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Cui R, Ye L, Qiao X, Wang S, Zheng K, Yang J, Ge RS, Lin H, Wang Y. Carbon-chain length determines the binding affinity and inhibitory strength of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on human and rat steroid 5α-reductase 1 activity. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:110987. [PMID: 38574835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used synthetic chemicals that persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in animals and humans. There is growing evidence that PFAS exposure adversely impacts neurodevelopment and neurological health. Steroid 5α-reductase 1 (SRD5A1) plays a key role in neurosteroidogenesis by catalyzing the conversion of testosterone or pregnenolone to neuroactive steroids, which influence neural development, cognition, mood, and behavior. This study investigated the inhibitory strength and binding interactions of 18 PFAS on human and rat SRD5A1 activity using enzyme assays, molecular docking, and structure-activity relationship analysis. Results revealed that C9-C14 PFAS carboxylic acid at 100 μM significantly inhibited human SRD5A1, with IC50 values ranged from 10.99 μM (C11) to 105.01 μM (C14), and only one PFAS sulfonic acid (C8S) significantly inhibited human SRD5A1 activity, with IC50 value of 8.15 μM. For rat SRD5A1, C9-C14 PFAS inhibited rat SRD5A1, showing the similar trend, depending on carbon number of the carbon chain. PFAS inhibit human and rat SRD5A1 in a carbon chain length-dependent manner, with optimal inhibition around C11. Kinetic studies indicated PFAS acted through mixed inhibition. Molecular docking revealed PFAS bind to the domain between NADPH and testosterone binding site of both SRD5A1 enzymes. Inhibitory potency correlated with physicochemical properties like carbon number of the carbon chain. These findings suggest PFAS may disrupt neurosteroid synthesis and provide insight into structure-based inhibition of SRD5A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinyi Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Chen J, Ma W, Yue S, Li D, Chen L, Zhang C, Guan Y, Li C, Jiang C, Liao G, Liang C, Wang H, Tai S. Dual deficiency of melatonin and dihydrotestosterone promotes stromal cell damage and mediates prostatitis via the cGAS-STING pathway in sleep-deprived mice. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:183. [PMID: 38491517 PMCID: PMC10941623 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostatitis is a highly prevalent condition that seriously affects men's physical and mental health. Although epidemiological investigations have provided evidence of a correlation between insufficient sleep and prostatitis, the pathogenesis of prostatitis remains unclear. We sought to identify the underlying mechanism involved and identify a promising therapeutic target. METHODS Sleep deprivation (SD) was utilized to establish a mouse model of insufficient sleep in a special device. Prostatitis was observed at different time points post-SD. The degree of prostatitis was evaluated by pathological section and behavioural tests. Using immunofluorescence, western blot, and proteomic analyses, the underlying mechanism of SD-related prostatitis was investigated, and the development and therapeutic target of prostatitis were elucidated. RESULTS SD, as an initial pathological trigger, resulted in a reduction in dihydrotestosterone and melatonin levels. Proteomic analysis revealed that the cGAS-STING pathway may play a significant role in inducing prostatitis. The subsequent results illustrated that the dual reduction in dihydrotestosterone and melatonin led to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the release of mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA). The accumulation of mt-DNA activated the cGAS-STING pathway, which recruited inflammatory cells into the prostatic stroma through the secretion of interferon-β. Consequently, an inflammatory microenvironment was formed, ultimately promoting the development of prostatitis. Notably, mice with SD-induced prostatitis gradually recovered to a normal state within 7 days of recovery sleep. However, after being subjected to SD again, these mice tended to have a more pronounced manifestation of prostatitis within a shorter timeframe, which suggested that prostatitis is prone to relapse. CONCLUSIONS The cGAS-STING pathway activated by dual deficiency of dihydrotestosterone and melatonin plays a comprehensive inflammatory role in SD-related prostatitis. This research provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis, therapeutic targets, and prevention strategies of prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Shaoyu Yue
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yu Guan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Changqin Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Guiyi Liao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China.
| | - Sheng Tai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China.
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Jin BR, Kim HJ, Na JH, Lee WK, An HJ. Targeting benign prostate hyperplasia treatments: AR/TGF-β/NOX4 inhibition by apocynin suppresses inflammation and proliferation. J Adv Res 2024; 57:135-147. [PMID: 37061215 PMCID: PMC10918329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apocynin (Apo), an NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, has been widely used to treat various inflammatory diseases. However, the therapeutic effects of Apo on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a multifactorial disease associated with chronic inflammation and hormone imbalance, remain unknown. OBJECTIVES The link between androgen signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and prostate cell proliferation may contribute to the pathogenesis of BPH; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the specific signaling pathway involved and to demonstrate whether the anti-oxidant Apo plays a role in the prevention and treatment of BPH. METHODS Ingenuity pathway analysis and si-RNA transfection were conducted to demonstrate the androgen receptor (AR) and NOX4 linkage in BPH. Pathological markers of BPH were measured by H&E staining, immunoblotting, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence to examine the effect of Apo. Rats stimulated with testosterone and BPH-1 cells were used as BPH models. RESULTS AR and NOX4 network-mediated oxidative stress was upregulated in the BPH model. Next, we examined the effects of Apo on oxidative stress and chronic prostatic inflammation in BPH mouse models. In a testosterone-induced BPH rat model, Apo alleviated pathological prostate enlargement and suppressed androgen/AR signaling. Apo suppressed the upregulation of proinflammatory markers and promoted the expression of anti-oxidant factors. Furthermore, Apo regulated the TGF-β/Glut9/activin pathway and macrophage programming. In BPH-1 cells, Apo suppressed AR-mediated proliferation and upregulation of TGFB and NOX4 expression by alleviating oxidative stress. Apo activated anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory systems and regulated macrophage polarization in BPH-1 cells. AR knockdown partially abolished the beneficial effects of Apo in prostate cells, indicating AR-dependent effects of Apo. CONCLUSION In contrast with existing BPH therapies, Apo may provide a new application for prostatic disease treatment, especially for BPH, by targeting the AR/TGF-β/NOX4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Na
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Hu X, Li X, Wu S, Jiang X, Chen G, Hu Y, Sun J, Bai W. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and its derivative vitisin A alleviate androgenetic alopecia by exerting anti-androgen effect and inhibiting dermal papilla cell apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176237. [PMID: 38048982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), one of the most common forms of hair loss, lacks satisfactory treatment methods in modern society. This study employed an experimental design combining in vitro and in vivo approaches to explore the effects of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and Carboxypyranocyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Vitisin A) on AGA. In human dermal papilla cells (HDPCs), both anthocyanins demonstrated inhibitory effects on androgen receptors, significantly reduced dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced apoptosis of HDPCs, and regulated the secretion of Fibroblast growth factor 7 and Transforming growth factor beta 1. In vitro transdermal experiment revealed that both C3G and Vitisin A could penetrate mice skin, aided by the application of cream. Furthermore, in vivo experiments with mice indicated that application of C3G or Vitisin A cream effectively improved hair follicles miniaturization, regression, and apoptosis caused by DHT. The repression of Wnt10b and β-catenin expression induced by DHT was prevented by C3G and Vitisin A in both cell and mouse model. Consequently, these findings suggest that C3G and Vitisin A could be considered as alternative methods for alleviating AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xusheng Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Shi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Guobing Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jianxia Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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Darjani A, Alizadeh N, Gharaei Nejad K, Eftekhari H, Rafiei R, Kazemi H, Rafiei E. Testosterone or dihydrotestosterone: what should be evaluated in hirsutism? Ir J Med Sci 2023; 192:2823-2827. [PMID: 37043171 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dihydrotestosterone is a more potent androgen derived from testosterone and androstenediones, but its measurement has not been routinely recommended in women with hirsutism, and there is limited information in this regard with equivocal findings. This study aimed to evaluate serum dihydrotestosterone level in patients with hirsutism compared to women without hirsutism. METHODS In this case-control study (during 2021-2022), serum levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone were evaluated in 101 women with hirsutism and 101 healthy women. Hormonal levels were measured with chemiluminescent immunoassay method. Age and hormonal levels in each group, body mass index, menstrual status, complaint of decreased scalp hair density, and ovarian ultrasound findings in hirsutism group were collected and analyzed. RESULTS There was significant difference in free testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels (P < 0.001) and no significant difference in total testosterone level between two groups (P = 0.628). Dihydrotestosterone level was significantly higher in women with hirsutism with menses irregularity, complaint of decreased scalp hair density, and presence of polycystic ovary on ultrasound (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Measuring dihydrotestosterone level is not considered in routine evaluation of hirsutism, but we think that this significant difference shows that elevated level of dihydrotestosterone hormone in women with hirsutism is an important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Darjani
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Narges Alizadeh
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kaveh Gharaei Nejad
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hojat Eftekhari
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Rana Rafiei
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Hasan Kazemi
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Elahe Rafiei
- Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Duarte-Silva M, Oliveira CNS, Fuzo C, Silva-Neto PV, Toro DM, Pimentel VE, Pérez MM, Fraga-Silva TFC, Carvalho JCS, Neto FMS, Júnior RBM, Arruda E, Vilar FC, Degiovani AM, Ostini FM, Feitosa MR, Parra RS, Gaspar GG, Rocha JJR, Feres O, Fernandes APM, Maruyama SR, Russo EMS, Bonato VLD, Santos IKFM, Sorgi CA, Dias-Baruffi M, Faccioli LH, Cardoso CRB. Divergent androgenic modulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection cooperates with dysregulated immune response to dictate worse COVID-19 outcomes in men. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 114:275-286. [PMID: 37648004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determined differences are rarely addressed in the management of diseases, despite well-known contrasting outcomes between female and male patients. In COVID-19 there is a remarkable disparity, with higher rates of mortality and more severe acute disease in men compared to women, who are mostly affected by long COVID-19. Furthermore, whether androgens play a protective or detrimental role in COVID-19 is still a matter of debate. Hence, the adequate management of the disease, especially regarding men presenting acute disease aggravation, still needs important data to elucidate the interplay between sex hormones and host immune responses that drive the worse evolution in male patients. METHODS A cohort of 92 controls and 198 non-severe and severe COVID-19 patients, from both sexes, was assessed for clinical outcomes, plasma steroids, gonadotropins, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and immune mediators, before vaccination. These data were correlated with the global gene expression of blood leukocytes. The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway was investigated by transcriptomics and tracheal aspirate was obtained from severe patients for SARS-COV-2 quantification in the respiratory tract. The interplay among clinical, endocrine and immunological data deciphered the sex differences in COVID-19. Importantly, statistical analyses, using 95% confidence interval, considered confounding factors such as age and comorbidities, to definitely parse the role of androgens in the disease outcome. RESULTS There were notable contrasting levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) throughout the disease course in male but not female patients. Inflammatory mediators presented significant negative correlations with testosterone, which was partially dependent on age and diabetes in men. Male subjects with severe COVID-19 had a significant up regulation of the AR signaling pathway, including modulation of TMPRSS2 and SRD5A1 genes, which are related to the viral infection and DHT production. Indeed, men had a higher viral load in the tracheal aspirate and levels of DHT were associated with increased relative risk of death. In contrast, the testosterone hormone, which was notably reduced in severe disease, was significantly related with susceptibility to COVID-19 worsening in male patients. Secondary hypogonadism was ruled out in the male severe COVID-19 subjects, as FSH, LH, and SHBG levels were not significantly altered. Instead, these subjects tended to have increased gonadotropin levels. Most interestingly, in this study we identified, for the first time, combined sets of clinical and immunoendocrine parameters that together predicted progression from non-severe to severe COVID-19 in men. One of the limitations of our study was the low or undetectable levels of DHT in many patients. Then, the evaluation of enzymes related to biosynthesis and signaling by androgens was mandatory and reiterated our findings. CONCLUSIONS These original results unraveled the disease immunoendocrine regulation, despite vaccination or comorbidities and pointed to the fundamental divergent role of the androgens testosterone and DHT in the determination of COVID-19 outcomes in men. Therefore, sex-specific management of the dysregulated responses, treatments or public health measures should be considered for the control of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo Duarte-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Camilla N S Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fuzo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Pedro V Silva-Neto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Amazonas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Brazil
| | - Diana M Toro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Amazonas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Brazil
| | - Vinícius E Pimentel
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Malena M Pérez
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Thais F C Fraga-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Jonatan C S Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - FFCLRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Firmino M S Neto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo B M Júnior
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Vilar
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | | | - Fátima M Ostini
- Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marley R Feitosa
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio S Parra
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto G Gaspar
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - José J R Rocha
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Omar Feres
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra R Maruyama
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Brazil
| | - Elisa M S Russo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Vânia L D Bonato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Isabel K F M Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - FMRP/USP, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Amazonas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - FFCLRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil
| | - Cristina R B Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - FCFRP/USP, Brazil.
