1
|
Ssepuya F, Odongo S, Musa Bandowe BA, Abayi JJM, Olisah C, Matovu H, Mubiru E, Sillanpää M, Karume I, Kato CD, Shikuku VO, Ssebugere P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast milk of nursing mothers: Correlates with household fuel and cooking methods used in Uganda, East Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156892. [PMID: 35760175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maternal breast milk, which is a complete food for the infant's growth, development, and health, contains fats and lipids making it susceptible to accumulation of lipophilic compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aimed at analyzing correlates of measured levels of PAHs in breast milk of nursing mothers to frequently used household fuels and cooking methods in Uganda, and estimate the potential health risks of PAHs to infants through breastfeeding. Sixty breast milk samples were collected from healthy and non-smoking mothers who had lived in Kampala capital city (urban area) and Nakaseke district (rural area) for at least five years. Sample extracts were analyzed for PAHs using a gas chromatograph coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. ∑13PAHs in samples from Kampala ranged from 3.44 to 696 ng/g lw while those from Nakaseke ranged from 0.84 to 87.9 ng/g lw. PAHs with 2-3 rings were more abundant in the samples than PAHs with 4-6 rings. At least 33 % of the variance in the levels of ∑13PAHs in the breast milk samples was attributable to the fuel type and cooking methods used. Nursing mothers who used charcoal for cooking accumulated higher levels of ∑13PAHs in their breast milk samples compared to those who used firewood. Levels of ∑13PAHs in breast milk of mothers increased depending on the cooking methods used in the order; boiling< grilling< deep-frying. In all samples, hazard quotients for PAHs were <1 and estimated incremental cancer risks were all between 10-6 and 10-4, indicating that the health risks to infants due to the ingestion of PAHs in breast milk was tolerable. Further studies with large datasets on PAHs and their derivatives and, larger samples sizes are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Ssepuya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Silver Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Juma John Moses Abayi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Juba, P. O. Box 82, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany, the Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Edward Mubiru
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Karume
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- School of Bio-Security, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-Security, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johnson M, Pillarisetti A, Piedrahita R, Balakrishnan K, Peel JL, Steenland K, Underhill LJ, Rosa G, Kirby MA, Díaz-Artiga A, McCracken J, Clark ML, Waller L, Chang HH, Wang J, Dusabimana E, Ndagijimana F, Sambandam S, Mukhopadhyay K, Kearns KA, Campbell D, Kremer J, Rosenthal JP, Checkley W, Clasen T, Naeher L. Exposure Contrasts of Pregnant Women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Randomized Controlled Trial. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:97005. [PMID: 36112539 PMCID: PMC9480977 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to PM 2.5 arising from solid fuel combustion is estimated to result in ∼ 2.3 million premature deaths and 91 million lost disability-adjusted life years annually. Interventions attempting to mitigate this burden have had limited success in reducing exposures to levels thought to provide substantive health benefits. OBJECTIVES This paper reports exposure reductions achieved by a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) stove and fuel intervention for pregnant mothers in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial. METHODS The HAPIN trial included 3,195 households primarily using biomass for cooking in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. Twenty-four-hour exposures to PM 2.5 , carbon monoxide (CO), and black carbon (BC) were measured for pregnant women once before randomization into control (n = 1,605 ) and LPG (n = 1,590 ) arms and twice thereafter (aligned with trimester). Changes in exposure were estimated by directly comparing exposures between intervention and control arms and by using linear mixed-effect models to estimate the impact of the intervention on exposure levels. RESULTS Median postrandomization exposures of particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μ m (PM 2.5 ) in the intervention arm were lower by 66% at the first (71.5 vs. 24.1 μ g / m 3 ), and second follow-up visits (69.5 vs. 23.7 μ g / m 3 ) compared to controls. BC exposures were lower in the intervention arm by 72% (9.7 vs. 2.7 μ g / m 3 ) and 70% (9.6 vs. 2.8 μ g / m 3 ) at the first and second follow-up visits, respectively, and carbon monoxide exposure was 82% lower at both visits (1.1 vs. 0.2 ppm ) in comparison with controls. Exposure reductions were consistent over time and were similar across research locations. DISCUSSION Postintervention PM 2.5 exposures in the intervention arm were at the lower end of what has been reported for LPG and other clean fuel interventions, with 69% of PM 2.5 samples falling below the World Health Organization Annual Interim Target 1 of 35 μ g / m 3 . This study indicates that an LPG intervention can reduce PM 2.5 exposures to levels at or below WHO targets. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10295.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay J. Underhill
