM, Desforges JP, Dietz R, Gabrielsen GW, Jenssen BM, Letcher RJ, McKinney MA, Morris AD, Rigét FF, Sonne C, Styrishave B, Tartu S. State of knowledge on current exposure, fate and potential health effects of contaminants in polar bears from the circumpolar Arctic. Sci Total Environ 2019; 664:1063-1083. [PMID: 30901781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is among the Arctic species exposed to the highest concentrations of long-range transported bioaccumulative contaminants, such as halogenated organic compounds and mercury. Contaminant exposure is considered to be one of the largest threats to polar bears after the loss of their Arctic sea ice habitat due to climate change. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of current exposure, fate, and potential health effects of contaminants in polar bears from the circumpolar Arctic required by the Circumpolar Action Plan for polar bear conservation. Overall results suggest that legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls, chlordanes and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), followed by other perfluoroalkyl compounds (e.g. carboxylic acids, PFCAs) and brominated flame retardants, are still the main compounds in polar bears. Concentrations of several legacy POPs that have been banned for decades in most parts of the world have generally declined in polar bears. Current spatial trends of contaminants vary widely between compounds and recent studies suggest increased concentrations of both POPs and PFCAs in certain subpopulations. Correlative field studies, supported by in vitro studies, suggest that contaminant exposure disrupts circulating levels of thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism, and alters neurochemistry in polar bears. Additionally, field and in vitro studies and risk assessments indicate the potential for adverse impacts to polar bear immune functions from exposure to certain contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Todd C Atwood
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Thea Bechshoft
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andrei Boltunov
- Marine Mammal Research and Expedition Center, 36 Nahimovskiy pr., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Heath Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Adam D Morris
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Heath Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Tartu
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Løseth ME, Briels N, Flo J, Malarvannan G, Poma G, Covaci A, Herzke D, Nygård T, Bustnes JO, Jenssen BM, Jaspers VLB. White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) feathers from Norway are suitable for monitoring of legacy, but not emerging contaminants. Sci Total Environ 2019; 647:525-533. [PMID: 30089276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While feathers have been successfully validated for monitoring of internal concentrations of heavy metals and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), less is known about their suitability for monitoring of emerging contaminants (ECs). Our study presents a broad investigation of both legacy POPs and ECs in non-destructive matrices from a bird of prey. Plasma and feathers were sampled in 2015 and 2016 from 70 whitetailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) nestlings from two archipelagos in Norway. Preen oil was also sampled in 2016. Samples were analysed for POPs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs)) and ECs (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), dechlorane plus (DPs), phosphate and novel brominated flame retardants (PFRs and NBFRs)). A total of nine PCBs, three OCPs, one PBDE and one PFAS were detected in over 50% of the plasma and feather samples within each sampling year and location. Significant and positive correlations were found between plasma, feathers and preen oil concentrations of legacy POPs and confirm the findings of previous research on the usefulness of these matrices for non-destructive monitoring. In contrast, the suitability of feathers for ECs seems to be limited. Detection frequencies (DF) of PFASs were higher in plasma (mean DF: 78%) than in feathers (mean DF: 38%). Only perfluoroundecanoic acid could be quantified in over 50% of both plasma and feather samples, yet their correlation was poor and not significant. The detection frequencies of PFRs, NBFRs and DPs were very low in plasma (mean DF: 1-13%), compared to feathers (mean DF: 10-57%). This may suggest external atmospheric deposition, rapid internal biotransformation or excretion of these compounds. Accordingly, we suggest prioritising plasma for PFASs analyses, while the sources of PFRs, NBFRs and DPs in feathers and plasma need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari E Løseth
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Briels
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Flo
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgeir Nygård
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Bradley MM, Perra M, Ahlstrøm Ø, Jenssen BM, Jørgensen EH, Fuglei E, Muir DCG, Sonne C. Mandibular shape in farmed Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) exposed to persistent organic pollutants. Sci Total Environ 2019; 646:1063-1068. [PMID: 30235592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated if dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affect mandibular asymmetry and periodontal disease in paired male-siblings of Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). During ontogeny, one group of siblings was exposed to the complexed POP mixture in naturally contaminated minke whale (Balaenoptere acutorostarta) blubber (n = 10), while another group was given wet feed based on pig (Sus scrofa) fat as a control (n = 11). The ∑POP concentrations were 802 ng/g ww in the whale-based feed compared to 24 ng/g ww in the control diet. We conducted a two-dimensional geometric morphometric (GM) analysis of mandibular shape and asymmetry in the foxes and compared the two groups. The analyses showed that directional asymmetry was higher than fluctuating asymmetry in both groups and that mandibular shape differed significantly between the exposed and control group based on discriminant function analysis (T2 = 58.52, p = 0.04, 1000 permutations). We also found a non-significantly higher incidence of periodontal disease (two-way ANOVA: p = 0.43) and greater severity of sub-canine alveolar bone deterioration similar to periodontitis (two-way ANOVA: p = 0.3) in the POP-exposed group. Based on these results, it is possible that dietary exposure to a complexed POP mixture lead to changes in jaw morphology in Arctic foxes. This study suggests that extrinsic factors, such as dietary exposure to POPs, may affect mandibular shape and health in a way that could be harmful to wild Arctic populations. Therefore, further studies using GM analysis as an alternative to traditional morphometric methods should be conducted for wild Arctic fox populations exposed to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M Bradley
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Megan Perra
- Independent Researcher, 97231 Portland, OR, USA
| | - Øystein Ahlstrøm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Even H Jørgensen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, N, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, ON, Canada.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Grønnestad R, Villanger GD, Polder A, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Jenssen BM, Borgå K. Effects of a complex contaminant mixture on thyroid hormones in breeding hooded seal mothers and their pups. Environ Pollut 2018; 240:10-16. [PMID: 29729564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a general lack of information on the possible effects of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on thyroid hormones (THs) in wildlife species. The effects of PFASs, which are known endocrine disruptors, on the TH homeostasis in hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) have yet to be investigated. Previously, correlations were found between plasma thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations in hooded seals, and organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) and hydroxyl (OH)-metabolites. Because animals are exposed to multiple contaminants simultaneously in nature, the effects of the complex contaminant mixtures that they accumulate should be assessed. Herein, we analyse relationships between plasma concentrations of multiple contaminants including protein-associated PFASs, hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) and lipid soluble OHCs and plasma concentrations of free and total THs, i.e. triiodothyronine (FT3, TT3) and thyroxine (FT4, TT4) in hooded seal mothers and their pups. The perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) were the most important predictors for FT3 concentrations and TT3:FT3 ratios in the mothers. The FT3 levels decreased with increasing PFCA levels, while the TT3:FT3 ratios increased. In the pups, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were the most important predictors for TT3:FT3 ratios, increasing with increasing HCHs levels. Additionally, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and PFCAs were important predictors for FT4:FT3 ratios in hooded seal pups, and the ratio increased with increasing concentrations. The study suggests that PFASs contribute to thyroid disruption in hooded seals exposed to complex contaminant mixtures that include chlorinated and fluorinated organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Grønnestad