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7
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Arias-Chávez DJ, Mailloux-Salinas P, Ledesma-Aparicio J, Campos-Pérez E, Medina-Campos ON, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Bravo G. Tomato lipidic extract plus selenium decrease prostatic hyperplasia, dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptor expression versus finasteride in rats. World J Urol 2023; 41:2793-2799. [PMID: 37659980 PMCID: PMC10582118 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the therapeutic effect of a tomato lipidic extract (STE) in combination with selenium (Se) on rats with prostatic hyperplasia (PH) and to observe its possible mechanisms of action and synergism versus finasteride. MATERIALS AND METHODS 54 male Wistar rats of nine weeks old were divided in Control (C), PH, Finasteride (F), STE, Se, F + STE, F + Se, STE + Se and F + STE + Se with testosterone enanthate (except C). After 4 weeks of treatment administration, prostate weight, bladder weight, diuresis, prooxidant and antioxidant activity, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androgen receptor (AR) expression and anatomopathological analysis were determined. RESULTS STE + Se decreased prostate weight 53.8% versus 28% in F group, also STE + Se decreased significatively glandular hyperplasia, prooxidant activity, DHT and AR expression and increased diuresis and antioxidant activity versus finasteride which increased MDA in prostate. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a greater therapeutic and beneficial effect of tomato lipidic extract in combination with Se in young rats with PH with respect to finasteride without increase prooxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian Arias-Chávez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Patrick Mailloux-Salinas
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jessica Ledesma-Aparicio
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elihu Campos-Pérez
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital General Dra Matilde Petra Montoya Lafragua, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Ángeles Lindavista, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Omar Noel Medina-Campos
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Bravo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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8
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Jin BR, Lim CY, Kim HJ, Lee M, An HJ. Antioxidant mitoquinone suppresses benign prostatic hyperplasia by regulating the AR-NLRP3 pathway. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102816. [PMID: 37454529 PMCID: PMC10368918 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitoquinone (MitoQ), a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, has been used to treat several diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of MitoQ in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) models and their underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we determined that MitoQ inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced cell proliferation and mitochondrial ROS by inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling in prostate epithelial cells. Molecular modeling revealed that DHT may combine with AR and NLRP3, and that MitoQ inhibits both AR and NLRP3. AR and NLRP3 downregulation using siRNA showed the linkage among AR, NLRP3, and MitoQ. MitoQ administration alleviated pathological prostate enlargement and exerted anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects by suppressing the AR and NLRP3 signaling pathways in rats with BPH. Hence, our findings demonstrated that MitoQ is an inhibitor of NLPR3 and AR and a therapeutic agent for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Young Lim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Stout MB, Vaughan KL, Isola JVV, Mann SN, Wellman B, Hoffman JM, Porter HL, Freeman WM, Mattison JA. Assessing tolerability and physiological responses to 17α-estradiol administration in male rhesus macaques. GeroScience 2023; 45:2337-2349. [PMID: 36897526 PMCID: PMC10651821 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
17α-estradiol has recently been shown to extend healthspan and lifespan in male mice through multiple mechanisms. These benefits occur in the absence of significant feminization or deleterious effects on reproductive function, which makes 17α-estradiol a candidate for translation into humans. However, human dosing paradigms for the treatment of aging and chronic disease are yet to be established. Therefore, the goals of the current studies were to assess tolerability of 17α-estradiol treatment, in addition to evaluating metabolic and endocrine responses in male rhesus macaque monkeys during a relatively short treatment period. We found that our dosing regimens (0.30 and 0.20 mg/kg/day) were tolerable as evidenced by a lack of GI distress, changes in blood chemistry or complete blood counts, and unaffected vital signs. We also found that the higher dose did elicit mild benefits on metabolic parameters including body mass, adiposity, and glycosylated hemoglobin. However, both of our 17α-estradiol trial doses elicited significant feminization to include testicular atrophy, increased circulating estrogens, and suppressed circulating androgens and gonadotropins. We suspect that the observed level of feminization results from a saturation of the endogenous conjugation enzymes, thereby promoting a greater concentration of unconjugated 17α-estradiol in serum, which has more biological activity. We also surmise that the elevated level of unconjugated 17α-estradiol was subjected to a greater degree of isomerization to 17β-estradiol, which is aligned with the sevenfold increase in serum 17β-estradiol in 17α-estradiol treated animals in our first trial. Future studies in monkeys, and certainly humans, would likely benefit from the development and implementation of 17α-estradiol transdermal patches, which are commonly prescribed in humans and would circumvent potential issues with bolus dosing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Stout
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US.
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, US.
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13Th Street Chapman S212, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, US.
| | - Kelli L Vaughan
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute On Aging, Dickerson, MD, US
| | - Jose V V Isola
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US
| | - Shivani N Mann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, US
| | - Bayli Wellman
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute On Aging, Dickerson, MD, US
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, US
| | - Hunter L Porter
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, US
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, US
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute On Aging, Dickerson, MD, US.
- National Institute On Aging, 16701 Elmer School Road, Building 103, 20842, Dickerson, MD, US.
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10
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Liang Y, Chen X, Yin J, Liu X, Liu S, Sun W, Wang X, Yao H, Xiao L. Dihydrotestosterone mediates the inflammation effect under lipopolysaccharides in bovine endometrial epithelial cells via AR blockading TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 255:107292. [PMID: 37406563 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent nonaromatizable 5α-reduced androgen with both positive and negative effect on inflammation process. However, it remains unknown whether DHT can regulate Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced inflammation in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEECs). Here, we demonstrated that the DHT biosynthesis ability and androgen receptors (AR) expression is defective in bovine endometrial with endometritis, which aggravates endometrial inflammation. In vitro study, we established a LPS-induced inflammation model in bEECs, and found that DHT inhibited the TLR4 and MyD88 protein as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA of bEECs in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the anti-inflammation effect of DHT was blocked by AR inhibitor flutamide. Together, we demonstrated that supplementing DHT can alleviate the inflammation response of bEECs caused by LPS, which is associated with AR regulating the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyi Chen
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wanxu Sun
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Yao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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11
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Ignjatović Đ, Tovilović-Kovačević G, Mićić B, Tomić M, Djordjevic A, Macut D, Vojnović Milutinović D. Effects of early life overnutrition and hyperandrogenism on spatial learning and memory in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Horm Behav 2023; 153:105392. [PMID: 37295324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder characterized by endocrine and metabolic abnormalities such as obesity and insulin resistance. PCOS is also associated with psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment. The animal model of PCOS was induced by treating rats with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and additionally modified to induce adiposity by litter size reduction (LSR). Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Barnes Maze test, and striatal markers of synaptic plasticity were analyzed. Striatal insulin signaling was estimated by the levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), its inhibitory phosphorylation at Ser307, and glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β (GSK3α/β) activity. Both LSR and DHT treatment significantly decreased striatal protein levels of IRS1, followed by increased GSK3α/β activity in small litters. Results of the behavioral study showed that LSR had a negative effect on learning rate and memory retention, whereas DHT treatment did not induce impairment in memory formation. While protein levels of synaptophysin, GAP43, and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) were not altered by the treatments, DHT treatment induced an increase in phosphorylation of PSD-95 at Ser295 in both normal and small litters. This study revealed that LSR and DHT treatment suppressed insulin signaling by downregulating IRS1 in the striatum. However, DHT treatment did not have an adverse effect on learning and memory, probably due to compensatory elevation in pPSD-95-Ser295, which had a positive effect on synaptic strength. This implies that hyperandrogenemia in this setting does not represent a threat to spatial learning and memory, opposite to the effect of overnutrition-related adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đurđica Ignjatović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Gordana Tovilović-Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojana Mićić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Mirko Tomić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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12
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Al Saffar H, Xu J, O'Brien JS, Kelly BD, Murphy DG, Lawrentschuk N. US Food and Drug Administration Warning Regarding Finasteride and Suicidal Ideation: What Should Urologists Know? EUR UROL SUPPL 2023; 52:4-6. [PMID: 37182121 PMCID: PMC10172713 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Finasteride competitively inhibits 5α-reductase (5-AR) isoenzymes, which blocks dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production, thereby reducing DHT. Finasteride is used in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenic alopecia. Amid patient reports of suicidal ideation (SI), the Post Finasteride Syndrome advocacy group has petitioned for either a stop to selling of the drug or advertisement of stronger warnings. The US Food and Drug Administration recently added SI to the adverse effects listed for finasteride. Here we provide a brief but comprehensive review of the literature on the psychological side effects of 5-AR inhibitors (5-ARIs) to provide an opinion to help in guiding treating urologists. Most of the current evidence, obtained from the literature on dermatology, suggests that 5-ARI users experience a higher rate of depressive symptoms. However, given the lack of comprehensive randomised studies, the causal link between finasteride and SI remains unclear. Urologists prescribing 5-ARIs should be aware of the recent addition of suicide and SI risk to the list of side effects. A mental health screen should be performed and appropriate resources provided to patients commencing treatment. Furthermore, a review should be arranged with the general practitioner to assess new-onset mental health or SI symptoms. Patient summary We provide recommendations for urologists who prescribe finasteride for the treatment of benign prostate enlargement. Urologists should be aware of the recent addition of suicidal ideation to the list of side effects for this drug. Finasteride prescription should be continued; however, we recommend a detailed medical history to screen for prior mental health and personality disorders, with discontinuation of the medication in patients with new onset of depression or suicidal symptoms. Close liaison with the patient's general practitioner is vital for management of depressive or suicidal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidar Al Saffar
- Department of Genitourinary Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Urology Department, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
- Corresponding author. Department of Genitourinary Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Xu
- Department of Genitourinary Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan S. O'Brien
- Department of Genitourinary Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brian D. Kelly
- Department of Genitourinary Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Urology, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Australia
| | - Declan G. Murphy
- Department of Genitourinary Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Department of Genitourinary Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- EJ Whitten Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Epworth Hospital Richmond, Richmond, Australia
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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13
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Im SC, Valentín-Goyco J, Peng HM, Auchus RJ. Bacterial expression, purification, and reconstitution of human steroid 5α-reductases in phospholipid liposomes and nanodiscs. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:263-276. [PMID: 37802573 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The two human steroid 5α-reductase (5αR) enzymes catalyze the conversion 3-keto-Δ4-steroids to their 5α-reduced congeners. In the genital skin and prostate, the type 2 isoenzyme converts testosterone (T) to the more potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and intracellular DHT is essential for the morphogenesis of the undifferentiated external genitalia to the male phenotype. Both isoenzymes also metabolize other 19- and 21-carbon 3-keto-Δ4-steroids, both endogenous compounds and some steroid-based drugs. Rigorous biochemical studies have been limited due to the extremely hydrophobic nature of these proteins. We have described the heterologous expression of these enzymes in bacteria, their purification with affinity chromatography, and the reconstitution of activity in liposomes. This article details these procedures, as well as reconstitution in phospholipid nanodiscs and enzyme assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Choul Im
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Juan Valentín-Goyco
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hwei-Ming Peng