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ghislaine Rosa
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Miles A. Kirby
- Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - John McCracken
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lance Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard H. Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiantong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Sankar Sambandam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Katherine A. Kearns
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Devan Campbell
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacob Kremer
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua P. Rosenthal
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luke Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - and the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial Investigators
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, California, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Eagle Research Center, Kigali, Rwanda
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vehicular influence on atmospheric concentrations and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some major cities in three regions of Ghana using epiphytic lichens. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1691-1699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
4
|
Lai A, Lee M, Carter E, Chan Q, Elliott P, Ezzati M, Kelly F, Yan L, Wu Y, Yang X, Zhao L, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ. Chemical Investigation of Household Solid Fuel Use and Outdoor Air Pollution Contributions to Personal PM 2.5 Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15969-15979. [PMID: 34817986 PMCID: PMC8655976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In communities with household solid fuel use, transitioning to clean stoves/fuels often results in only moderate reductions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposures; the chemical composition of those exposures may help explain why. We collected personal exposure (men and women) and outdoor PM2.5 samples in villages in three Chinese provinces (Shanxi, Beijing, and Guangxi) and measured chemical components, including water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), ions, elements, and organic tracers. Source contributions from chemical mass balance modeling (biomass burning, coal combustion, vehicles, dust, and secondary inorganic aerosol) were similar between outdoor and personal PM2.5 samples. Principal component analysis of organic and inorganic components identified analogous sources, including a regional ambient source. Chemical components of PM2.5 exposures did not differ significantly by gender. Participants using coal had higher personal/outdoor (P/O) ratios of coal combustion tracers (picene, sulfate, As, and Pb) than those not using coal, but no such trend was observed for biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, K+, WSOC). Picene and most levoglucosan P/O ratios exceeded 1 even among participants not using coal and biomass, respectively, indicating substantial indirect exposure to solid fuel emissions from other homes. Contributions of community-level emissions to exposures suggest that meaningful exposure reductions will likely require extensive fuel use changes within communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lai
- Environmental
Chemistry and Technology Program, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martha Lee
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Queenie Chan
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Majid Ezzati
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatics,
and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Frank Kelly
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental, and Forensic Sciences, Kings College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Li Yan
- Department
of Analytical, Environmental, and Forensic Sciences, Kings College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Clinical
Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department
of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- Fuwai
Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical
College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Institute
for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - James J. Schauer
- Environmental
Chemistry and Technology Program, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
State Laboratory of Hygiene, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdo M, Kanyomse E, Alirigia R, Coffey ER, Piedrahita R, Diaz-Sanchez D, Hagar Y, Naumenko DJ, Wiedinmyer C, Hannigan MP, Oduro AR, Dickinson KL. Health impacts of a randomized biomass cookstove intervention in northern Ghana. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2211. [PMID: 34863138 PMCID: PMC8642932 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP) from cooking with solid fuels has adverse health effects. REACCTING (Research on Emissions, Air quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana) was a randomized cookstove intervention study that aimed to determine the effects of two types of "improved" biomass cookstoves on health using self-reported health symptoms and biomarkers of systemic inflammation from dried blood spots for female adult cooks and children, and anthropometric growth measures for children only. METHODS Two hundred rural households were randomized into four different cookstove groups. Surveys and health measurements were conducted at four time points over a two-year period. Chi-square tests were conducted to determine differences in self-reported health outcomes. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effect of the stoves on inflammation biomarkers in adults and children, and to assess the z-score deviance for the anthropometric data for children. RESULTS We find some evidence that two biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein, decreased among adult primary cooks in the intervention groups relative to the control group. We do not find detectable impacts for any of the anthropometry variables or self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that the REACCTING intervention did not substantially improve the health outcomes examined here, likely due to continued use of traditional stoves, lack of evidence of particulate matter emissions reductions from "improved" stoves, and mixed results for HAP exposure reductions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov (National Institutes of Health); Trial Registration Number: NCT04633135 ; Date of Registration: 11 November 2020 - Retrospectively registered. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04633135?term=NCT04633135&draw=2&rank=1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdo
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Rex Alirigia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Evan R. Coffey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | | | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Environmental Protection Agency Human Studies Facility, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Yolanda Hagar
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Daniel J. Naumenko
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Michael P. Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson M, Piedrahita R, Pillarisetti A, Shupler M, Menya D, Rossanese M, Delapeña S, Penumetcha N, Chartier R, Puzzolo E, Pope D. Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1441-1457. [PMID: 33655590 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the performance of modeling approaches to estimate personal exposure in Kenyan homes where cooking fuel combustion contributes substantially to household air pollution (HAP). We measured emissions (PM2.5 , black carbon, CO); household air pollution (PM2.5 , CO); personal exposure (PM2.5 , CO); stove use; and behavioral, socioeconomic, and household environmental characteristics (eg, ventilation and kitchen volume). We then applied various modeling approaches: a single-zone model; indirect exposure models, which combine person-location and area-level measurements; and predictive statistical models, including standard linear regression and ensemble machine learning approaches based on a set of predictors such as fuel type, room volume, and others. The single-zone model was reasonably well-correlated with measured kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.45) and CO (R2 = 0.45), but lacked precision. The best performing regression model used a combination of survey-based data and physical measurements (R2 = 0.76) and a root mean-squared error of 85 µg/m3 , and the survey-only-based regression model was able to predict PM2.5 exposures with an R2 of 0.51. Of the machine learning algorithms evaluated, extreme gradient boosting performed best, with an R2 of 0.57 and RMSE of 98 µg/m3 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ajay Pillarisetti
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew Shupler
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Diana Menya
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Chartier
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elisa Puzzolo
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Global LPG Partnership, London, UK
| | - Daniel Pope
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benka-Coker ML, Young BN, Keller JP, Walker ES, Rajkumar S, Volckens J, Good N, Quinn C, L'Orange C, Weller ZD, Africano S, Osorto Pinel AB, Peel JL, Clark ML. Impact of the wood-burning Justa cookstove on fine particulate matter exposure: A stepped-wedge randomized trial in rural Honduras. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144369. [PMID: 33429278 PMCID: PMC7919923 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
TRIAL DESIGN We evaluated the impact of a biomass stove intervention on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations using an individual-level, stepped-wedge randomized trial. METHODS We enrolled 230 women in rural Honduran households using traditional biomass stoves and randomly allocated them to one of two study arms. The Justa stove, the study intervention, was locally-sourced, wood-burning, and included an engineered combustion chamber and chimney. At each of 6 visits over 3 years, we measured 24-hour gravimetric personal and kitchen PM2.5 concentrations. Half of the households received the intervention after Visit 2 and half after Visit 4. We conducted intent-to-treat analyses to evaluate the intervention effect using linear mixed models with log-transformed kitchen or personal PM2.5 (separately) as the dependent variable, adjusting for time. We also compared PM2.5 concentrations to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. RESULTS Arms 1 and 2 each had 115 participants with 664 and 632 completed visits, respectively. Median 24-hour average personal PM2.5 exposures were 81 μg/m3 (25th-75th percentile: 50-141 μg/m3) for the traditional stove condition (n=622) and 43 μg/m3 (25th-75th percentile: 27-73 μg/m3) for the Justa stove condition (n=585). Median 24-hour average