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gro D Villanger
- Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Filipkowska A, Lubecki L, Szymczak-Żyła M, Ciesielski TM, Jenssen BM, Ardelan MV, Mazur-Marzec H, Breedveld GD, Oen AMP, Zamojska A, Kowalewska G. Anthropogenic impact on marine ecosystem health: A comparative multi-proxy investigation of recent sediments in coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 133:328-335. [PMID: 30041322 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous substances entering the sea, and ultimately deposited in bottom sediments, pose a growing threat to marine ecosystems. The present study characterized two coastal areas exposed to significant anthropogenic impact - Gulf of Gdańsk (Poland), and Oslofjord/Drammensfjord (Norway) - by conducting a multi-proxy investigation of recent sediments, and comparing the results in light of different available thresholds for selected contaminants. Sediment samples were analyzed for benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenols (NPs), organotin compounds (OTs), toxic metals (Cd, Hg, Pb), as well as mutagenic, genotoxic and endocrine-disrupting activities (in CALUX bioassays). In general, a declining trend in the deposition of contaminants was observed. Sediments from both basins were not highly contaminated with PAHs, NPs and metals, while OT levels may still give rise to concern in the Norwegian fjords. The results suggest that the contamination of sediments depends also on water/sediment conditions in a given region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Filipkowska
- Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Ludwik Lubecki
- Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Murat V Ardelan
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Zamojska
- Department of Econometrics, Faculty of Management, University of Gdańsk, Sopot, Poland
| | - Grażyna Kowalewska
- Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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Sonne C, Andersen-Ranberg E, Rajala EL, Agerholm JS, Bonefeld-Jørgensen E, Desforges JP, Eulaers I, Jenssen BM, Koch A, Rosing-Asvid A, Siebert U, Tryland M, Mulvad G, Härkönen T, Acquarone M, Nordøy ES, Dietz R, Magnusson U. Seroprevalence for Brucella spp. in Baltic ringed seals ( Phoca hispida ) and East Greenland harp ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) and hooded ( Cystophora cristata ) seals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 198:14-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hoydal KS, Jenssen BM, Letcher RJ, Dam M, Arukwe A. Hepatic phase I and II biotransformation responses and contaminant exposure in long-finned pilot whales from the Northeastern Atlantic. Mar Environ Res 2018; 134:44-54. [PMID: 29290385 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Faroe Island pilot whales have been documented to have high body burdens of organohalogen contaminants (OHCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), but low burdens of their respective hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs and OH-PBDEs). The present study investigated the hepatic expression and/or catalytic activities of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes in relation to hepatic concentrations of target OHCs, including OH-PCBs and OH-PBDEs, in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) from the Northeastern Atlantic. CYP1A, 2B, 2E and 3A protein expressions were identified in juveniles and adult males, but not in adult females. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly lower in adult females than in juveniles and adult males. Using multivariate analyses to investigate relationships between biological responses and OHC concentrations, a positive relationship was identified between EROD and OHCs. The activity levels of phase II conjugating enzymes (uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase [UDPGT], and glutathione S-transferase [GST]) were low. The analyses of mRNA expression did not show correlative relationships with OHC concentrations, but cyp1a and ahr transcripts were positively correlated with EROD activity. We suggest that the low concentrations of OH-PCBs and OH-PBDEs reported in pilot whales is probably due to the identified low phase I biotransformation activities in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Hoydal
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165, Argir, Faroe Islands.
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr. (Raven Road), Carleton University, Ottawa, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165, Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Hill KL, Mortensen ÅK, Teclechiel D, Willmore WG, Sylte I, Jenssen BM, Letcher RJ. In Vitro and in Silico Competitive Binding of Brominated Polyphenyl Ether Contaminants with Human and Gull Thyroid Hormone Transport Proteins. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:1533-1541. [PMID: 29283575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetradecabromo-1,4-diphenoxybenzene (TeDB-DiPhOBz) is a highly brominated additive flame retardant (FR). Debrominated photodegradates of TeDB-DiPhOBz are hydroxylated in vitro in liver microsomal assays based on herring gulls (Larus argentatus), including one metabolite identified as 4″-OH-2,2',2″,4-tetrabromo-DiPhOBz. Chemically related methoxylated tetra- to hexabromo-DiPhOBzs are known contaminants in herring gulls. Collectively, nothing is currently known about biological effects of these polybrominated (PB) DiPhOBz-based compounds. The present study investigated the potential thyroidogenicity of 2,2',2″,4-tetrabromo-(TB)-DiPhOBz along with its para-methoxy (MeO)- and hydroxy-(OH)-analogues, using an in vitro competitive protein binding assay with the human thyroid hormone (TH) transport proteins transthyretin (hTTR) and albumin (hALB). This model para-OH-TB-DiPhOBz was found to be capable of competing with thyroxine (T4) for the binding site on hTTR and hALB. In silico analyses were also conducted using a 3D homology model for gull TTR, to predict whether these TB-DiPhOBz-based compounds may also act as ligands for an avian TH transport protein despite evolutionary differences with hTTR. This analysis found all three TB-DiPhOBz analogues to be potential ligands for gull TTR and have similar binding efficacies to THs. Results indicate structure-related differences in binding affinities of these ligands and suggest there is potential for these contaminants to interact with both mammalian and avian thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Hill
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Intrinsik Corp. , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5R1, Canada
| | - Åse-Karen Mortensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | | | - William G Willmore
- Department of Biology, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø, NO-9037, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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29
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Hoydal KS, Styrishave B, Ciesielski TM, Letcher RJ, Dam M, Jenssen BM. Steroid hormones and persistent organic pollutants in plasma from North-eastern Atlantic pilot whales. Environ Res 2017; 159:613-621. [PMID: 28918287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known to have endocrine disruptive effects, interfering with endogenous steroid hormones. The present study examined nine steroid hormones and their relationships with the concentrations of selected POPs in pilot whales (Globicephala melas) from the Faroe Islands, NE Atlantic. The different steroids were detected in 15 to all of the 26 individuals. High concentrations of progesterone (83.3-211.7pmol/g) and pregnenolone (PRE; 4.68-5.69pmol/g) were found in three adult females indicating that they were pregnant or ovulating. High androgen concentrations in two of the males reflected that one was adult and that one (possibly) had reached puberty. In males a significant positive and strong correlation between body length and testosterone (TS) levels was identified. Furthermore, positive and significant correlations were found between 4-OH-CB107/4'-OH-CB108 and 17β-estradiol in males. In adult females significant positive correlations were identified between PRE and CB149 and t-nonachlor, between estrone and CB138, -149, -187 and p,p'-DDE, between androstenedione and CB187, and between TS and CB-99 and -153. Although relationships between the POPs and the steroid hormones reported herein are not evidence of cause-effect relationships, the positive correlations between steroids and POPs, particularly in females, suggest that POPs may have some endocrine disrupting effects on the steroid homeostasis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Hoydal
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. BOX 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands.