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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14
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 aromatase (AROM) and steroid (estrone (E1)/dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) sulfatase (STS) are the two key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogens in human, and maintenance of the critical balance between androgens and estrogens. Human AROM, an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, is a member of the Fe-heme containing cytochrome P450 superfamily having a cysteine thiolate as the fifth Fe-coordinating ligand. It is the only enzyme known to catalyze the conversion of androgens with non-aromatic A-rings to estrogens characterized by the aromatic A-ring. Human STS, also an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sulfate esters of E1 and DHEA to yield the respective unconjugated steroids, the precursors of the most potent forms of estrogens and androgens, namely, 17β-estradiol (E2), 16α,17β-estriol (E3), testosterone (TST) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Expression of these steroidogenic enzymes locally within various organs and tissues of the endocrine, reproductive, and central nervous systems is the key for maintaining high levels of the reproductive steroids. Thus, the enzymes have been drug targets for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with steroid hormone excesses, especially in breast and prostate malignancies and endometriosis. Both AROM and STS have been the subjects of vigorous research for the past six decades. In this article, we review the procedures of their extraction and purification from human term placenta are described in detail, along with the activity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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15
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Khadilkar V, Mondkar SA. Micropenis. Indian J Pediatr 2023; 90:598-604. [PMID: 37079255 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Micropenis, i.e., a structurally normal but abnormally small penis is defined as stretched penile length (SPL) 2.5 SD below the mean for age and sexual stage. Several studies worldwide have published country-specific normative data on SPL; an appropriate cutoff for evaluation of micropenis as per international standards would be below 2 cm at birth and below 4 cm after 5 y of age. Testosterone production by fetal testes, its conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and its action on the androgen receptor is necessary for normal penile development. Hypothalamo-pituitary disorders (gonadotropin or growth hormone deficiencies), genetic syndromes, partial gonadal dysgenesis, testicular regression, disorders of testosterone biosynthesis and action constitute the various etiologies of micropenis. Associated hypospadias, incomplete scrotal fusion, and cryptorchidism are suggestive of disorders of sex development (DSD). Along with basal and human chorionic gonadotropins (HCG)-stimulated gonadotropins, testosterone, DHT, and androstenedione levels, karyotype assessment is equally important. Treatment aims at attaining penile length sufficient enough for urination and to perform sexual function. Hormonal therapy with intramuscular or topical testosterone, topical DHT or recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) should be attempted in the neonatal or infancy period. The role of surgery for micropenis is limited and has variable patient satisfaction and complication outcomes. There is a need for long-term studies on the adult SPL achieved following treatment for micropenis in infancy and childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaman Khadilkar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India.
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule University, Pune, India.
| | - Shruti A Mondkar
- Department of Growth and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Block V Lower Basement, Jehangir Hospital, 32 Sassoon Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
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16
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Paquin A, Fortin L, Girouard J, Reyes-Moreno C, Sevrioukova IF, Bérubé G. Investigating a new C2-symmetric testosterone dimer and its dihydrotestosterone analog: Synthesis, antiproliferative activity on prostate cancer cell lines and interaction with CYP3A4. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115222. [PMID: 36848848 PMCID: PMC10246735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a 17α-linked C2-symmetric testosterone dimer and its dihydrotestosterone analog is reported. The dimers were synthesized using a short five-step reaction sequence with 28% and 38% overall yield for the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone dimer, respectively. The dimerization reaction was achieved by an olefin metathesis reaction with 2nd generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst. The dimers and their corresponding 17α-allyl precursors were tested for the antiproliferative activity on androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC3) prostate cancer cell lines. The effects on cells were compared with that of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CPA). The results showed that the dimers were active on both cell lines, with an increased activity towards androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. However, the testosterone dimer (11) was fivefold more active than the dihydrotestosterone dimer (15), with an IC50 of 11.7 μM vs. 60.9 μM against LNCaP cells, respectively, and more than threefold more active than the reference drug CPA (IC50 of 40.7 μM). Likewise, studies on the interaction of new compounds with drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) showed that 11 was a fourfold stronger inhibitor than 15 (IC50 of 3 μM and 12 μM, respectively). This suggests that changes in the chemical structure of sterol moieties and the manner of their linkage could largely affect both the antiproliferative activity of androgen dimers and their crossreactivity with CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Paquin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec é Trois-Riviéres, C.P. 500, Trois-Riviéres, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Laurie Fortin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Julie Girouard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Carlos Reyes-Moreno
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States.
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec é Trois-Riviéres, C.P. 500, Trois-Riviéres, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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17
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Duan H, Ge W, Wu J, Lv J, Li Z, Dong W, Du X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhao X. Melatonin regulates dihydrotestosterone formation via its membrane receptor in the epididymal epithelial cells of sheep. Theriogenology 2023; 198:273-281. [PMID: 36623430 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Both melatonin and androgen, which affect sperm fertility, are the important factors in epididymis of male animal. In the present study, we confirmed that melatonin regulates the formation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in sheep epididymides. Here, we investigated the localization and the expression levels of melatonin keys synthases AANAT and HIOMT, membrane receptors MT1 and MT2, and nuclear receptor RORα in sheep epididymides and testes. We also cultured epididymal epithelial cells and treated them with different concentrations of melatonin (10-11-10-7 M) and luzindole (10-5 M) and 4P-PDOT (10-5 M) to investigate whether melatonin is involved in the regulation of DHT formation and whether these effects are mediated through its receptor pathways. The results showed that AANAT, HIOMT, MT1, MT2, and RORα were differentially expressed between sheep epididymides and testes. In addition, melatonin is involved in mediating the formation of DHT in epididymal epithelial cells, and its influence on DHT is at least partially regulated by the melatonin receptor pathway. Our findings showed that melatonin regulates the functions of the testes and epididymides through an autocrine mechanism and regulates the formation of androgen in sheep epididymides via the receptor pathway. These results provide a basis for further exploring the regulatory mechanisms of melatonin in animal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Duan
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Wenbo Ge
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Zongshuai Li
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Weitao Dong
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Xianghong Du
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- Key Lab of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation of Gansu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
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18
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Ghosh D. Structure of human placental steroid sulfatase at 2.0 angstrom resolution: Catalysis, quaternary association, and a secondary ligand site. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106228. [PMID: 36427797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human placental estrone (E1)/dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfatase (human placental steroid sulfatase; hSTS) is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. This Ca2+-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of sulfate esters of E1 and DHEA to yield the respective unconjugated steroids, which then act as precursors for the biosynthesis of 17β-estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), respectively, the most potent forms of estrogens and androgens. hSTS is a key enzyme for the local production of E2 and DHT in the breast and the prostate. The enzyme is known to be responsible for maintaining high levels of estrogens in the breast tumor cells. The crystal structure of hSTS purified from human placenta has previously been reported at 2.6 Å resolution. Here we present the structure of hSTS determined at the superior 2.0 Å resolution bringing new clarity to the atomic architecture of the active site. The molecular basis of catalysis and steroid-protein interaction are revisited in light of the new data. We also reexamine the enzyme's quaternary association and its implication on the membrane integration. A secondary ligand binding pocket at the intermolecular interface and adjacent to the active site access channel, buried into the gill of the mushroom-shaped molecule, has been identified. Its role as well as that of a phosphate ion bound to an exposed histidine side chain are examined from the structure-function perspective. Higher resolution data also aids in the tracing of an important loop missing in the previous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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19
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Ariyasu D, Nagamatsu F, Aso K, Akiba K, Hasegawa Y. Longitudinal clinical course in patients with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency treated with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone during infancy and puberty. Endocr J 2023; 70:59-67. [PMID: 36216557 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5α-reductase type 2 (5αRD2) deficiency is a 46,XY disorder of sex development caused by impaired conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Penile enlargement therapy is important for male patients with 46,XY 5αRD2 deficiency who have undermasculinized external genitalia, such as severe micropenis. High-dose T and percutaneous DHT replacement are reportedly efficacious for penile enlargement in patients with this disorder. We presented herein the longitudinal course of four patients with 46,XY 5αRD2 deficiency who received T and DHT. T replacement therapy during infancy increased the stretched penile length (SPL) in three of the patients but was ineffective in one patient. DHT was administered to the three patients after T replacement therapy and further increased the SPL. During and after puberty, two patients asked for and received T replacement therapy, which contributed to increasing their SPL. A semen test in one patient with T replacement therapy at age 27 years revealed cryptozoospermia despite normal testicular volume. The clinical course of our patients during infancy indicated that DHT therapy may be preferrable to T replacement therapy for penile enlargement in patients with 5αRD2 deficiency. During and after puberty, T replacement therapy promoted penile enlargement possibly because of increased conversion of T to DHT via increased 5α-reductase type 1 activity even in patients in whom it was ineffective during infancy. In conclusion, DHT is effective for penile enlargement during infancy in patients with 5αRD2 deficiency while T replacement therapy is a viable option during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ariyasu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kanagawa 210-0013, Japan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
| | - Fusa Nagamatsu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Keiko Aso
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Akiba
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo 183-8561, Japan
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20
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Shin D, Zhu GQ, Tian WJ, Ahn ST, Jeon SH, Cho HJ, Ha US, Hong SH, Lee JY, Kim SW, Moon DG, Bae WJ. Quisqualis indica extract for men with lower urinary tract symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Investig Clin Urol 2023; 64:20-30. [PMID: 36629062 PMCID: PMC9834572 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20220290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Quisqualis indica in men with moderate lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 135 subjects with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of 8-19 were randomized in 2 centers from June 2018 to April 2019. Patients were assigned into one of the three groups: a low-dose group (LG, 1,000 mg Q. indica), a high-dose group (HG, 2,000 mg Q. indica) or a placebo group (PG). The primary endpoint was the change of IPSS at the end of treatment from baseline. Secondary end points included the changes of prostate specific antigen, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual volume (PVR) and International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), with drug safety. RESULTS 113 patients were able to finish the study. Compared to the PG, total IPSS in the LG and the HG was significantly improved at 6 weeks and 12 weeks. For IPSS subscores, LG showed improvements in all except for urgency and quality of life at 6 weeks. HG showed improvements in incomplete emptying and frequency at 6 weeks and 12 weeks along with improvements in intermittency, straining, and quality of life at 12 weeks. For IIEF-5 subscores, orgasmic function and overall satisfaction improved in HG when compared to PG at 12 weeks. Lastly, increase of Qmax and decrease of PVR was observed at 6 weeks in LG. CONCLUSIONS 12-week treatment with Q. indica has a therapeutic effect and is well tolerated in patients with LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Shin
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guan Qun Zhu
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Jie Tian
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Tae Ahn
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Jeon
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Cho
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - U-Syn Ha
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoo Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Du Geon Moon
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Jin Bae
- Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Hong GL, Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Kim KH, Jung JY. Stauntonia hexaphylla Extract Ameliorates Androgenic Alopecia by Inhibiting Androgen Signaling in Testosterone-induced Alopecia Mice. Iran J Pharm Res 2022; 21:e133333. [PMID: 36896319 PMCID: PMC9990510 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-133333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Stauntonia hexaphylla has been a traditional folk remedy for alleviating fever and providing anti-inflammatory properties. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form mediated by the presence of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Objectives In this study, we evaluated the effects of an extract of S. hexaphylla on AGA models and its mechanisms of action. Methods We studied S. hexaphylla extract to evaluate 5α-reductase and androgen receptor (AR) levels, apoptosis, and cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, paracrine factors for androgenic alopecia, such as transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and dickkopf-a (DKK-1), were examined. Apoptosis was investigated, and the evaluation of proliferation was examined with cytokeratin 14 (CK-14) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results In human follicular dermal papilla cells, the 5α-reductase and AR were decreased following S. hexaphylla treatment, which reduced the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Histologically, the dermal thickness and follicle number were higher in the S. hexaphylla groups compared with the AGA group. In addition, the DHT concentration, 5α-reductase, and AR were decreased, thereby downregulating TGF-β1 and DKK-1 expression and upregulating cyclin D in S. hexaphylla groups. The numbers of keratinocyte-positive and PCNA-positive cells were increased compared to those in the AGA group. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that the S. hexaphylla extract ameliorated AGA by inhibiting 5α-reductase and androgen signaling, reducing AGA paracrine factors that induce keratinocyte (KC) proliferation, and inhibition apoptosis and catagen prematuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Lan Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yae-Ji Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding Author: Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yusung-gu, P. O. Box: 34134, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Anawalt BD, Matsumoto AM. Aging and androgens: Physiology and clinical implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:1123-1137. [PMID: 36459352 PMCID: PMC10370404 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In men > ~35 years, aging is associated with perturbations in the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis and declining serum testosterone concentrations. The major changes are decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) outflow and decreased Leydig cell responsivity to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH). These physiologic changes increase the prevalence of biochemical secondary hypogonadism-a low serum testosterone concentration without an elevated serum LH concentration. Obesity, medications such as opioids or corticosteroids, and systemic disease further reduce GnRH and LH secretion and might result in biochemical or clinical secondary hypogonadism. Biochemical secondary hypogonadism related to aging often remits with weight reduction and avoidance or treatment of other factors that suppress GnRH and LH secretion. Starting at age ~65-70, progressive Leydig cell dysfunction increases the prevalence of biochemical primary hypogonadism-a low serum testosterone concentration with an elevated serum LH concentration. Unlike biochemical secondary hypogonadism in older men, biochemical primary hypogonadism is generally irreversible. The evaluation of low serum testosterone concentrations in older men requires a careful assessment for symptoms, signs and causes of male hypogonadism. In older men with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, biochemical secondary hypogonadism and without an identifiable cause of hypothalamus or pituitary pathology, weight reduction and improvement of overall health might reverse biochemical hypogonadism. For older men with biochemical primary hypogonadism, testosterone replacement therapy might be beneficial. Because aging is associated with decreased metabolism of testosterone and increased tissue-specific androgen sensitivity, lower dosages of testosterone replacement therapy are often effective and safer in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Anawalt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Avenue, Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Avenue, Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way (S-182-GRECC), Seattle, WA, 98118, USA
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23
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Ueoka A, Sung YL, Liu X, Rosenberg C, Chen Z, Everett TH, Rubart M, Tisdale JE, Chen PS. Testosterone does not shorten action potential duration in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles. Heart Rhythm 2022; 19:1864-1871. [PMID: 35716858 PMCID: PMC10081443 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women have longer baseline QT intervals than men. Because previous studies showed that testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone shorten the ventricular action potential duration (APD) in animal models, differential testosterone concentrations may account for the sex differences in QT interval. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that testosterone shortens the APD in Langendorff-perfused rabbit ventricles. METHODS We performed optical mapping studies in hearts with or without testosterone administration. Acute studies included 26 hearts using 2 different protocols, including 17 without and 9 with atrioventricular (AV) block. For chronic studies, we implanted testosterone pellets subcutaneously in 7 female rabbits for 2-3 weeks before optical mapping studies during complete AV block. Six rabbits without pellet implantation served as controls. RESULTS The hearts in the acute studies were paced with a pacing cycle length (PCL) of 200-300 ms and mapped at baseline and after administration of 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, and 3 μM of testosterone. There was no shortening of APD80 at any PCL. Instead, a lengthening of APD80 was noted at higher concentrations. There were no sex differences in testosterone responses. In chronic studies, heart rates were 136 ± 5 bpm before and 148 ± 9 bpm after (P = .10) while QTc intervals were 314 ± 9 ms before and 317 ± 99 ms after (P = .69) testosterone pellet implantation, respectively. Overall, ventricular APD80 in the pellet group was longer than in the control group at 300- to 700-ms PCL. CONCLUSION Testosterone does not shorten ventricular repolarization in rabbit hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ueoka
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yen-Ling Sung
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carine Rosenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenhui Chen
- The Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Thomas H Everett
- The Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center and Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael Rubart
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James E Tisdale
- College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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Park JY, Park WY, Park J, Ahn KS, Lee JH, Kwak HJ, Um JY. Therapeutic role of Glycyrrhiza Uralensis fisher on benign prostatic hyperplasia through 5 alpha reductase regulation and apoptosis. Phytomedicine 2022; 105:154371. [PMID: 35964456 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disease in adult men. There are two pharmacological treatments for BPH. However, these synthetic materials have various risks, many studies are being conducted to develop new drugs from natural sources. PURPOSE In this study, we proposed a beneficial effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer on the development and progression of BPH, focusing on the androgen receptor (AR) and 5α-reductase 2 (5AR2) signaling axis. METHODS To explain the therapeutic efficacy of a water extract of G. uralensis (GUWE) for BPH, we used testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat models and TP-treated RWPE-1 human prostate epithelial cells. RESULTS In the TP-induced BPH rat models, GUWE reduced the enlarged prostate weight, prostate index, prostate epithelial thickness, and serum DHT levels. In addition, the protein levels of AR and 5AR2 in prostate tissues were significantly decreased by GUWE treatment. Furthermore, GUWE induced apoptosis signaling through an increase of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase 3, and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and a decrease of B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) in prostate tissues of TP-induced BPH rats. These findings were also confirmed in TP-treated RWPE-1 cells. Fi treatment markedly decreased the sperm count in the epididymis of BPH rats, but GUWE treatment did not affect the sperm count, suggesting less toxicity. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that GUWE reduces the development of BPH by inhibiting AR-5AR2 and activating the apoptosis signaling pathway. Furthermore, unlike finasteride, GUWE did not affect sperm count. Therefore, we suggest that GUWE has a potential as a safer alternative option for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Yeon Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Yong Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Wang Q, Yan Q, Nan J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Syce1 and Syce3 regulate testosterone and dihydrotestosterone synthesis via steroidogenic pathways in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 223:106135. [PMID: 35697131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the main hormones regulating reproduction and development of male animals. Although their synthesis and secretion are regulated by the endocrine system [hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (adrenal) axis], it is also possible to synthesize T and DHT from the induction of two proteins: Syce1 and Syce3. As central elements of the synaptonemal complex (SC), Syce1 and Syce3 play a key role in the association of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. However, Syce1 and Syce3 also promote the synthesis of T and DHT, although potential mechanisms have yet to be revealed. In this study, Leydig and Sertoli cells, which are responsible for the production and regulation of steroid hormones in testis, were transfected with recombinant Syce1/Syce3 and silence sequence. Our results revealed the highest expression of Syce1 and Syce3 in spermatogenic cells of the testis. Moreover, overexpression or knockdown of Syce1 and Syce3 in Sertoli and Leydig cells resulted in activation or suppression of steroidogenic genes Star and Hsd3b, which are involved in a steroidogenic pathway that upregulates T synthesis. Upregulated expression of Syce1 resulted in a significant increase in Srd5a1, which can promote DHT secretion. Interestingly, Syce1 and Syce3 overexpression synergistically promoted each other's abundance. Our results define a previously unknown mechanism of Syce1 and Syce3 dependent activation of steroidogenic signaling in Sertoli and Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qiu Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jinghong Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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26
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Shin J, Toyoda S, Nishitani S, Onodera T, Fukuda S, Kita S, Fukuhara A, Shimomura I. SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs the insulin/IGF signaling pathway in the lung, liver, adipose tissue, and pancreatic cells via IRF1. Metabolism 2022; 133:155236. [PMID: 35688210 PMCID: PMC9173833 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 can cause multiple organ damages as well as metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and new onset of diabetes. The insulin/IGF signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating energy metabolism and cell survival, but little is known about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this work was to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs the insulin/IGF signaling pathway in the host cell/tissue, and if so, the potential mechanism and association with COVID-19 pathology. METHODS To determine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on insulin/IGF signaling pathway, we utilized transcriptome datasets of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and tissues from public repositories for a wide range of high-throughput gene expression data: autopsy lungs from COVID-19 patients compared to the control from non-COVID-19 patients; lungs from a human ACE2 transgenic mouse infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to the control infected with mock; human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived liver organoids infected with SARS-CoV-2; adipose tissues from a mouse model of COVID-19 overexpressing human ACE2 via adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) compared to the control GFP after SARS-CoV-2 infection; iPS-derived human pancreatic cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to the mock control. Gain and loss of IRF1 function models were established in HEK293T and/or Calu3 cells to evaluate the impact on insulin signaling. To understand the mechanistic regulation and relevance with COVID-19 risk factors, such as older age, male sex, obesity, and diabetes, several transcriptomes of human respiratory, metabolic, and endocrine cells and tissue were analyzed. To estimate the association with COVID-19 severity, whole blood transcriptomes of critical patients with COVID-19 compared to those of hospitalized noncritical patients with COVID-19. RESULTS We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection impaired insulin/IGF signaling pathway genes, such as IRS, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, and MAPK, in the host lung, liver, adipose tissue, and pancreatic cells. The impairments were attributed to interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), and its gene expression was highly relevant to risk factors for severe COVID-19; increased with aging in the lung, specifically in men; augmented by obese and diabetic conditions in liver, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets. IRF1 activation was significantly associated with the impaired insulin signaling in human cells. IRF1 intron variant rs17622656-A, which was previously reported to be associated with COVID-19 prevalence, increased the IRF1 gene expression in human tissue and was frequently found in American and European population. Critical patients with COVID-19 exhibited higher IRF1 and lower insulin/IGF signaling pathway genes in the whole blood compared to hospitalized noncritical patients. Hormonal interventions, such as dihydrotestosterone and dexamethasone, ameliorated the pathological traits in SARS-CoV-2 infectable cells and tissues. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first scientific evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs the insulin/IGF signaling pathway in respiratory, metabolic, and endocrine cells and tissues. This feature likely contributes to COVID-19 severity with cell/tissue damage and metabolic abnormalities, which may be exacerbated in older, male, obese, or diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Shin
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Toyoda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nishitani
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Onodera