kitchen concentrations were 178 μg/m3 (25th-75th percentile: 69-440 μg/m3; n=629) and 53 μg/m3 (25th-75th percentile: 29-103 μg/m3; n=578) for the traditional and Justa stove conditions, respectively. The Justa intervention resulted in a 32% reduction in geometric mean personal PM2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20-43%) and a 56% reduction (95% CI: 46-65%) in geometric mean kitchen PM2.5. During rainy and dry seasons, 53% and 41% of participants with the Justa intervention had 24-hour average personal PM2.5 exposures below the WHO interim target-3 guideline (37.5 μg/m3), respectively. CONCLUSION The Justa stove intervention substantially lowered personal and kitchen PM2.5 and may be a provisional solution that is feasible for Latin American communities where cleaner fuels may not be available, affordable, or acceptable for some time. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02658383.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bonnie N Young
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua P Keller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ethan S Walker
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Good
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christian L'Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zachary D Weller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Anibal B Osorto Pinel
- Trees, Water & People, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Asociación Hondureña para el Desarrollo, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maggie L Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lai AM, Clark S, Carter E, Shan M, Ni K, Yang X, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ. Impacts of stove/fuel use and outdoor air pollution on chemical composition of household particulate matter. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:294-305. [PMID: 31880849 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion for cooking and heating releases particulate matter (PM2.5 ) that contributes to household air pollution. Fuel and stove types affect the chemical composition of household PM, as does infiltration of outdoor PM. Characterization of these impacts can inform future exposure assessments and epidemiologic studies, but is currently limited. In this study, we measured chemical components of PM2.5 (water-soluble organic matter [WSOM], ions, black carbon, elements, organic tracers) in rural Chinese households using traditional biomass stoves, semi-gasifier stoves with pelletized biomass, and/or non-biomass stoves. We distinguished households using one stove type (traditional, semi-gasifier, or LPG/electric) from those using multiple stoves/fuels. WSOM concentrations were higher in households using only semi-gasifier or traditional stoves (31%-33%) than in those with exclusive LPG/electric stove (13%) or mixed stove use (12%-22%). Inorganic ions comprised 14% of PM in exclusive LPG/electric households, compared to 1%-5% of PM in households using biomass. Total PAH content was much higher in households that used traditional stoves (0.8-2.8 mg/g PM) compared to those that did not (0.1-0.3 mg/g PM). Source apportionment revealed that biomass burning comprised 27%-84% of PM2.5 in households using biomass. In all samples, identified outdoor sources (vehicles, dust, coal combustion, secondary aerosol) contributed 10%-20% of household PM2.5 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Lai
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sierra Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, CO, USA
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Ni
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baumgartner J, Clark S, Carter E, Lai A, Zhang Y, Shan M, Schauer JJ, Yang X. Effectiveness of a Household Energy Package in Improving Indoor Air Quality and Reducing Personal Exposures in Rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9306-9316. [PMID: 31294968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated whether an energy package comprising a low-polluting semigasifier cookstove with chimney, water heater, and pelletized biomass fuel would improve air pollution in China. We measured the stove use, 48-h air pollution exposures (PM2.5, black carbon), and kitchen concentrations (PM2.5, black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides) for 205 women, along with ambient PM2.5. Over half (n = 125) were offered the energy package after baseline assessment, forming "treated" and "untreated" groups, and we repeated the measurements up to 3 occasions over 18-months. Kitchen carbon monoxide did not change, and nitrogen oxides increased in summer but decreased in winter for both groups. Summer geometric mean exposures and kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 and black carbon decreased by 24-67% in women who received the energy package, but greater reductions (48-70%) were observed in untreated homes, likely due to increased use of gas stoves. After adjusting for differences in outdoor PM2.5, receiving the energy package was associated with decreased winter exposures to PM2.5 (-46%; 95% CI: -70, -2) and black carbon (-55%; -74, -25) and the summer increases were smaller (PM2.5: 8%; -22, 51 and black carbon: 37%; -12, 113). However, PM2.5 exposures remained 1.5-3 times higher than those of health-based international air pollution targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A3 , Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, & Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A2 , Canada