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 OE, Denmark
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr. (Raven Road), Ottawa, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. BOX 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Ciesielski TM, Hansen IT, Bytingsvik J, Hansen M, Lie E, Aars J, Jenssen BM, Styrishave B. Relationships between POPs, biometrics and circulating steroids in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard. Environ Pollut 2017; 230:598-608. [PMID: 28710978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and biometric variables on circulating levels of steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens and progestagens) in male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway (n = 23). Levels of pregnenolone (PRE), progesterone (PRO), androstenedione (AN), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone (TS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (αE2) and 17β-estradiol (βE2) were quantified in polar bear serum by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), while POPs were measured in plasma. Subsequently, associations between hormone concentrations (9 steroids), POPs (21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 8 OH-PCBs, 8 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and OCP metabolites, and 2 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) and biological variables (age, head length, body mass, girth, body condition index), capture date, location (latitude and longitude), lipid content and cholesterol levels were examined using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) modelling. Average concentrations of androgens, estrogens and progestagens were in the range of 0.57-83.7 (0.57-12.4 for subadults, 1.02-83.7 for adults), 0.09-2.69 and 0.57-2.44 nmol/L, respectively. The steroid profiles suggest that sex steroids were mainly synthesized through the Δ-4 pathway in male polar bears. The ratio between androgens and estrogens significantly depended on sexual maturity with androgen/estrogen ratios being approximately 60 times higher in adult males than in subadult males. PCA plots and OPLS models indicated that TS was positively related to biometrics, such as body condition index in male polar bears. A negative relationship was also observed between POPs and DHT. Consequently, POPs and body condition may potentially affect the endocrinological function of steroids, including development of reproductive tissues and sex organs and the general condition of male polar bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Tjelta Hansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenny Bytingsvik
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Hansen
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Lie
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Glomstad B, Sørensen L, Liu J, Shen M, Zindler F, Jenssen BM, Booth AM. Evaluation of methods to determine adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to dispersed carbon nanotubes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:23015-23025. [PMID: 28822048 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of methods have been reported for determining hydrophobic organic compound adsorption to dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNTs), but their accuracy and reliability remain uncertain. We have evaluated three methods to investigate the adsorption of phenanthrene (a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, PAH) to CNTs with different physicochemical properties: dialysis tube (DT) protected negligible depletion solid phase microextraction (DT-nd-SPME), ultracentrifugation, and filtration using various types of filters. Dispersed CNTs adhered to the unprotected polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated fibers used in nd-SPME. Protection of the fibers from CNT adherence was investigated with hydrophilic DT, but high PAH sorption to the DT was observed. The efficiency of ultracentrifugation and filtration to separate CNTs from the water phase depended on CNT physicochemical properties. While non-functionalized CNTs were efficiently separated from the water phase using ultracentrifugation, incomplete separation of carboxyl functionalized CNTs was observed. Filtration efficiency varied with different filter types (composition and pore size), and non-functionalized CNTs were more easily separated from the water phase than functionalized CNTs. Sorption of phenanthrene was high (< 70%) for three of the filters tested, making them unsuitable for the assessment of phenanthrene adsorption to CNTs. Filtration using a hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter membrane (0.1 μm) was found to be a simple and precise technique for the determination of phenanthrene adsorption to a range of CNTs, efficiently separating all types of CNTs and exhibiting a good and highly reproducible recovery of phenanthrene (82%) over the concentration range tested (70-735 μg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Glomstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mohai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Florian Zindler
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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32
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Jacobsen ML, Jaspers VLB, Ciesielski TM, Jenssen BM, Løseth ME, Briels N, Eulaers I, Leifsson PS, Rigét FF, Gomez-Ramirez P, Sonne C. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) liver and thyroid gland histopathology as a result of in ovo exposure to the flame retardants tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and Dechlorane Plus. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:525-531. [PMID: 28696837 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1336414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were exposed in ovo to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP; 500 ng/µl), Dechlorane Plus (DP; 500 ng/µl), or a 1:1 mixture of these two to investigate the effects on liver and thyroid gland morphology. Histological examination of 14-day-old quails showed that exposure to TDCIPP or the mixture induced hepatic sinusoidal dilatation. No marked effects were seen for DP alone. In addition, the mixture produced divergence of thyroid gland follicles and proliferation of follicular cells. Our study is the first demonstrating histopathological alterations as a result of exposure during early development to the flame retardants TDCIPP or a TDCIPP-DP mixture suggesting the need for further research efforts to investigate potential adverse health effects associated with exposure to these environmental chemicals in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona L Jacobsen
- a Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
- b Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- c Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- c Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- c Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Mari E Løseth
- c Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Nathalie Briels
- c Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Igor Eulaers
- b Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Páll S Leifsson
- a Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- b Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Pilar Gomez-Ramirez
- d Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Christian Sonne
- b Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Roskilde , Denmark
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Grønnestad R, Villanger GD, Polder A, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Jenssen BM, Borgå K. Maternal transfer of perfluoroalkyl substances in hooded seals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:763-770. [PMID: 27771942 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of milk in the transfer of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to offspring is not well known in wildlife. Eight PFASs were quantified in plasma and milk in mother-pup pairs of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) during the nursing period, and the role of milk in the transfer process was analyzed. Hooded seal was chosen because of its short lactation period (3-4 d), during which the pup feeds only on milk. Placental or lactation transfer would thus be the only source of PFAS in the pup. Of the 8 PFASs analyzed (Σ8 PFAS), 7 were found in all samples; therefore, milk is a source to PFASs in pups. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was the dominant PFAS in all samples. Mean Σ8 PFAS concentrations were 6.0 ng/g protein (36 ng/g wet wt) in maternal plasma, 0.77 ng/g protein (3.2 ng/g wet wt) in milk, and 12 ng/g protein (66 ng/g wet wt) in pup plasma. Measured concentrations in plasma were within ranges previously reported from other seal species, below known toxicity thresholds for experimental rodents. Individual PFASs differed in transfer efficiency from mother to pup, depending on carbon chain lengths, with the lowest relative transfer for the intermediate-chained PFASs (C9 -C10 ). The results show maternal transfer of PFASs via both milk and the placenta, of which placental transfer is the dominant pathway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:763-770. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gro D Villanger