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiro Fukuda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunbun Kita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Adipose Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsunori Fukuhara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Department of Adipose Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Batista RL, Mendonca BB. The Molecular Basis of 5α-Reductase Type 2 Deficiency. Sex Dev 2022; 16:171-183. [PMID: 35793650 DOI: 10.1159/000525119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5α-reductase type 2 enzyme catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, playing a crucial role in male development. This enzyme is encoded by the SRD5A2 gene, which maps to chromosome 2 (2p23), consists of 5 exons and 4 introns, and encodes a 254 amino acid protein. Disruptions in this gene are the molecular etiology of a subgroup of differences of sex development (DSD) in 46,XY patients. Affected individuals present a large range of external genitalia undervirilization, ranging from almost typically female external genitalia to predominantly typically male external genitalia with minimal undervirilization, including isolated micropenis. This is an updated review of the implication of the SRD5A2 gene in 5α-reductase type 2 enzyme deficiency. For that, we identified 451 cases from 48 countries of this particular 46,XY DSD from the literature with reported variants in the SRD5A2 gene. Herein, we present the SRD5A2 mutational profile, the SRD5A2 polymorphisms, and the functional studies related to SRD5A2 variants to detail the molecular etiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Batista
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, do Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Endocrine Oncology Unit, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, ICESP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, do Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Zeng J, Ge W, Duan H, Lv J, Ding Z, Wang W, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Hu J. Effect of dihydrotestosterone on melatonin secretion and the expression of melatonin receptors and apoptosis-related factors in sheep epididymides. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1244-1254. [PMID: 35775862 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) is involved in homeostasis of the epididymis lumen environment. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) partakes in the development of gonads and organs in male animals. However, whether MEL secretion, the expression of its receptors, MT1 and MT2, and sheep epididymal epithelial cell apoptosis is regulated by DHT remains unclear. In this study, we used immunohistochemical staining to detect the distribution patterns of DHT synthetases [5α-reductase (5α-red)] and its androgen receptor (AR) in sheep epididymides. 5α-red1, 5α-red2, and AR were positively expressed in sperm, epididymal epithelial cells, and the smooth muscle cells of the caput, corpus, and cauda regions of the epididymis. DHT concentration and the expression levels of 5α-red and AR in the caput, corpus, and cauda regions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis. DHT concentration in the caput was significantly higher than those in corpus and cauda, probably because of the high expression of 5α-red2 in the caput and secretion and transport of DHT by the testicles. DHT inhibited MEL secretion, the expression of its membrane receptors, and MEL synthetases in cultured sheep epididymal epithelial cells in vitro. In addition, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, ACT CASP3, and caspase-3 mRNA expression were also decreased. The decreasing effect was partially reversed after flutamide treatment. Therefore, DHT regulates sheep epididymal function by influencing MEL expression and apoptosis-related factors. This study provides basic data for further research on the reproductive physiology of male animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Ge
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou, China
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29
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Bell DSH, Jerkins T. Testosterone Deficiency is Not Protective Against the Development of Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate in a Type 1 Diabetic Patient. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:1115-1119. [PMID: 35391594 PMCID: PMC9076779 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of prostate cancer (PC) developing in a hypogonadal patient with well-controlled type 1 diabetes. The purpose of reporting this case is to emphasize that regular prostate examinations and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements should be preformed in the diabetic male, even though the incidence of PC is lower in this group of patients. In addition, these examinations and tests need to be preformed even in the hypogonadal patient with diabetes since the presence of a low serum testosterone (T) level does not preclude the development of PC. This is because the development of PC is not related to serum androgen levels but to the androgen levels within the prostate, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and not T levels within the prostate gland are responsible for the development of PC. In the hypogonadal male, intraprostatic DHT may be high since DHT can be formed from adrenal androgens, particularly androstenedione, through activation of 5α-reductase 2, which is the minority enzyme in the normal prostate but becomes the major enzyme in the formation and growth of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. H. Bell
- Southside Endocrinology, 1900 Crestwood Blvd, Suite 201, Irondale, AL 35210 USA
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30
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Handelsman DJ, Cooper ER, Heather AK. Bioactivity of 11 keto and hydroxy androgens in yeast and mammalian host cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106049. [PMID: 34990809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of 11oxygenated (keto or hydroxy) androgens in human reproductive function with 11keto androgens circulating at concentrations comparable with testosterone in women and children. However, the intrinsic androgenic bioactivities of 11 keto and hydroxy androgens are not fully characterized. We therefore investigated the full androgen dose-response curves using complementary in vitro yeast and mammalian (HEK293) host cell bioassays of 11 keto and hydroxy derivatives of the potent androgens, testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), compared with their parent non-11 oxygenated steroids together with the pro-androgen precursor (androstenedione (A4)) and metabolites (androstanedione, androsterone). For potent androgens, the mammalian HEK293 host cell bioassay was 22-138 times more sensitive than the yeast host cell bioassay. In both androgen bioassays, 11keto derivatives displayed androgenic bioactivity but significantly lower molar potency than their parent non-keto steroids. By contrast, the 11hydroxy derivatives had minimal or no androgenic bioactivity. In both bioassays 5α-reduction increased androgenic potency. These findings confirm that that 11keto androgens may contribute directly to androgen status in women, children, and other conditions apart from healthy eugonadal men whereas 11hydroxy androgens have negligible androgenic potency although it cannot be excluded that they may be converted to more potent androgens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot R Cooper
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; National Measurement Institute, Sydney, Australia; Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Alison K Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand
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31
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McGovern AJ, González J, Ramírez D, Barreto GE. Identification of HMGCR, PPGARG and prohibitin as potential druggable targets of dihydrotestosterone for treatment against traumatic brain injury using system pharmacology. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108721. [PMID: 35344815 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) has long-term devastating effects for which there is no accurate and effective treatment for inflammation and chronic oxidative stress. As a disease that affects multiple signalling pathways, the search for a drug with a broader spectrum of pharmacological action is of clinical interest. The fact that endocrine disruption (e.g hypogonadism) has been observed in TBI patients suggests that endogenous therapy with testosterone, or its more androgenic derivative, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), may attenuate, at least in part, the TBI-induced inflammation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are still not completely clear. AIMS AND METHODS In this study, the main aim was to investigate proteins that may be related to the pathophysiological mechanism of TBI and also be pharmacological targets of DHT in order to explore a possible therapy with this androgen using network pharmacology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified 2.700 proteins related to TBI and 1.567 that are potentially molecular targets of DHT. Functional enrichment analysis showed that steroid (p-value: 2.1-22), lipid metabolism (p-value: 2.8-21) and apoptotic processes (p-value: 5.2-21) are mainly altered in TBI. Furthermore, being mitochondrion an organelle involved on these molecular processes we next identified that out of 32 mitochondrial-related proteins 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPGARG) and prohibitin are those found highly regulated in the network and potential targets of DHT in TBI. In conclusion, the identification of these cellular nodes may prove to be essential as targets of DHT for therapy against post-TBI inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McGovern
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Ramírez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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32
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Li L, Zhang J, Li Q, Qiao L, Li P, Cui Y, Li S, Hao S, Wu T, Liu L, Yin J, Hu P, Dou X, Li S, Yang H. Mutational analysis of compound heterozygous mutation p.Q6X/p.H232R in SRD5A2 causing 46,XY disorder of sex development. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:47. [PMID: 35331321 PMCID: PMC8944008 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over 100 mutations in the SRD5A2 gene have been identified in subjects with 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD). Exploration of SRD5A2 mutations and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms behind their effects should reveal the functions of the domains of the 5α-reductase 2 enzyme and identify the cause of 46,XY DSD. Previously, we reported a novel compound heterozygous p.Q6X/p.H232R mutation of the SRD5A2 gene in a case with 46,XY DSD. Whether the compound heterozygous p.Q6X/p.H232R mutation in this gene causes 46,XY DSD requires further exploration. Methods The two 46,XY DSD cases were identified and sequenced. In order to identify the source of the compound heterozygous p.Q6X/p.H232R mutation, the parents, maternal grandparents, and maternal uncle were sequenced. Since p.Q6X mutation is a nonsense mutation, p.H232R mutation was transfected into HEK293 cells and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) for 5α-reductase 2 enzyme activities test. Apparent michaelis constant (Km) were measured of p.H232R mutation to analyze the binding ability change of 5α-reductase 2 enzyme with testosterone (T) or NADPH. Results The sequence results showed that the two 46,XY DSD cases were the compound heterozygous p.Q6X/p.H232R mutation, of which the heterozygous p.Q6X mutation originating from maternal family and heterozygous p.H232R mutation originating from the paternal family. The function analysis confirmed that p.H232R variant decreased the DHT production by LC–MS test. The Km analysis demonstrated that p.H232R mutation affected the binding of SRD5A2 with T or NADPH. Conclusions Our findings confirmed that the compound heterozygous p.Q6X/p.H232R mutation in the SRD5A2 gene is the cause of 46,XY DSD. p.H232R mutation reduced DHT production while attenuating the catalytic efficiency of the 5α-reductase 2 enzyme. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13052-022-01243-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- The Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Qiao
- Clinical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, the 8th medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Clinical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shujun Li
- The Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Shirui Hao
- The Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Tongqian Wu
- Clinical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Jianmin Yin
- Department of Ultrasound, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China
| | - Pingsheng Hu
- Clinical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Clinical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Shuping Li
- The Clinical Laboratory, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Clinical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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33
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Xiao L, Wang Z, Lu N, Wei H, Kang J, Yuan M, Sheng X, Qi X, Xing K, Guo Y, Wang X, Zhao J, Gao Y, Ni H. Dihydrotestosterone through blockade of TGF-β/Smad signaling mediates the anti-fibrosis effect under hypoxia in canine Sertoli cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106041. [PMID: 34864206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment of cryptorchidism is an important factor to induce the impairment of the structure and function of Sertoli cells and thus lead to spermatogenesis loss or tumorigenesis. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), as a potent nonaromatizable 5α-reduced androgen, has both positive and negative effect on pathological fibrosis process. However, it is still unknown whether DHT can regulate hypoxia-induced fibrosis of Sertoli cells. Herein, in this study, we evaluate the DHT level, two 5α-reductase isoforms, 5α-red1 and 5α-red2, as well as HIF-1α expression pattern in canine cryptorchidism and contralateral normal testis. Results showed that the abdominal testes presented low DHT levels and 5α-red1 and 5α-red2 expression, while significantly higher HIF-1α expression and ECM production compared with the scrotum. Moreover, we established a hypoxia-induced fibrosis model in canine Sertoli cells induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2), and found that DHT inhibited the fibrosis of Sertoli cells in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, DHT interfered with the TGF-β signaling by reducing the expression of TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII and inhibiting the expression and phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, while flutamide (androgen receptor inhibitor) inhibited these effects of DHT. Furthermore, use of LY2109761 (TGF-β receptor type I/II inhibitor) to interfere with the TGF-β/Smad pathway showed a similar effect with DHT suppression of the fibrosis in Sertoli cells. Our research data demonstrated that cryptorchidism is located in a hypoxic and DHT deficiency microenvironment. Moreover, supplementing DHT can alleviate the fibrosis process of Sertoli cells caused by hypoxia, which is associated with AR regulating the inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Wei
- Beijing Detector Dog Developing Facility GACC, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengyi Yuan
- Beijing Changping Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xihui Sheng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xing
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Junjin Zhao
- National Grazing Headquarter, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Gao
- People's Government of Xiacang Town, Jizhou District, Tianjin, China
| | - Hemin Ni