- Institute on the Environment , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Sierra Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, & Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1A2 , Canada
| | - Ellison Carter
- Institute on the Environment , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55108 , United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80521 , United States
| | - Alexandra Lai
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kitchen Area Air Quality Measurements in Northern Ghana: Evaluating the Performance of a Low-Cost Particulate Sensor within a Household Energy Study. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels is a leading global health and human rights concern, affecting billions every day. Instrumentation to assess potential solutions to this problem faces challenges—especially related to cost. A low-cost ($159) particulate matter tool called the Household Air Pollution Exposure (HAPEx) Nano was evaluated in the field as part of the Prices, Peers, and Perceptions cookstove study in northern Ghana. Measurements of temperature, relative humidity, absolute humidity, and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations made at 1-min temporal resolution were integrated with 1-min particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) measurements from the HAPEx, within 62 kitchens, across urban and rural households and four seasons totaling 71 48-h deployments. Gravimetric filter sampling was undertaken to ground-truth and evaluate the low-cost measurements. HAPEx baseline drift and relative humidity corrections were investigated and evaluated using signals from paired HAPEx, finding significant improvements. Resulting particle coefficients and integrated gravimetric PM2.5 concentrations were modeled to explore drivers of variability; urban/rural, season, kitchen characteristics, and dust (a major PM2.5 mass constituent) were significant predictors. The high correlation (R2 = 0.79) between 48-h mean HAPEx readings and gravimetric PM2.5 mass (including other covariates) indicates that the HAPEx can be a useful tool in household energy studies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Biomass burning for home energy use is a major environmental health concern. Improved cooking technologies could generate environmental health benefits, yet prior results regarding reduced personal exposure to air pollution are mixed. In this study, two improved stove types were distributed over four study groups in Northern Ghana. Participants wore real-time carbon monoxide (CO) monitors to measure the effect of the intervention on personal exposures. Relative to the control group (those using traditional stoves), there was a 30.3% reduction in CO exposures in the group given two Philips forced draft stoves (p = 0.08), 10.5% reduction in the group given two Gyapa stoves (locally made rocket stoves) (p = 0.62), and 10.2% reduction in the group given one of each (p = 0.61). Overall, CO exposure for participants was low given the prevalence of cooking over traditional three-stone fires, with 8.2% of daily samples exceeding WHO Tier-1 standards. We present quantification methods and performance of duplicate monitors. We analyzed the relationship between personal carbonaceous particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and CO exposure for the dataset that included both measurements, finding a weak relationship likely due to the diversity of identified air pollution sources in the region and behavior variability.
Collapse
|
12
|
Attributing Air Pollutant Exposure to Emission Sources with Proximity Sensing. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomass burning for home energy use contributes to negative health outcomes and environmental degradation. As part of the REACCTING study (Research on Emissions, Air quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana), personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) was measured to gauge the effects of introducing two different cookstove types over four intervention groups. A novel Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) Beacon system was deployed on a subset of those CO measurement periods to estimate participants’ distances to their most-used cooking areas during the sampling periods. In addition to presenting methods and validation for the BLE Beacon system, here we present pollution exposure assessment modeling results using two different approaches, in which time-activity (proximity) data is used to: (1) better understand exposure and behaviors within and away from homes; and (2) predict personal exposure via microenvironment air quality measurements. Model fits were improved in both cases, demonstrating the benefits of the proximity measurements.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pfotenhauer DJ, Coffey ER, Piedrahita R, Agao D, Alirigia R, Muvandimwe D, Lacey F, Wiedinmyer C, Dickinson KL, Dalaba M, Kanyomse E, Oduro A, Hannigan MP. Updated Emission Factors from Diffuse Combustion Sources in Sub-Saharan Africa and Their Effect on Regional Emission Estimates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6392-6401. [PMID: 31070029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse emission sources outside of kitchen areas are poorly understood, and measurements of their emission factors (EFs) are sparse for regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Thirty-one in-field emission measurements were taken in northern Ghana from combustion sources common to rural regions worldwide. Sources sampled included commercial cooking, trash burning, kerosene lanterns, and diesel generators. EFs were calculated