- Department of Child Development and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Fram Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Fenstad AA, Bustnes JO, Lierhagen S, Gabrielsen KM, Öst M, Jaatinen K, Hanssen SA, Moe B, Jenssen BM, Krøkje Å. Blood and feather concentrations of toxic elements in a Baltic and an Arctic seabird population. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 114:1152-1158. [PMID: 27784535 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report blood and feather concentrations of elements in the Baltic Sea and Arctic population of common eiders (Somateria mollissima). The endangered Baltic Sea population of eiders was demonstrably affected by element pollution in the 1990s. While blood concentrations of Hg were higher in Baltic breeding eiders, blood Se, As and Cd concentrations were higher in Arctic eiders. Blood concentrations of Pb, Cr, Zn and Cu did not differ between the two populations. While blood Pb concentrations had declined in Baltic eiders since the 1990s, Hg concentrations had not declined, and were above concentrations associated with adverse oxidative effects in other bird species. Inconsistent with blood concentrations, feather concentrations suggested that Pb, Zn, and Cd exposure was higher in Baltic eiders, and that Hg exposure was higher in Arctic eiders. Our study thus emphasizes the need for comprehensive evaluation of toxic element status, covering the annual cycle of a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette A Fenstad
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar, Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Syverin Lierhagen
- NTNU, Department of Chemistry, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin M Gabrielsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Markus Öst
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Novia University of Applied Sciences (NOVIA), Coastal Zone Research Team, Raseborgsvägen 9, FI-10600, Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Kim Jaatinen
- Novia University of Applied Sciences (NOVIA), Coastal Zone Research Team, Raseborgsvägen 9, FI-10600, Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Sveinn A Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar, Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Børge Moe
- NINA, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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35
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Farkas J, Salaberria I, Styrishave B, Staňková R, Ciesielski TM, Olsen AJ, Posch W, Flaten TP, Krøkje Å, Salvenmoser W, Jenssen BM. Exposure of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to silver nanoparticles and 17α-ethinylestradiol mixtures: Implications for contaminant uptake and plasma steroid hormone levels. Environ Pollut 2017; 220:328-336. [PMID: 27692975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Combined exposure to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and anthropogenic contaminants can lead to changes in bioavailability, uptake and thus effects of both groups of contaminants. In this study we investigated effects of single and combined exposures of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on tissue uptake of both contaminants in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Silver uptake and tissue distribution (gills, liver, kidney, stomach, muscle and bile) were analyzed following a 14-day, 2-h daily pulsed exposure to AgNPs (2 μg L-1 and 200 μg L-1), Ag+ (50 μg L-1), EE2 (50 ng L-1) and AgNP + EE2 (2 or 200 μg L-1+50 ng L-1). Effects of the exposures on plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) levels, EE2 and steroid hormone concentrations were investigated. The AgNP and AgNP + EE2 exposures resulted in similar Ag concentrations in the tissues, indicating that combined exposure did not influence Ag uptake in tissues. The highest Ag concentrations were found in gills. For the Ag+ exposed fish, the highest Ag concentrations were measured in the liver. Our results show dissolution processes of AgNPs in seawater, indicating that the tissue concentrations of Ag may partly originate from ionic release. Plasma EE2 concentrations and Vtg induction were similar in fish exposed to the single contaminants and the mixed contaminants, indicating that the presence of AgNPs did not significantly alter EE2 uptake. Similarly, concentrations of most steroid hormones were not significantly altered due to exposures to the combined contaminants versus the single compound exposures. However, high concentrations of AgNPs in combination with EE2 caused a drop of estrone (E1) (female fish) and androstenedione (AN) (male and female fish) levels in plasma below quantification limits. Our results indicate that the interactive effects between AgNPs and EE2 are limited, with only high concentrations of AgNPs triggering synergistic effects on plasma steroid hormone concentrations in juvenile turbots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Radka Staňková
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Trond P Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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36
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Zindler F, Glomstad B, Altin D, Liu J, Jenssen BM, Booth AM. Phenanthrene Bioavailability and Toxicity to Daphnia magna in the Presence of Carbon Nanotubes with Different Physicochemical Properties. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:12446-12454. [PMID: 27700057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the bioavailability and toxicity of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic environments have generated contradictory results, and the influence of different CNT properties remains unknown. Here, the adsorption of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene (70-735 μg/L) to five types of CNTs exhibiting different physical and chemical properties was studied. The CNTs were dispersed in the presence of natural organic matter (nominally 20 mg/L) in order to increase the environmental relevance of the study. Furthermore, the bioavailability and toxicity of phenanthrene to Daphnia magna in the absence and presence of dispersed CNTs was investigated. Both CNT dispersion and adsorption of phenanthrene appeared to be influenced by CNT physical properties (diameter and specific surface area). However, dispersion and phenanthrene adsorption was not influenced by CNT surface chemical properties (surface oxygen content), under the conditions tested. Based on nominal phenanthrene concentrations, a reduction in toxicity to D. magna was observed during coexposure to phenanthrene and two types of CNTs, while for the others, no influence on phenanthrene toxicity was observed. Based on freely dissolved concentrations, however, an increased toxicity was observed in the presence of all CNTs, indicating bioavailability of CNT-adsorbed phenanthrene to D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zindler
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | - Berit Glomstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | | | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim NO-7465, Norway
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37
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Nuijten RJM, Hendriks AJ, Jenssen BM, Schipper AM. Circumpolar contaminant concentrations in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and potential population-level effects. Environ Res 2016; 151:50-57. [PMID: 27450999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) currently receive much attention in the context of global climate change. However, there are other stressors that might threaten the viability of polar bear populations as well, such as exposure to anthropogenic pollutants. Lipophilic organic compounds bio-accumulate and bio-magnify in the food chain, leading to high concentrations at the level of top-predators. In Arctic wildlife, including the polar bear, various adverse health effects have been related to internal concentrations of commercially used anthropogenic chemicals like PCB and DDT. The extent to which these individual health effects are associated to population-level effects is, however, unknown. In this study we assembled data on adipose tissue concentrations of ∑PCB, ∑DDT, dieldrin and ∑PBDE in individual polar bears from peer-reviewed scientific literature. Data were available for 14 out of the 19 subpopulations. We found that internal concentrations of these contaminants exceed threshold values for adverse individual health effects in several subpopulations. In an exploratory regression analysis we identified a clear negative correlation between polar bear population density and sub-population specific contaminant concentrations in adipose tissue. The results suggest that adverse health effects of contaminants in individual polar bears may scale up to population-level consequences. Our study highlights the need to consider contaminant exposure along with other threats in polar bear population viability analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J M Nuijten