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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Sansone A, Kliesch S, Dugas M, Sandhowe-Klaverkamp R, Isidori AM, Schlatt S, Zitzmann M. Serum concentrations of dihydrotestosterone are associated with symptoms of hypogonadism in biochemically eugonadal men. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2465-2474. [PMID: 33811609 PMCID: PMC8502125 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Symptoms of hypogonadism are often reported by subjects with normal serum testosterone (T) levels. We aimed to assess the association between clinical symptoms in andrological outpatients and sex steroids levels. METHODS This is a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study in an Academic clinic and research unit. International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF, EF domain) and Aging Males Symptoms scale (AMS) questionnaires were completed by 635 and 574 men, respectively (mean age: 47.3 ± 13.9 and 47.4 ± 13.8 years, p = 0.829), free of interfering medications with complaints possibly related to hypogonadism. RESULTS Serum total/free T as well as dihydro-T (DHT) was associated with IIEF-EF and AMS scores in the overall population using univariate analyses. Multivariate approaches revealed DHT concentrations in subjects with normal T levels (n = 416, Total T > 12 nmol/L) to be significant predictors of AMS scores. A 0.1 nmol/l serum DHT increase within the eugonadal range was associated with a 4.67% decrease in odds of having worse symptoms (p = 0.011). In men with biochemical hypogonadism (Total T < 12 nmol/L), total and free T rather than DHT were associated with AMS results. This association was not found for IIEF-EF scores. Indirect effects of age and BMI were seen for relations with hormone concentrations but not questionnaire scores. CONCLUSION DHT can be associated with symptoms of hypogonadism in biochemically eugonadal men. Serum DHT measurement might be helpful once the diagnosis of hypogonadism has been ruled out but should not be routinely included in the primary diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sansone
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Münster, Germany.
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Kliesch
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Münster, Germany
| | - M Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - R Sandhowe-Klaverkamp
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Münster, Germany
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Schlatt
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Münster, Germany
| | - M Zitzmann
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Münster, Germany
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35
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Galligan TM, Helm RF, Case BF, Bodinof Jachowski CM, Frazier CL, Alaasam V, Hopkins WA. Pre-breeding androgen and glucocorticoid profiles in the eastern hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 313:113899. [PMID: 34499909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seasonally breeding species exhibit cyclical changes in circulating steroid hormone profiles that correspond with changes to their reproductive behavior and ecology. Such information is critical to the conservation of imperiled and data-deficient species, such as the eastern hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis). We determined changes in plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 11-ketoandrostenedione (11-KA), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), cortisol, corticosterone, and progesterone (P4) during a four-month period preceding breeding in adult male and female eastern hellbenders. This pre-breeding period is characterized by increased diel movement and aggression by both sexes, follicular development and yolk production in females, and sperm production, territoriality, and nest site establishment in males. In both males and females, we observed a progressive increase in circulating T and DHT during the pre-reproductive season, both peaking in August (17 days before breeding), but concentrations of both hormones were higher in males. Conversely, 11-KT was higher in females, but did not vary significantly by date. These results suggest that T and DHT are the predominant androgens in eastern hellbenders and are likely important regulators of reproductive processes in both males and females. The detection of significant quantities of DHT and 11-KT in females is particularly interesting, considering that unlike T, neither of these androgens can be converted to estrogens. Therefore, it seems possible that aggression or some aspect of reproduction in the female eastern hellbender may be directly mediated by androgen signaling. Baseline cortisol did not vary throughout the pre-breeding period but was higher in females than males, and also became highly variable in females leading up to breeding. Progesterone, 11-KA, DHEA, and corticosterone were rarely or never detected, and thus, do not appear to be important during the pre-reproductive season. This study provides a physiological framework for future studies of hellbender reproductive biology, which could ultimately be important for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Galligan
- Virginia Tech, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060, USA; Environmental Working Group, 1436 U St. NW #100, Washington, DC 20009, USA.
| | - Richard F Helm
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060, USA
| | - Brian F Case
- Virginia Tech, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060, USA
| | - Catherine M Bodinof Jachowski
- Virginia Tech, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060, USA; Forestry and Environmental Conservation Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Clara L Frazier
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060, USA
| | - Valentina Alaasam
- Virginia Tech, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060, USA; Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - William A Hopkins
- Virginia Tech, Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Blacksburg, VA USA 24060, USA
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36
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Xiao L, Sun W, Su Y, Lu N, He Y, Sheng X, Qi X, Xing K, Guo Y, Chang D, Wang X, Zhao J, Ni H. Dihydrotestosterone regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in bovine endometrial epithelium cells by androgen receptor mediated EGFR/PI3K/Akt pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:106001. [PMID: 34547381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Uterine prostaglandins F2α (PGF2α) is essential for implantation, initiation of luteolysis and delivery. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme limiting PGF2α rate, is regulated by steroid hormones, and also dihydrotestosterone (DHT) may be involved in regulating COX-2 expression both positively and negatively. However, it remains unclear how whether DHT regulates COX-2 expression and consequent PGF2α release in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). In this study, we evaluated the localization of the two isoforms of DHT synthetase 5α-reductase (5α-red1 and 5α-red2) and androgen receptor (AR) in bovine endometria by immunohistochemistry, and investigated 5α-red1, 5α-red2, AR, and DHT levels at the different stages of endometria (follicle, early-, mid-, and late-pregnancy phases). The results showed that 5α-red1, 5α-red2 and AR all were expressed in endometria, and their expressions and the level of DHT significantly increased in the late-pregnancy phase compared with the mid-pregnancy phase. Moreover, we cultured EECs from the mid-pregnancy phase and the in vitro study showed that DHT dose-dependently increased COX-2 expression and PGF2a release, but AR antagonist (flutamide) inhibited the stimulating effect via DHT. In addition, the DHT-induced COX-2 expression and PGF2α release were subjected to the regulation of both EGFR/PI3K/Akt/NFkB signaling as the inhibitors of EGFR (AG1478) and PI3K/Akt (LY294002) and NFkB (QNZ) attenuated the DHT mediated effect. Taken together, the results demonstrated that DHT-induced COX-2 expression and consequent PGF2α release in bovine EECs were mediated through AR-derived EGFR transactivation and PI3K/Akt cascade leading to NFkB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wanxu Sun
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Su
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan He
- Zhangjiagang Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xihui Sheng
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xing
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Di Chang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Junjin Zhao
- National Grazing Headquarter, Beijing, China
| | - Hemin Ni
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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Choi DH, Kim JY, An JH, Sung SH, Kong HS. Effects of Saussurea costus on apoptosis imbalance and inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 279:114349. [PMID: 34171398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saussurea costus (synonym: Aucklandia lappa Decne) is a medicinal plant distributed in Yunnan, Guangxi, and Sichuan in China. In traditional Korean medicine, the plant parts (especially the root-"radix aucklandiae") is widely used to treat vomiting, diarrhea, and inflammation. However, little has been reported on its effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is common in middle-aged men. AIM OF THE STUDY BPH is caused by apoptosis imbalance and inflammation due to aging of the prostate. Therefore, the aim of this was to prove the efficacy of S. costus by analyzing its effect on the biological mechanisms leading to BPH progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of testosterone (125 mg/kg) to induce BPH, and were later administered with S. costus (20, 40 mg/kg). After 12 weeks, histological changes in the prostate and hormone regulation factors were assessed in all animals. Furthermore, apoptotic protein and apoptotic body values were analyzed to confirm the improvement of apoptosis imbalance, and inflammatory cytokines were analyzed to confirm the anti-inflammatory efficacy of S. costus. RESULTS In the serum and tissue of S. costus-treated BPH rats, a significant reduction in prostate weight, prostate index, and hormone regulation factors was observed. S. costus also increased the levels of apoptosis marker proteins and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines. It also decreased the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and increased the expression of BCL-2 associated X protein (BAX) in the prostate. Histological changes such as epithelial thickness significantly increased in BPH induced group but significantly decreased in the S. costus-treated groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS S. costus may prevent and treat BPH occurrence by modulating inflammation and apoptosis imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Choi
- Climacteric Natural Products Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea; KOSA BIO Inc., 697, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13511, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Climacteric Natural Products Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea; KOSA BIO Inc., 697, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13511, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Ho An
- Climacteric Natural Products Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea; KOSA BIO Inc., 697, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13511, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hyun Sung
- Qu-BEST BIO Co., Ltd. 120 Heungdeokjungang-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Seok Kong
- Climacteric Natural Products Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea; College of Animal Biotechnology & Resource, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Hobo Y, Nishikawa J, Miyashiro Y, Fujikata A. Analysis of hair steroid hormone concentrations at different parts of the head by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:260-266. [PMID: 34627827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormones are known to be associated with diseases like androgenetic alopecia (AGA) resulting in hair loss. The lack of a detailed analysis of the local concentration of steroids in different parts of the head underlies the rationale and purpose of this study. METHODS To evaluate the concentration distributions of steroid hormones in hair in different parts of the head, hair samples of 8 healthy men from 9 point-areas covering the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions were collected. Eight steroid hormones were measured by using the LC-MS/MS and region-wise comparison for different hormones was done using the mean z-score and Tukey's HSD. RESULTS Five of the 8 hormones had a high concentration in the parietal region, with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) showing a peak in the central parietal region (z = 1.59) suggesting a correlation with AGA's clinical presentation. Whereas, no significant differences were observed for testosterone and cortisol between the parietal and occipital regions. Higher DHT levels at the parietal region were also verified with a small group of AGA patients. CONCLUSIONS This research expands upon the role of steroid hormones in hair follicle tissue elucidating their relationship with disease, thus contributing to disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hobo
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Miyashiro
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Fujikata
- ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kondrakhina IN, Verbenko DA, Zatevalov AM, Gatiatulina ER, Nikonorov AA, Deryabin DG, Kubanov AA. A Cross-sectional Study of Plasma Trace Elements and Vitamins Content in Androgenetic Alopecia in Men. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3232-3241. [PMID: 33151470 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common variant of male pattern baldness in which occurrence and development of multiple genetic, hormonal, and metabolic factors are involved. We aimed to estimate plasma element content (Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Se, Fe), vitamin status (B12, D, E, and folic acid) in patients with AGA using direct colorimetric tests or atomic absorption spectrometry, and the influence of these parameters in the formation of various hair loss patterns. The study included 50 patients with I-IV stages of AGA divided into two groups with normal and high levels of dihydrotestosterone compared with 25 healthy individuals. The presence of two patterns of pathological hair loss in the androgen-dependent (parietal) and androgen-independent (occipital) areas of the scalp was confirmed. It was shown that all patients with AGA have a deficiency of elements (Zn, Cu, Mg, Se) and vitamins (B12, E, D, folic acid). However, the hair loss rate was not due to their content. А positive interrelation between quantitative trichogram parameters in the occipital region and iron metabolism in pairs "hair density vs Fe" and "hair diameter vs ferritin" was shown. In turn, in the parietal region, an inverse correlation of hair diameter with plasma Cu level was found, the most pronouncing in patients with high levels of dihydrotestosterone. The obtained results indicate the importance of multiple micronutrient deficiencies in the AGA occurrence accompanied by the existence of two different hair loss patterns, differently related to the content of certain trace elements and androgens in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Kondrakhina
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, Bldg 6, Moscow, Russian Federation, 107076
| | - Dmitry A Verbenko
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, Bldg 6, Moscow, Russian Federation, 107076
| | - Alexander M Zatevalov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Admiral Makarov St., 10, 125212, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Eugenia R Gatiatulina
- All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Grina St., 7, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117216
| | - Alexander A Nikonorov
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, Bldg 6, Moscow, Russian Federation, 107076.
