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Sarath KV, Shaji E, Nandakumar V. Characterization of trace and heavy metal concentration in groundwater: A case study from a tropical river basin of southern India. Chemosphere 2023; 338:139498. [PMID: 37451633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater samples collected from the Shiriya River Basin (SRB), a tropical watershed located in Kasaragod, Kerala, southern India, with a special focus on trace elements. Fifty-four groundwater samples were collected from deep aquifers, which constitute weathered and fractured granitoids and mafic rocks, and the groundwater is tapped by bore wells from a fractured zone at a depth range of 60-100 m. Concentrations of Sr, Li, Ba, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ag, Au, Te, Pb, Re, and PGEs in groundwater were determined by using Q-ICPMS. Out of the 25 analysed trace elements in groundwater, only Sr (489.6 μg/L), Ba (226 μg/L), Li (11.76 μg/L) Mn (396.8 μg/L), Ni (68 μg/L) and Fe (2438.5 μg/L) show anomalous values. The PGEs and the majority of trace elements show values within the permissible limit. Raman spectral studies reveal the presence of celsian in aquifer rocks and are the source of Ba in groundwater. Further, XRF data of the rocks show a high enrichment of Fe and Mn in mafic dyke, basalt, and syenite, and Ba and Sr in granite, pegmatite, and granitic gneiss. Therefore, this study proved that the source of these elements is geogenic, i.e., they are released from the crystalline aquifer through rock-water interaction under alkaline conditions. The results of this study show that the groundwater of the basin has enough metals such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn, which are good for health. Nevertheless, a few metals (Fe, Mn, Ba, Sr, Li, Ni) that may exert toxic effects on humans are also present in the groundwater of the SRB. As groundwater is found to be a dependable source of drinking water in such watersheds, a comprehensive study on the hydrogeochemistry of all watersheds in tropical regions is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sarath
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
| | - E Shaji
- Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India.
| | - V Nandakumar
- National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
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Boumaiza L, Walter J, Chesnaux R, Stotler RL, Wen T, Johannesson KH, Brindha K, Huneau F. Chloride-salinity as indicator of the chemical composition of groundwater: empirical predictive model based on aquifers in Southern Quebec, Canada. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:59414-59432. [PMID: 35386077 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study first describes the variations in concentrations of 12 chemical elements in groundwater relative to salinity levels in Southern Quebec (Canada) groundwater systems, and then uses this data to develop an empirical predictive model for evaluating groundwater chemical composition relative to salinity levels. Data is drawn from a large groundwater chemistry database containing 2608 samples. Eight salinity classes were established from lowest to highest chloride (Cl) concentrations. Graphical analyses were applied to describe variations in major, minor, and trace element concentrations relative to salinity levels. Results show that the major elements were found to be dominant in the lower salinity classes, whereas Cl becomes dominant at the highest salinity classes. For each of the major elements, a transitional state was identified between domination of the major elements and domination of Cl. This transition occurred at a different level of salinity for each of the major elements. Except for Si, the minor elements Ba, B, and Sr generally increase relative to the increase of Cl. The highest Mn concentrations were found to be associated with only the highest levels of Cl, whereas F was observed to be more abundant than Mn. Based on this analysis of the data, a correlation table was established between salinity level and concentrations of the chemical constituents. We thus propose a predictive empirical model, identifying a profile of the chemical composition of groundwater relative to salinity levels, to help homeowners and groundwater managers evaluate groundwater quality before resorting to laborious and costly laboratory analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamine Boumaiza
- Département Des Sciences Appliquées, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada.
- Centre d'études Sur Les Ressources Minérales, Groupe de Recherche Risque Ressource Eau, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada.