for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as carbonaceous particulate matter, specifically elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). EC and OC emissions were measured from kerosene lighting events (EFEC = 25.1 g/kg-fuel SD = 25.7, EFOC = 9.5 g/kg-fuel SD = 10.0). OC emissions from trash burning events were large and highly variable (EFOC = 38.9 g/kg-fuel SD = 30.5). Combining our results with other recent in-field emission factors for rural Ghana, we explored updated emission estimates for Ghana using a region specific emissions inventory. Large differences are calculated for all updated source emissions, showing a 96% increase in OC and 78% decrease in EC compared to prior estimates for Ghana's emissions. Differences for carbon monoxide were small when averaged across all updated source types (-1%), though the household wood use and trash burning categories individually show large differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Pfotenhauer
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Evan R Coffey
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Ricardo Piedrahita
- Berkeley Air , 1900 Addison Street Suite 350 Berkeley , California 94704 , United States
| | - Desmond Agao
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Rex Alirigia
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Didier Muvandimwe
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Forrest Lacey
- National Center for Atmospheric Research , 3450 Mitchell Ln. Boulder , Colorado 80301 , United States
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- National Center for Atmospheric Research , 3450 Mitchell Ln. Boulder , Colorado 80301 , United States
| | - Katherine L Dickinson
- Colorado School of Public Health , 13001 E. 17th Place Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Maxwell Dalaba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Ernest Kanyomse
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre , Navrongo Upper East , Ghana
| | - Michael P Hannigan
- University of Colorado Boulder , Mechanical Engineering , 1111 Engineering Dr. Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pillarisetti A, Ghorpade M, Madhav S, Dhongade A, Roy S, Balakrishnan K, Sankar S, Patil R, Levine DI, Juvekar S, Smith KR. Promoting LPG usage during pregnancy: A pilot study in rural Maharashtra, India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:540-549. [PMID: 30981912 PMCID: PMC7213905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution from the combustion of biomass and coal is estimated to cause approximately 780,000 premature deaths a year in India. The government has responded by promoting uptake of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) by tens of millions of poor rural families. Many poor households with new LPG stoves, however, continue to partially use traditional smoky chulhas. Our primary objective was to evaluate three strategies to transition pregnant women in rural Maharashtra to exclusive use of LPG for cooking. We also measured reductions in kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 before and after our interventions. Our core intervention was a free stove, 2 free LPG cylinders (one on loan until delivery), and repeated health messaging. We measured stove usage of both the traditional and intervention stoves until delivery. In households that received the core intervention, an average of 66% days had no indoor cooking on a chulha. In an adjacent area, we evaluated a conditional cash transfer (CCT) based on usage of LPG in addition to the core intervention. Results were less successful, due to challenges implementing the CCT. Pregnant women in a third nearby area received the core intervention plus a maximum of one 14.2 kg cylinder per month of free fuel. In their homes, 90% of days had no indoor cooking on a chulha. On average, exclusive LPG use decreased kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 by approximately 85% (from 520 to 72 μg/m3). 85% of participating households agreed to pay the deposit on the 2nd cylinder. This high purchase rate suggests they valued how the second cylinder permitted continuous LPG supply. A program to increase access to second cylinders may, thus, be a straightforward way to encourage use of clean fuels in rural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Pillarisetti
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Makarand Ghorpade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sathish Madhav
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arun Dhongade
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sambandam Sankar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Rutuja Patil
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - David I Levine