| | - Dmitry G Deryabin
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, Bldg 6, Moscow, Russian Federation, 107076
| | - Alexey A Kubanov
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Korolenko St., 3, Bldg 6, Moscow, Russian Federation, 107076
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Chu X, Snoeren E, Södersten P, Ågmo A. Sexual incentive motivation and male and female copulatory behavior in female rats given androgen from postnatal day 20. Physiol Behav 2021; 237:113460. [PMID: 33991538 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Masculinization and feminization of rat sexual behavior has been supposed to occur during a short postnatal period. However, much data have made it evident that these processes may continue until adolescence. In the present study, we evaluated whether androgen treatment of females from postnatal day 20 and onwards could alter sexual motivation and behavior in a male direction. Juveniles were ovariectomized on day 20 and concurrently implanted with Silastic capsules containing either testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. Controls were implanted with an empty capsule. Tests for sexual incentive motivation and male sexual behavior were performed every fifth day when the females were between 50 and 75 days of age. At day 80, a test for female sexual behavior was performed. Females treated with testosterone approached a female sexual incentive far more than a male incentive, showing that sexual motivation had been changed in a male-like direction. Dihydrotestosterone had a similar, albeit smaller, effect. Females implanted with an empty capsule approached both incentives equally. Testosterone produced a high level of mounting behavior, whereas intromission-like behavioral patterns were rare and ejaculation-like behavior was absent. In the test for female sexual behavior, the testosterone-treated animals displayed a relatively high lordosis quotient, far above that displayed in females implanted with dihydrotestosterone or an empty capsule. It is concluded that treatment with an aromatizable androgen during the peripubertal-adolescent period masculinizes sexual motivation and partly sexual behavior. A non-aromatizable androgen weakly masculinize sexual motivation without enhancing male sexual behavior. It appears that simultaneous actions on androgen and estrogen receptors are needed for significant masculinization during the period studied here. Since the testosterone-treated females displayed lordosis, sexual behavior was not defeminized. In sum, these results suggest that sexual differentiation continues well into the peripubertal and adolescent periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chu
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eelke Snoeren
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per Södersten
- Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 01 Hudddinge, Sweden
| | - Anders Ågmo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang M, Yuan J, Cao Y, Xu L, Ma X, Lin S, An J, Wang S. Yohimbine hydrochloride inhibits benign prostatic hyperplasia by downregulating steroid 5α-reductase type 2. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174334. [PMID: 34265299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a frequently encountered disease in older men that affects sexual function and is capable of causing lower urinary tract dysfunction. Unfortunately, current treatment options for BPH primarily seek to address the lower urinary tract dysfunction aspect of the disease and do not improve sexual function. Yohimbine has been effectively used for decades to treat erectile dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of yohimbine on BPH and explore the associated underlying mechanisms. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into the control, BPH, finasteride (1 mg/kg), and yohimbine (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) groups. Except for the rats in the control group, those in the other groups were subcutaneously injected testosterone propionate (5 mg/kg/day) daily for a period of 4 weeks to establish BPH models. They were also administration the corresponding drug daily for a period of 6 weeks. After the treatments, in addition to determining prostate wet weight and index, the histopathological status of the prostate was observed, and the levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, prostatic acid phosphatase, the prostate-specific antigen, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and steroid 5α-reductase were determined. Specifically, the administration of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg yohimbine inhibited prostatic index increase by 46.7, 55.1, and 69.3%, respectively, in BHP rats. Further, yohimbine significantly reduced the levels of dihydrotestosterone, prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate-specific antigen, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and steroid 5α-reductase, suggesting that it exerts beneficial effects against BPH by modulating the steroid 5α-reductase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zhao
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Yang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiani Yuan
- Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuexinyu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sisong Lin
- Key Laboratory Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junming An
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Siwang Wang
- Key Laboratory Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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Kim HJ, Jin BR, An HJ. Psoralea corylifolia L. extract ameliorates benign prostatic hyperplasia by regulating prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 273:113844. [PMID: 33485982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Psoralea corylifolia L. seed (PCL), commonly known as "Poguzhi" or "BuguZhi", has been widely used to treat kidney yang deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) where tonifying the yang deficiency is a representative understanding for treatment of hormonal deficiency disorders such as enuresis, oliguria, and prostatic diseases. Although PCL has been commonly used to treat problems of the urinary system, its efficacy against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not yet been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we aimed to assess the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of PCL against BPH, a condition which negatively impacts quality of life in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal human prostate cell lines, RWPE-1 and WPMY-1 cells, were stimulated with 10 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to establish an in vitro BPH model. Subsequently, cells were treated with 100 or 200 μg/ml PCL, which inhibited cell proliferation without cytotoxicity, to evaluate the anti-BPH effect of PCL. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were castrated, except for those in the control group (Con), and BPH was induced by subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg testosterone propionate (TP). Concurrent with daily TP injections, 5 mg/kg of finasteride (Fina) and 50 or 100 mg/kg PCL were orally administrated daily for four weeks, excluding the weekends. RESULTS In DHT-stimulated RWPE-1 and WPMY-1 cells, expression of androgen receptor (AR) androgen signaling-related markers such as 5α-reductase 2 (5AR2), AR, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was upregulated, whereas 100 or 200 μg/ml of PCL treatment downregulated these markers. Furthermore, PCL significantly reduced the mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic genes and increased the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic gene. In vivo, administration of PCL reduced prostate size and weight in TP-induced BPH rats. Moreover, histological alterations in epithelium thickness were significantly restored by the administration of PCL. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased expression of AR and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in TP-induced BPH prostates; these changes were suppressed by administration of 50 or 100 mg/kg PCL. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the effect of PCL against BPH, mediated by the regulation of prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis, in DHT-stimulated normal human prostate cell lines and TP-induced BPH rats. These findings suggest that PCL could be a potential therapeutic agent against BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26339, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Ram Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26339, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 83 Sangjidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26339, Republic of Korea.
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Paquin A, Oufqir Y, Sevrioukova IF, Reyes-Moreno C, Bérubé G. Innovative C 2-symmetric testosterone and androstenedione dimers: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation on prostate cancer cell lines and binding study to recombinant CYP3A4. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113496. [PMID: 33933755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two isomeric testosterone dimers and an androstenedione dimer is reported. The design takes advantage of an efficient transformation of testosterone leading to the synthesis of the key diene, 7α-(buta-1,3-dienyl)-4-androsten-17β-ol-3-one, through an elimination reaction. It was found that in some instances the same reaction led to partial epimerization of the 17β-hydroxyl group into the 17α-hydroxyl group. The specific orientation of the hydroxyl function was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Capitalizing on this unforeseen side reaction, several dimers were assembled using an olefin metathesis reaction with Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst. This led to the formation of two isomeric testosterone dimers with 17α-OH or 17β-OH (14α and 14β) as well as an androstenedione dimer (14). The new dimers and their respective precursors were tested on androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen independent (PC3 and DU145) prostate cancer cells. It was discovered that the most active dimer was made of the natural hormone testosterone (14β) with an average IC50 of 13.3 μM. In LNCaP cells, 14β was ∼5 times more active than the antiandrogen drug cyproterone acetate (IC50 of 12.0 μM vs. 59.6 μM, respectively). At low concentrations (0.25-0.5 μM), 14α and 14β were able to completely inhibit LNCaP cell growth induced by testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. Furthermore, cross-reactivity of androgen-based dimers with sterol-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A4 was explored and the results are disclosed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Paquin
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada; Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Yassine Oufqir
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada; Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States.