| | - Julien Walter
- Département Des Sciences Appliquées, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
- Centre d'études Sur Les Ressources Minérales, Groupe de Recherche Risque Ressource Eau, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Romain Chesnaux
- Département Des Sciences Appliquées, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
- Centre d'études Sur Les Ressources Minérales, Groupe de Recherche Risque Ressource Eau, Université du Québec À Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Randy L Stotler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2T 0A4, Canada
| | - Tao Wen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Karen H Johannesson
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Brindha
- Hydrogeology Group, Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frédéric Huneau
- Département d'Hydrogéologie, Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, Campus Grimaldi, 20250, Corte, France
- UMR 6134, SPE, CNRS, BP 52, 20250, Corte, France
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Carol E, Perdomo S, Álvarez MDP, Tanjal C, Bouza P. Hydrochemical, Isotopic, and Geophysical Studies Applied to the Evaluation of Groundwater Salinization Processes in Quaternary Beach Ridges in a Semiarid Coastal Area of Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Water 2021; 13:3509. [DOI: 10.3390/w13243509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary sea level fluctuations have led to the development of beach ridges on many South Atlantic coasts. The objective of this paper was to asses from lithological, hydrochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies the salinization processes affecting groundwater stored in Pleistocene and Holocene beach ridges of the northern Patagonian coast. A hydrogeomorphological characterization of the area was performed using digital elevation models, the interpretation of satellite images, and field studies. Vertical electrical soundings were performed on transects running perpendicular to beach ridges in order to define variations in the freshwater-saltwater interface position. The salinity, chemistry, and stable isotopes of the groundwater were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the groundwater salinization of Pleistocene ridges responds to processes associated with the geological-geomorphological evolution of the area. The cementation of these surface sediments limits rainwater infiltration, which consequently prevents the development of freshwater lenses. This suggests that saline water is the result of ancient marine ingressions. Freshwater lenses develop in Holocene beach ridges; however, slight water salinization is detectable in the most populated areas as a result of intensive exploitation. The data provided are useful for freshwater resource prospection along the arid coast of Patagonia, where beach ridge deposits abound and populations experience serious drinking water supply problems.
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Li C, Gao X, Li S, Bundschuh J. A review of the distribution, sources, genesis, and environmental concerns of salinity in groundwater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:41157-41174. [PMID: 32815007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Awareness concerning the degradation of groundwater quality and their exacerbating adverse effects due to salinization processes is gaining traction, raising for adequate understanding of the distribution, sources, genesis, and environmental concerns of salinity in groundwater. Saline groundwater is widely distributed all over the world, with an area of 24 million km2 (16% of the total land area on earth) and 1.1 billion people living in the affected areas, especially the arid/semi-arid areas in developing countries. These large-scale groundwater salinization problems are sourced from two major ways: natural and anthropogenic. The natural sources are diversified from connate saline groundwater, seawater intrusion, evaporation, dissolution of soluble salts, membrane filtration process to geothermal origin. The anthropogenic sources include irrigation return flow, road deicing salts, industrial and agricultural wastewater, and gas and oil production activities. The integrated approach of geochemical tracers and multiple isotopes (δ18OH2O, δ2HH2O, δ11B, δ36Cl, δ34Ssulfate, 87Sr/86Sr, and δ7Li) is proved to be useful in the constraints of the origin and transport of solutes in groundwater. Groundwater salinization is often associated with high levels of some toxic elements like arsenic, fluoride, selenium, and boron. Four "triggers" lead to this association: salt effect, competing adsorption, microbial processes, and cation exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Xubo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
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Mora A, Mahlknecht J, Ledesma-Ruiz R, Sanford WE, Lesser LE. Dynamics of major and trace elements during seawater intrusion in a coastal sedimentary aquifer impacted by anthropogenic activities. J Contam Hydrol 2020; 232:103653. [PMID: 32422508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the dynamics of major ions and trace elements along the groundwater flow path of the coastal sedimentary Todos Santos aquifer in Baja California Sur, Mexico, moderately impacted by anthropogenic activities. The results indicate that the elements Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ and Li+ are mobilized from the aquifer matrix during seawater intrusion, whereas the alkali-elements Na+, K+ and Rb+ are removed from solution, possibly due to cationic exchange process. The anions HCO3- and SO42- and the elements I and B are mobilized due to carbonate mineral weathering, whereas dissolved silica and the halides Br- and F- behave conservatively during salinization. Groundwater NO3- is provided by sewage infiltration. Regarding trace elements behavior, we identify three groups: i) elements that are mobilized during saline intrusion (Fe, Co, V, Se, Re), ii) elements revealing low or no mobilization (Mo, Ni, Cr, Ta, W) and iii) elements that show an undefined tendency (U, As, Ge, Sb, Cu, Mn). The U and NO3- levels in groundwater should be considered carefully because several wells have concentrations close to the permissible levels. This study may be useful as reference for knowing the possible effect of salinization in coastal aquifers under sea level rise scenarios driven by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrahan Mora