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University (RU), NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 7608 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - A J Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University (RU), NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - A M Schipper
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University (RU), NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, PO Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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38
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Fenstad AA, Bustnes JO, Bingham CG, Öst M, Jaatinen K, Moe B, Hanssen SA, Moody AJ, Gabrielsen KM, Herzke D, Lierhagen S, Jenssen BM, Krøkje Å. DNA double-strand breaks in incubating female common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Comparison between a low and a high polluted area. Environ Res 2016; 151:297-303. [PMID: 27517757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the genetic material may have severe consequences for individuals and populations. Hence, genotoxic effects of environmental exposure to pollutants are of great concern. We assessed the impact of blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg) on DNA double-strand break (DSB) frequency, in blood cells of a high-exposed Baltic, and lower exposed Arctic population of common eiders (Somateria mollissima). Furthermore, we examined whether the genotoxic response was influenced by antioxidant concentration (plasma total glutathione (tGSH) and total antioxidant capacity) and female body mass. The DNA DSB frequency did not differ between the two populations. We found significant positive relationships between Hg and DNA DSB frequency in Baltic, but not in Arctic eiders. Although both p,p'-DDE and PCB 118 had a lesser effect than Hg, they exhibited a positive association with DNA DSB frequency in Baltic eiders. Antioxidant levels were not important for the genotoxic effect, suggesting alternative mechanisms other than GSH depletion for the relationship between Hg and DNA DSBs. Hence, the Baltic population, which is considered to be endangered and is under the influence of several environmental stressors, may be more susceptible to genotoxic effects of environmental exposure to Hg than the Arctic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette A Fenstad
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christopher G Bingham
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Markus Öst
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademy University, Turku, Finland; Novia University of Applied Science (NOVIA), Coastal Zone Research Team, Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Kim Jaatinen
- Novia University of Applied Science (NOVIA), Coastal Zone Research Team, Ekenäs, Finland
| | | | - Sveinn A Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Tromsø, Norway
| | - A John Moody
- Plymouth University, School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kristin M Gabrielsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Framsenteret, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Ciesielski TM, Pastukhov MV, Leeves SA, Farkas J, Lierhagen S, Poletaeva VI, Jenssen BM. Differential bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements in benthic and pelagic food chains in Lake Baikal. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:15593-15604. [PMID: 27130338 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lake Baikal is located in eastern Siberia in the center of a vast mountain region. Even though the lake is regarded as a unique and pristine ecosystem, there are existing sources of anthropogenic pollution to the lake. In this study, the concentrations of the potentially toxic trace elements As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Se were analyzed in water, plankton, invertebrates, and fish from riverine and pelagic influenced sites in Lake Baikal. Concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb and Se in Lake Baikal water and biota were low, while concentrations of As were similar or slightly higher compared to in other freshwater ecosystems. The bioaccumulation potential of the trace elements in both the pelagic and the benthic ecosystems differed between the Selenga Shallows (riverine influence) and the Listvenichnyĭ Bay (pelagic influence). Despite the one order of magnitude higher water concentrations of Pb in the Selenga Shallows, Pb concentrations were significantly higher in both pelagic and benthic fish from the Listvenichnyĭ Bay. A similar trend was observed for Cd, Hg, and Se. The identified enhanced bioavailability of contaminants in the pelagic influenced Listvenichnyĭ Bay may be attributed to a lower abundance of natural ligands for contaminant complexation. Hg was found to biomagnify in both benthic and pelagic Baikal food chains, while As, Cd, and Pb were biodiluted. At both locations, Hg concentrations were around seven times higher in benthic than in pelagic fish, while pelagic fish had two times higher As concentrations compared to benthic fish. The calculated Se/Hg molar ratios revealed that, even though Lake Baikal is located in a Se-deficient region, Se is still present in excess over Hg and therefore the probability of Hg induced toxicity in the endemic fish species of Lake Baikal is assumed to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Mikhail V Pastukhov
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Sara A Leeves
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Environmental Technology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Brattørkaia 17c, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Syverin Lierhagen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vera I Poletaeva
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Hoydal KS, Ciesielski TM, Borrell A, Wasik A, Letcher RJ, Dam M, Jenssen BM. Relationships between concentrations of selected organohalogen contaminants and thyroid hormones and vitamins A, E and D in Faroese pilot whales. Environmental Research 2016; 148:386-400. [PMID: 27131793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pilot whales (Globicephala melas) from the Faroe Islands, North-East Atlantic, have high body concentrations of organohalogenated compounds (OHCs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The aim of the present study was to examine if and to what extent blood plasma and liver concentrations of several groups of these OHCs are related to concentrations of relevant nutritional and hormonal biomarkers in pilot whales. Thyroid hormones (THs: total and free thyroxine and total and free triiodothyronine) and vitamin A (retinol), D (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) and E (α-tocopherol) were analysed in plasma (n=27) and vitamin A (total vitamin A, retinol and retinyl palmitate) and E (α- and γ-tocopherol) were analysed in liver (n=37) of Faroe Island pilot whales. Correlative relationships between the biomarkers and OHC concentrations previously analysed in the same tissues in these individuals were studied. The TH concentrations in plasma were significantly higher in juveniles than in adults. Vitamin D concentrations in plasma and α- and γ-tocopherol in liver were higher in adults than in juveniles. Multivariate statistical modelling showed that the age and sex influenced the relationship between biomarkers and OHCs. Some significant positive relationships were found between OHCs and thyroid hormone concentrations in the youngest juveniles (p<0.05). In plasma of juvenile whales α-tocopherol was also positively correlated with all the OHCs (p<0.05). Only few significant correlations were found between single OHCs and retinol and vitamin D in plasma within the age groups. There were significant negative relationships between hepatic PBDE concentrations and retinol (BDE-47) and γ-tocopherol (BDE-49, -47, -100, -99, -153) in liver. The relationships between OHCs and THs or vitamins suggest that in pilot whales OHCs seem to have minor effects on TH and vitamin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Hoydal
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands.