| | - Carlos Reyes-Moreno
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada; Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada; Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Université Du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Ocaranza P, Íñiguez G, Johnson MC, Cassorla F. Differential effects of androgens and estrogens over cellular GH sensitivity in HEPG2 cells. Growth Horm IGF Res 2021; 57-58:101390. [PMID: 33975196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Testosterone and estrogen concentrations progressively increase during puberty, and in association with growth hormone (GH), lead to the increase in height velocity known as the pubertal growth spurt. Very limited information is available however, regarding the possible effects of sex steroids over GH cellular sensitivity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and dihydrotestosterone over the GH intracellular signaling pathway. METHODS We evaluated the effects of these sex steroids on the nuclear phosphorylation of STAT5b and IGF-1 expression, in HEPG2 human hepatoma cells. In addition, we studied whether Tamoxifen (TAM), can modulate these effects. RESULTS The highest concentration of T tested (10 ng/mL) co-incubated with a fixed concentration of GH (40 ng/mL) increased nuclear STAT5b phosphorylation compared with GH alone (1.34 ± 0.2 vs 0.6 ± 0.09 AU; *p < 0.05), as well as IGF-1 expression (0.6 ± 0.03 vs 0.32 ± 0.05 AU; *p < 0.05). This effect was not observed with lower concentrations of T tested (1 and 5 ng/mL). A similar increase in nuclear STAT5b phosphorylation was observed with the lowest concentration of E2 tested (20 pg/mL), co-incubated with the same fixed concentration of GH (3.6 ± 0.5 vs 1.28 ± 0.33 AU; *p < 0.05). This effect was also associated with an increase in IGF-1 expression (0.73 ± 0.02 vs 0.39 ± 0.04 AU; *p < 0.05). These results were not observed with higher concentrations of E2 tested (75 and 200 pg/mL). DHT at concentrations of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 ng/mL, co-stimulated with GH, did not change cytoplasmic STAT5b phosphorylation, nuclear STAT5b or IGF-1 expression. In addition, the co-incubation of TAM with the highest concentration of T tested (10 ng/mL) and GH (40 ng/mL) did not change cytoplasmic, nuclear pSTAT5 levels or IGF-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS T and E2 potentiate the GH signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent fashion. The observation that the non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone does not stimulate this pathway, and that the effects of T are blocked with TAM, suggests that the effects of T over the GH signaling pathway appear to be mediated by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ocaranza
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Germán Íñiguez
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Cecilia Johnson
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Cassorla
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Marzuki NS, Idris FP, Kartapradja H, Renata S, Harahap A, Batubara JRL. Accuracy of Urinary Etiocholanolone/Androsterone Ratio as Alternative to Serum Testosterone/ Dihydrotestosterone Ratio for Diagnosis of 5 Alpha-reductase Type 2 Deficiency Patients and Carriers in Indonesia. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 19:e109510. [PMID: 34149847 PMCID: PMC8198621 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5 Alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency (5ARD2) is an inherited condition, which clinically presents as variable degrees of under virilization in affected 46,XY individuals. In the diagnostic pathway of 5ARD2, the testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) ratio is broadly employed before molecular analysis of the SRD5A2 gene. However, due to cost-benefit considerations, the DHT test in our country is routinely lacking in clinical settings; therefore, we considered applying the urinary etiocholanolone/androsterone (Et/An) ratio as an alternative test. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the diagnostic value of the urinary Et/An ratio versus the T/DHT ratio in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients and carriers. METHODS Sixty-six suspected 5ARD2 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) individuals and 95 family members were recruited in the study. Their clinical manifestations, T/DHT and urinary Et/An ratios, and SRD5A2 genes were analyzed. Using molecular analysis of the SRD5A2 gene as the gold standard, we compared the accuracy of both ratios in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients and carriers with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were confirmed molecularly to have 5ARD2, and the rest (n = 29) were assessed as normal controls, while in the carrier group, 53 were molecularly confirmed as carriers and 42 as controls. The AUCs (areas under the curve) of the T/DHT and urinary Et/An ratios were 57.7% (95% CI 43.0 - 72.4%, P > 0.05) and 79.7% (95% CI 69.0 - 90.4%, P < 0.001), respectively, in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients and 54.1% (95% CI 42.4 - 65.8%, P > 0.05) and 75.1% (95% CI 65.1 - 85.1%, P < 0.001), respectively, in diagnosing carriers. The cutoff value of the urinary Et/An ratio was set at ≥ 0.95 for detecting 5ARD2 patients and ≥ 0.99 for detecting carriers. CONCLUSIONS The testosterone/DHT ratio was inaccurate in diagnosing 5ARD2 patients. When molecular analysis for the SRD5A2 gene is lacking, the urinary Et/An ratio may be a useful test to diagnose 5ARD2 patients and carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanis Sacharina Marzuki
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Corresponding Author: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | | | - Shirley Renata
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alida Harahap
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Azizi A, Mumin NH, Shafqat N. Phytochemicals With Anti 5-alpha-reductase Activity: A Prospective For Prostate Cancer Treatment. F1000Res 2021; 10:221. [PMID: 34316358 PMCID: PMC8276191 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51066.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the leading causes of death in men worldwide. Much attention has been given on its prevention and treatment strategies, including targeting the regulation of 5-alpha-Reductase (5αR) enzyme activity, aimed to limit the progression of CaP by inhibiting the conversion of potent androgen dihydrotestosterone from testosterone that is thought to play a role in pathogenesis of CaP, by using the 5-alpha-Reductase inhibitors (5αRis) such as finasteride and dutasteride. However, 5αRis are reported to exhibit numerous adverse side effects, for instance erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction and loss of libido. This has led to a surge of interest on plant-derived alternatives that might offer favourable side effects and less toxic profiles. Phytochemicals from plants are shown to exhibit numerous medicinal properties in various studies targeting many major illnesses including CaP. Therefore, in this review, we aim to discuss the use of phytochemicals namely phytosterols, polyphenols and fatty acids, found in various plants with proven anti-CaP properties, as an alternative herbal CaP medicines as well as to outline their inhibitory activities on 5αRs isozymes based on their structural similarities with current 5αRis as part of CaP treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziemah Azizi
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | - Nuramalina H Mumin
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
| | - Naeem Shafqat
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
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47
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Duan H, Ge W, Yang S, Lv J, Ding Z, Hu J, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Hua Y, Xiao L. Dihydrotestosterone regulates oestrogen secretion, oestrogen receptor expression, and apoptosis in granulosa cells during antral follicle development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 207:105819. [PMID: 33465420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is involved in the development of preantral follicles. However, the effect of DHT on the development of antral follicles has yet to be fully investigated. Herein, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunofluorescence assays, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting to investigate the effect of DHT on antral follicle development. First, we detected the concentration of DHT and the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in different antral follicles. Second, multiple DHT concentration (10-10-10-7 M) were added to granulosa cells cultured in vitro to examine the influence of DHT on AR expression. Third, to study changes in the expression of oestrogen (E2) synthase and receptors during the development of antral follicles, we divided them according to their diameters into small (≤ 2 mm), medium (2-5 mm), and large (≥ 5 mm) groups. Fourth, we added DHT (10-8 M) and flutamide (Flu, 10-7 M) to granulosa cells to determine whether DHT regulates the expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1) and the associated receptors through the AR pathway. Fifth, we tested the effect of DHT and Flu on the expression of apoptotic genes and proteins in granulosa cells. We found that AR was expressed in sheep antral follicle granulosa cells and was regulated by DHT. During antral follicle development, the concentration of E2 and the expression of CYP19A1 and E2 receptors significantly increased in granulosa cells. DHT influenced this increase, at least partially, through the AR. Moreover, DHT regulated the expression of apoptotic genes and proteins through the AR. Our study expands our knowledge on the regulatory mechanism of DHT in antral follicle development and guides further research on the androgen regulation of ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongli Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Fu D, Huang J, Li K, Chen Y, He Y, Sun Y, Guo Y, Du L, Qu Q, Miao Y, Hu Z. Dihydrotestosterone-induced hair regrowth inhibition by activating androgen receptor in C57BL6 mice simulates androgenetic alopecia. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111247. [PMID: 33517191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgenic alopecia (AGA), also known as male pattern baldness, is one of the most common hair loss diseases worldwide. The main treatments of AGA include hair transplant surgery, oral medicines, and LDL laser irradiation, although no treatment to date can fully cure this disease. Animal models play important roles in the exploration of potential mechanisms of disease development and in assessing novel treatments. The present study describes androgen receptor (AR) in C57BL/6 mouse hair follicles that can be activated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and translocate to the nucleus. This led to the design of a mouse model of androgen-induced AGA in vivo and in vitro. DHT was found to induce early hair regression, hair miniaturization, hair density loss, and changes in hair morphology in male C57BL/6 mice. These effects of DHT could be partly reversed by the AR antagonist bicalutamide. DHT had similar effects in an ex vivo model of hair loss. Evaluation of histology, organ culture, and protein expression could explain the mechanism by which DHT delayed hair regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlan Fu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Junfei Huang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Ye He
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yilong Guo
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Qian Qu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yong Miao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
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Kang SM, Jung HS, Kwon MJ, Lee SH, Park JH. Testosterone Protects Pancreatic β-cells from Apoptosis and Stress-Induced Accelerated Senescence. World J Mens Health 2021; 39:724-732. [PMID: 33474846 PMCID: PMC8443983 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Androgens are steroid hormones that are very important in the sexual development and the maintenance of male reproductive system, and also have diverse actions in non-reproductive tissues, including potent antioxidant capacity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by tissue insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells. The progressive decline of pancreatic β-cells in diabetes is closely related with the severity of disease. We wanted to know whether dihydrotestosterone (DHT) can protect insulin secreting pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis and accelerated senescence induced by oxidative stress. Materials and Methods Cultured INS-1 cells were used. Various concentrations of H2O2 were applied to exert oxidative stresses. The degrees of apoptosis, accelerated senescence, and the changes of the expressions of related signaling molecules after the application of DHT were analyzed by CCK-8, p16 expression, SA-β-Gal staining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and Western blots. Results The application of H2O2 significantly increased (p<0.05) the degree of senescence and apoptosis of cultured INS-1 β-cells. DHT not only showed anti-oxidant protective capacity, but also significantly reduced (p<0.05) the degree of accelerated senescence. Conclusions DHT effectively protects pancreatic islet INS-1 β-cells from H2O2 induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Mee Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Jung
- Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Soon Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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Rosenberg EA, Bůžková P, Fink HA, Robbins JA, Shores MM, Matsumoto AM, Mukamal KJ. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, bone density, and hip fracture risk among older men: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Metabolism 2021; 114:154399. [PMID: 33058848 PMCID: PMC9060596 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationships of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent androgen than testosterone (T), with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. Our objectives were to evaluate the relationships of T, DHT and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) with BMD, fracture risk, and lean body mass (LBM). METHODS We evaluated 1128 older men free of cardiovascular disease in a prospective cohort study using data from the Cardiovascular Health Study. T and DHT were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and SHBG by fluoroimmunoassay. Our outcomes included incident hip fracture (n = 106) over a median of 10.2 years and BMD and LBM by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (n = 439). RESULTS In Cox regression models mutually adjusted for T, SHBG, and covariates, each standard deviation increment in DHT (0.23 ng/ml) was associated with a 26% lower risk of hip fracture (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-1.00, p = 0.049). Similarly, SHBG was associated with fracture in mutually adjusted models (aHR HR 1.26, 95% CI, 1.01-1.58, p = 0.045). In contrast, T (aHR, 1.16, 95% CI, 0.86-1.56, p = 0.324) was not significantly associated with fracture in mutually adjusted models. T, DHT and SHBG were not associated with BMD. T and DHT were both positively associated with LBM in individual models. CONCLUSIONS In older men, DHT was inversely associated with hip fracture risk and SHBG was positively associated with hip fracture risk, while T was not. Future studies should elucidate the mechanisms by which DHT affects bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Rosenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Petra Bůžková
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Howard A Fink
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - John A Robbins
- Department of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Molly M Shores
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Mental Health Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
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