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Escuela de ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Escuela de ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Ledesma-Ruiz
- Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe, Escuela de ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - William E Sanford
- Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Shin K, Koh D, Jung H, Lee J. The Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Subjected to Seawater Intrusion in the Archipelago, Korea. Water 2020; 12:1542. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of seawater on the groundwater in archipelago of South Korea where it has rarely been investigated was analyzed by examining the hydrogeochemical characteristics. A total of 74 groundwater samples were classified by water quality type and Cl−/HCO3− molar ratio. First, 36 samples of the Ca–Cl type and 32 samples of the Na–Cl type (accounting for 91.9% of the total) were considered to have been influenced by seawater. When the samples had been classified based on the Cl−/HCO3− molar ratio, the samples with a Cl−/HCO3− molar ratio of 2.8 or higher (indicating that seawater had highly influenced the groundwater) accounted for 40 out of 74 samples. This confirms that the groundwater in the study area had been affected by seawater. When quantitatively determining the influence of seawater on the groundwater, the seawater mixing ratios using either Cl or Br ion were found to be almost the same. In the case of Cl ion, the mixing ratio was in the range of 0–10.4% (average of 1.0%), while when using Br ion, the mixing ratio was in the range of 0–7.6% (average of 0.6%). From a principal component analysis, it can be seen that the influence of seawater occupied the first component of 54.1% and it is evident that the samples with a large mixing ratio of seawater were from regions where seawater has a large influence. The ion-exchange reaction was proceeded by calculating the ionic delta value to indicate the seawater intrusion and cation exchange, and specific trends of the ions participating in the geochemical reaction related to the seawater mixing ratio are reported herein. It was found that the ionic delta value of each ion had a mixing ratio and specific tendency according to the change in mixing ratio before the constant value of the seawater mixing ratio saturated with Na2+. Our results show that it can be possible to grasp the contribution of the geochemical reactions of each ion to the seawater mixing ratio.
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Sosa NN, Kulkarni HV, Datta S, Beilinson E, Porfido C, Spagnuolo M, Zárate MA, Surber J. Occurrence and distribution of high arsenic in sediments and groundwater of the Claromecó fluvial basin, southern Pampean plain (Argentina). Sci Total Environ 2019; 695:133673. [PMID: 31425994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occurrences of high arsenic (As) in sediments and groundwaters were investigated in the Claromecó fluvial basin, southern Pampean plain, Argentina. This investigation includes sedimentology, mineralogy, and hydrogeochemistry of the Neogene and Quaternary aquifers to determine possible sources and transport mechanisms for As in the Claromecó basin. Characterization of the sediments revealed homogeneous mineralogy in both Neogene highlands and Quaternary floodplains with abundant plagioclase, volcanic glass shards (VGS), K-feldspar, quartz, clay minerals and minor concentrations of clinopyroxenes, orthopyroxenes, hornblende, epidote, Fe-(oxy)hydroxides and fluorapatite. The sedimentary As concentrations ranged between 2.8 and 31 mg kg-1 in both aquifers. The average total dissolved As (dissolved AsT) concentrations was 47.2 ± 30.8 μg L-1 (15.3-110 μg L-1) in groundwater in Neogene aquifer (GW1), while it was 97.1 ± 30.6 μg L-1 (45-144 μg L-1) in Quaternary floodplain aquifer (GW2), with all samples exceeding WHO's guideline for dissolved AsT in safe drinking water of 10 μg L-1. Some GW1 (33%) and all GW2 samples contained high levels of fluoride (F-) ranging from 0.6 to 2.6 mg L-1 (1.37 ± 0.59 mg L-1) in GW1 and 2 to 5 mg L-1 (3.2 ± 0.9 mg L-1) in GW2 which also exceeded WHO's guideline for F- in safe drinking water of 1.5 mg L-1. Elevated concentrations of Na+, Cl- and SO42- in the Quaternary flood plain groundwater (GW2) could indicated some degree of sea water mixing as well as some contribution from inland processes (e.g. high evapotranspiration rates, long residence time and soil-water interactions). Dissolution of As bearing VGS or Fe-(oxy)hydroxides, alkaline desorption or competitive desorption with HCO3- from Fe-(oxy)hydroxides appear to be dominating processes of As mobilization, while desorption from fluorapatite elevate dissolved F- levels. This study provides valuable insights on As mobilization processes in Neogene and near coast Quaternary floodplain aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numa N Sosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CONICET - UNLP), Diag.113 # 275, La Plata 1900, Argentina.
| | - Harshad V Kulkarni
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University (KSU) - Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, 78249, USA
| | - Saugata Datta
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University (KSU) - Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, 78249, USA.
| | - Elisa Beilinson
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas (CONICET - UNLP), Diag.113 # 275, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Carlo Porfido
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti (Di.S.S.P.A.), Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Matteo Spagnuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti (Di.S.S.P.A.), Universitá degli Studi di Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Zárate
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de la Pampa (CONICET - UNLPam), Avenida Uruguay 151, Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina
| | - James Surber
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University (KSU) - Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
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