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asunción Borrell
- Department of Animal Biology and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Analytical Chemistry, G. Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr. (Raven Road), Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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41
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Fenstad AA, Jenssen BM, Gabrielsen KM, Öst M, Jaatinen K, Bustnes JO, Hanssen SA, Moe B, Herzke D, Krøkje Å. Persistent organic pollutant levels and the importance of source proximity in Baltic and Svalbard breeding common eiders. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1526-1533. [PMID: 26553455 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The distance to sources and the long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are important in understanding the impact of anthropogenic pollution on natural seabird populations. The present study documented blood concentrations of POPs in the Baltic Sea (Tvärminne, Finland) population of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in 2009 and in 2011 and compared the concentrations with the presumably less exposed Arctic population in Svalbard (Kongsfjorden, Norway). The Baltic population had 26, 10, and 5 times greater concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorinated biphenyls, and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene than the Svalbard population. Unexpectedly, concentrations of chlordanes were higher in Svalbard eiders, whereas concentrations of hexachlorobenzenes (HCBs) did not differ between the 2 populations. Although the similar HCB levels may partly be explained by the high transport potential of HCBs, unknown factors may have been more important than distance to sources and long-range transport potential for the chlordanes. One plausible explanation may be that the fasting-related redistribution of POPs from fat to blood was greater throughout the incubation in Arctic eiders, causing them to have higher blood levels of these POPs at the end of incubation. The blood concentrations of POPs in Baltic eiders were higher than documented in any other eider population and were comparable to levels in seabirds feeding at higher trophic positions in the food chain. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1526-1533. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette A Fenstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin M Gabrielsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Markus Öst
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Finland
- Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Science (NOVIA), Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Kim Jaatinen
- Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Science (NOVIA), Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sveinn A Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Framsenteret, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget, Trondheim, Norway
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42
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Fenstad AA, Moody AJ, Öst M, Jaatinen K, Bustnes JO, Moe B, Hanssen SA, Gabrielsen KM, Herzke D, Lierhagen S, Jenssen BM, Krøkje Å. Antioxidant Responses in Relation to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Metals in a Low- and a High-Exposure Population of Seabirds. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:4817-4825. [PMID: 27050285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense. Exposure to pollutants may increase ROS and affect antioxidant levels, and the resulting oxidative stress may negatively affect both reproduction and survival. We measured concentrations of 18 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and 9 toxic elements in blood, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total glutathione (tGSH), and carotenoids in plasma of Baltic and Arctic female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) (N = 54) at the end of their incubation-related fasting. The more polluted Baltic population had higher TAC and tGSH concentrations compared to the Arctic population. Carotenoid levels did not differ between populations. The effect of mixtures of pollutants on the antioxidants was assessed, and the summed molar blood concentrations of 14 POPs were positively related to TAC. There was no significant relationship between the analyzed pollutants and tGSH concentrations. The adaptive improvement of the antioxidant defense system in the Baltic population may be a consequence of increased oxidative stress. However, both increased oxidative stress and energy allocation toward antioxidant defense may have adverse consequences for Baltic eiders at the incubation stage, when energy resources reach an annual minimum due to incubation-related fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette A Fenstad
- Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A John Moody
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, U.K
| | - Markus Öst
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademy University , Artellerigatan 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Sciences (NOVIA) , Raseborgsvägen 9, FI-10600 Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Kim Jaatinen
- Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Sciences (NOVIA) , Raseborgsvägen 9, FI-10600 Ekenäs, Finland
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Børge Moe
- NINA, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sveinn A Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin M Gabrielsen
- Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Syverin Lierhagen
- Department of Chemistry, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Nossen I, Ciesielski TM, Dimmen MV, Jensen H, Ringsby TH, Polder A, Rønning B, Jenssen BM, Styrishave B. Steroids in house sparrows (Passer domesticus): Effects of POPs and male quality signalling. Sci Total Environ 2016; 547:295-304. [PMID: 26789367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
At high trophic levels, environmental contaminants have been found to affect endocrinological processes. Less attention has been paid to species at lower trophic levels. The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) may be a useful model for investigating effects of POPs in mid-range trophic level species. In male house sparrows, ornamental traits involved in male quality signalling are important for female selection. These traits are governed by endocrinological systems, and POPs may therefore interfere with male quality signalling. The aim of the present study was to use the house sparrow as a mid-range trophic level model species to study the effects of environmental contaminants on endocrinology and male quality signalling. We analysed the levels of selected PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs and investigated the possible effects of these contaminants on circulating levels of steroid hormones (4 progestagens, 4 androgens and 3 estrogens) in male and female adult house sparrows from a population on the island Leka, Norway. Plasma samples were analysed for steroid hormones by GC-MS and liver samples were analysed for environmental contaminants by GC-ECD and GC-MS. In males, we also quantified ornament traits. It was hypothesised that POPs may have endocrine disrupting effects on the local house sparrow population and can thus interfere with the steroid hormone homeostasis. Among female house sparrows, bivariate correlations revealed negative relationships between POPs and estrogens. Among male sparrows, positive relationships between dihydrotestosterone levels and PCBs were observed. In males, positive relationships were also found between steroids and beak length, and between steroids and ornamental traits such as total badge size. This was confirmed by a significant OPLS model between beak length and steroids. Although sparrows are in the mid-range trophic levels, the present study indicates that POPs may affect steroid homeostasis in house sparrows, in particular for females. For males, circulating steroid levels appears to be more associated with biometric parameters related to ornamental traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nossen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Malene V Dimmen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thor Harald Ringsby
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anuschka Polder
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bernt Rønning
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Glomstad B, Altin D, Sørensen L, Liu J, Jenssen BM, Booth AM. Carbon Nanotube Properties Influence Adsorption of Phenanthrene and Subsequent Bioavailability and Toxicity to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:2660-8. [PMID: 26824708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of organic contaminants adsorbed to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) remains unclear, especially in complex natural freshwaters containing natural organic matter (NOM). Here, we report on the adsorption capacity (Q(0)) of five CNTs exhibiting different physicochemical properties, including a single-walled CNT (SWCNTs), multiwalled CNTs (MWCNT-15 and MWCNT-30), and functionalized MWCNTs (hydroxyl, -OH, and carboxyl, -COOH), for the model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene (3.1-800 μg/L). The influence of phenanthrene adsorption by the CNTs on bioavailability and toxicity was investigated using the freshwater algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. CNTs were dispersed in algal growth media containing NOM (DOC, 8.77 mg/L; dispersed concentrations: 0.5, 1.3, 1.3, 3.3, and 6.1 mg/L for SWCNT, MWCNT-15, MWCNT-30, MWCNT-OH, and MWCNT-COOH, respectively). Adsorption isotherms of phenanthrene to the dispersed CNTs were fitted with the Dubinin-Ashtakhov model. Q(0) differed among the CNTs, increasing with increasing surface area and decreasing with surface functionalization. SWCNT and MWCNT-COOH exhibited the highest and lowest log Q(0) (8.891 and 7.636 μg/kg, respectively). The presence of SWCNTs reduced phenanthrene toxicity to algae (EC50; 528.4) compared to phenanthrene-only (EC50; 438.3), and the presence of MWCNTs had no significant effect on phenanthrene toxicity. However, phenanthrene adsorbed to NOM-dispersed CNTs proved to be bioavailable and contribute to exert toxicity to P. subcapitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Glomstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | | | | | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry , Trondheim NO-7465, Norway
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45
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Farkas J, Peter H, Ciesielski TM, Thomas KV, Sommaruga R, Salvenmoser W, Weyhenmeyer GA, Tranvik LJ, Jenssen BM. Impact of TiO₂ nanoparticles on freshwater bacteria from three Swedish lakes. Sci Total Environ 2015; 535:85-93. [PMID: 25813090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapidly rising production and usage of nano-enabled products, aquatic environments are increasingly exposed to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), causing concerns about their potential negative effects. In this study we assessed the effects of uncoated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on the growth and activity of bacterial communities of three Swedish lakes featuring different chemical characteristics such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, pH and elemental composition. TiO2NP exposure concentrations were 15, 100, and 1000 μg L(-1), and experiments were performed in situ under three light regimes: darkness, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and ambient sunlight including UV radiation (UVR). The nanoparticles were most stable in lake water with high DOC and low chemical element concentrations. At the highest exposure concentration (1000 μg L(-1) TiO2NP) the bacterial abundance was significantly reduced in all lake waters. In the medium and high DOC lake waters, exposure concentrations of 100 μg L(-1) TiO2NP caused significant reductions in bacterial abundance. The cell-specific bacterial activity was significantly enhanced at high TiO2NP exposure concentrations, indicating the loss of nanoparticle-sensitive bacteria and a subsequent increased activity by tolerant ones. No UV-induced phototoxic effect of TiO2NP was found in this study. We conclude that in freshwater lakes with high DOC and low chemical element concentrations, uncoated TiO2NPs show an enhanced stability and can significantly reduce bacterial abundance at relatively low exposure concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Hannes Peter
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gesa A Weyhenmeyer
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, PO Box 573, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars J Tranvik
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, PO Box 573, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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46
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Mckinney MA, Pedro S, Dietz R, Sonne C, Fisk AT, Roy D, Jenssen BM, Letcher RJ. A review of ecological impacts of global climate change on persistent organic pollutant and mercury pathways and exposures in arctic marine ecosystems. Curr Zool 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/czoolo/61.4.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bioaccumulative and biomagnifying contaminants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury (Hg), have for decades been recognized as a health concern in arctic marine biota. In recent years, global climate change (GCC) and related loss of arctic sea ice have been observed to be driving substantial change in arctic ecosystems. This review summarizes findings documenting empirical links between GCC-induced ecological changes and alterations in POP and Hg exposures and pathways in arctic marine ecosystems. Most of the studies have reported changes in POP or Hg concentrations in tissue in relation to GCC-induced changes in species trophic interactions. These studies have typically focused on the role of changes in abundance, habitat range or accessibility of prey species, particularly in relation to sea ice changes. Yet, the ecological change that resulted in contaminant trend changes has often been unclear or assumed. Other studies have successfully used chemical tracers, such as stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios and fatty acid signatures to link such ecological changes to contaminant level variations or trends. Lower sea ice linked-diet changes/variation were associated with higher contaminant levels in some populations of polar bears, ringed seals, and thick-billed murres, but the influence of changing trophic interactions on POP levels and trends varied widely in both magnitude and direction. We suggest that future research in this new area of GCC-linked ecotoxicology should focus on routine analysis of ancillary ecological metrics with POP and Hg studies, simultaneous consideration of the multiple mechanisms by which GCC and contaminant interactions can occur, and targeted research on changing exposures and toxicological effects in species known to be sensitive to both GCC and contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Mckinney
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sara Pedro
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Aaron T. Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Bjørn M. Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
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Hoydal KS, Letcher RJ, Blair DAD, Dam M, Lockyer C, Jenssen BM. Legacy and emerging organic pollutants in liver and plasma of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) from waters surrounding the Faroe Islands. Sci Total Environ 2015; 520:270-285. [PMID: 25817764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants and a suite of relevant metabolites of these POPs, in all 175 different compounds, were determined in liver and plasma of traditionally hunted pilot whales (n=14 males and n=13 females of different age groups) from the Faroe Islands. The main objectives of this study were to determine differences in the presence and concentrations of the compounds in the liver and plasma, how they depend on developmental stage (calves, sub adults, and adult females), and to assess maternal transfer of the compounds to suckling calves. Generally, the lipid weight (lw) concentrations of quantified POPs in the liver and plasma of pilot whales were positively correlated, and lw concentrations of most POPs did not differ between these matrices. However, concentrations of some individual POPs differed significantly (p<0.05) between plasma and liver; CB-153 (p=0.044), CB-174 (p=0.027) and BDE-47 (p=0.017) were higher in plasma than in liver, whereas p,p'-DDE (p=0.004) and HCB (p<0.001) were higher in liver than in plasma. POP concentrations differed between age/gender groups with lower levels in adult females than in juveniles. The relative distribution of compounds also differed between the age groups, due to the influence of the maternal transfer of the compounds. The results indicated that larger, more hydrophobic POPs were transferred to the offspring less efficiently than smaller or less lipid soluble compounds. Very low levels of both OH- and/or MeSO2-PCB and PBDE metabolites were found in all age groups, with no significant (p>0.05) differences between the groups, strongly suggesting a very low metabolic capacity for their formation in pilot whales. The lack of difference in the metabolite concentrations between the age groups also indicates less maternal transfer of these contaminant groups compared to the precursor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Hoydal
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. BOX 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr. (Raven Road), Carleton University, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - David A D Blair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr. (Raven Road), Carleton University, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. BOX 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Gustavson L, Ciesielski TM, Bytingsvik J, Styrishave B, Hansen M, Lie E, Aars J, Jenssen BM. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls decrease circulating steroids in female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Environ Res 2015; 138:191-201. [PMID: 25725300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a top predator in the Arctic food chain, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are exposed to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Because several of these compounds have been reported to alter endocrine pathways, such as the steroidogenesis, potential disruption of the sex steroid synthesis by POPs may cause implications for reproduction by interfering with ovulation, implantation and fertility. Blood samples were collected from 15 female polar bears in Svalbard (Norway) in April 2008. The concentrations of nine circulating steroid hormones; dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (AN), testosterone (TS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (αE2), 17β-estradiol (βE2), pregnenolone (PRE) and progesterone (PRO) were determined. The aim of the study was to investigate associations among circulating levels of specific POP compounds and POP-metabolites (hydroxylated PCBs [OH-PCBs] and hydroxylated PBDEs [OH-PBDEs]), steroid hormones, biological and capture variables in female polar bears. Inverse correlations were found between circulating levels of PRE and AN, and circulating levels of OH-PCBs. There were no significant relationships between the steroid concentrations and other analyzed POPs or the variables capture date and capture location (latitude and longitude), lipid content, condition and body mass. Although statistical associations do not necessarily represent direct cause-effect relationships, the present study indicate that OH-PCBs may affect the circulating levels of AN and PRE in female polar bears and that OH-PCBs thus may interfere with the steroid homeostasis. Increase in PRO and a decrease in AN concentrations suggest that the enzyme CYP17 may be a potential target for OH-PCBs. In combination with natural stressors, ongoing climate change and contaminant exposure, it is possible that OH-PCBs may disturb the reproductive potential of polar bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gustavson
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jenny Bytingsvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- University of Copenhagen, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Lie
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (NVH), Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, P.O. Box 5003, Campus Adamstuen, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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49
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Farkas J, Bergum S, Nilsen EW, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Ciesielski TM, Bączek T, Konieczna L, Salvenmoser W, Jenssen BM. The impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on uptake and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). Sci Total Environ 2015; 511:469-476. [PMID: 25574974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are emerging contaminants of concern. Knowledge on their environmental impacts is scarce, especially on their interactive effects with other contaminants. In this study we investigated effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and determined their influence on the bioavailability and toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Blue mussels were exposed to either TiO2NP (0.2 and 2.0 mg L(-1)) or B(a)P (20 μg L(-1)) and to the respective combinations of these two compounds. Aqueous contaminant concentrations, the uptake of Ti and B(a)P into mussel soft tissue, effects on oxidative stress and chromosomal damage were analyzed. The uncoated TiO2NP agglomerated rapidly in the seawater. The presence of TiO2NP significantly reduced the bioavailability of B(a)P, shown by lowered B(a)P concentrations in exposure tanks and in mussel tissue. The activities of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were impacted by the various exposure regimes, indicating oxidative stress in the contaminant exposure groups. While SOD activity was increased only in the 0.2TiO2NP exposure group, CAT activity was enhanced in both combined exposure groups. The GPx activity was increased only in the groups exposed to the two single compounds. In hemocytes, increased chromosomal damage was detected in mussels exposed to the single compounds, which was further increased after exposure to the combination of compounds. In this study we show that the presence of TiO2NP in the exposure system reduced B(a)P uptake in blue mussels. However, since most biomarker responses did not decrease despite of the lower B(a)P uptake in combined exposures, the results suggest that TiO2NP can act as additional stressor, or potentially alters B(a)P toxicity by activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - S Bergum
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - E W Nilsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - I Salaberria
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - T M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - L Konieczna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - W Salvenmoser
- Department of Biology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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50
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Fenstad AA, Jenssen BM, Moe B, Hanssen SA, Bingham C, Herzke D, Bustnes JO, Krøkje A. DNA double-strand breaks in relation to persistent organic pollutants in a fasting seabird. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 106:68-75. [PMID: 24836880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are released from fat reserves during fasting, causing increased blood concentrations. Thus, POPs represent a potential anthropogenic stressor during fasting periods. We analysed the blood of female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) by using agarose gel electrophoresis and image data analysis to quantify the DNA-fraction, of total DNA, that migrated into the gel (DNA-FTM) as a relative measure of DNA double strand-breaks (DSBs) during the fasting incubation period in the high arctic. In 2008 and in 2009 blood samples were obtained for analysis of 9 POPs and DNA-FTM at day 5 of the incubation period, and then in the same individuals at day 20. This unique study design gave us the opportunity to analyse the same individuals throughout two points in time, with low and high stress burdens. During the incubation period the body mass (BM) decreased by 21-24%, whereas the POP levels increased by 148-639%. The DNA-FTM increased by 61-67% (being proportional to the increase in DSBs). At day 5, but not day 20, DNA-FTM was positively correlated with most analysed POPs. The increase in DNA-FTM was positively correlated with the decrease in BM (g) during incubation. Thus, we suggest that fasting stress (BM loss) decreases DNA integrity and that stress caused by fasting on BM loss appeared to override the additional stress caused by concurrent increase in levels of the analysed POPs in the eiders. Blood levels of POPs in the eiders in Svalbard were relatively low, and additive and/or synergistic genotoxic effects of fasting stress and POP exposure may occur in populations with higher POP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette A Fenstad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sveinn A Hanssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Chris Bingham
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ase Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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