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Kirk R Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Collaborative Clean Air Policy Centre, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dickinson KL, Dalaba M, Brown ZS, Alirigia R, Coffey ER, Mesenbring E, Achazanaga M, Agao D, Ali M, Kanyomse E, Awaregya J, Adagenera CA, Aburiya JBA, Gubilla B, Oduro AR, Hannigan MP. Prices, peers, and perceptions (P3): study protocol for improved biomass cookstove project in northern Ghana. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1209. [PMID: 30373560 PMCID: PMC6206711 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their potential health and social benefits, adoption and use of improved cookstoves has been low throughout much of the world. Explanations for low adoption rates of these technologies include prices that are not affordable for the target populations, limited opportunities for households to learn about cookstoves through peers, and perceptions that these technologies are not appropriate for local cooking needs. The P3 project employs a novel experimental design to explore each of these factors and their interactive effects on cookstove demand, adoption, use and exposure outcomes. Methods The P3 study is being conducted in the Kassena-Nankana Districts of Northern Ghana. Leveraging an earlier improved cookstove study that was conducted in this area, the central design of the P3 biomass stove experiment involves offering stoves at randomly varying prices to peers and non-peers of households that had previously received stoves for free. Using household surveys, electronic stove use monitors, and low-cost, portable monitoring equipment, we measure how prices and peers’ experience affect perceptions of stove quality, the decision to purchase a stove, use of improved and traditional stoves over time, and personal exposure to air pollutants from the stoves. Discussion The challenges that public health and development communities have faced in spreading adoption of potentially welfare-enhancing technologies, like improved cookstoves, have highlighted the need for interdisciplinary, multisectoral approaches. The design of the P3 project draws on economic theory, public health practice, engineering, and environmental sciences, to more fully grasp the drivers and barriers to expanding access to and uptake of cleaner stoves. Our partnership between academic institutions, in the US and Ghana, and a local environmental non-governmental organization creates unique opportunities to disseminate and scale up lessons learned. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03617952 7/31/18 (Retrospectively Registered). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6116-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dickinson
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Maxwell Dalaba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Zachary S Brown
- North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8109, 2801 Founders Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Rex Alirigia
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA
| | - Evan R Coffey
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA
| | - Elise Mesenbring
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA.,Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Manies Achazanaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Desmond Agao
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Moro Ali
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Ernest Kanyomse
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Julius Awaregya
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Clifford Amoah Adagenera
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - John Bosco A Aburiya
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Bernard Gubilla
- Organisation for Indigenous Initiatives and Sustainability Ghana, Post Office Box 1, Page, U.E, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Michael P Hannigan
- University of Colorado Boulder, College of Engineering and Applied Science, 1111 Engineering Drive, 422 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0422, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hyman J, Bailis R. Assessment of the Cambodian National Biodigester Program. ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVE 2018; 46:11-22. [PMID: 31031548 PMCID: PMC6484445 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The National Biodigester Program (NBP) was established in 2006 to build and maintain household biodigesters in Cambodia. In its first six years, the program installed almost 20,000 biodigesters and established an in-country network of local financiers, construction companies, skilled masons, bioslurry specialists and after-care technicians accessible to rural users in 14 of 24 Cambodian provinces. Since its initial success, the program's adoption rates have stalled despite increasing government support and high rates of user satisfaction. Building on an initial evaluation of the NBP in 2013, this updated assessment identifies multiple changes in its second implementation phase that have undermined the initial momentum of the program. Abrupt interruptions in institutional support, deteriorating supply side services (access to construction agents, masons, repair services) and reduced access to credit for farmers have eroded the service network that the first implementation phase established. Structural changes in the rural economy may also contribute to declining demand. Government support to another biodigester program which offers a lower investment price, but does not provide after-sales services has also undercut the long-term implementation strategy of the NBP. The paper finds that despite these programmatic changes, the installed biodigesters continue to perform according to expectation and to be maintained and valued by their users, but the future viability of the program remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hyman
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect St., New Haven Ct. 06511, USA
| | - Robert Bailis
- Stockholm Environment Institute-US Center, 11 Curtis Ave, Somerville, MA 02144, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thakur M, Nuyts PAW, Boudewijns EA, Flores Kim J, Faber T, Babu GR, van Schayck OCP, Been JV. Impact of improved cookstoves on women's and child health in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2018; 73:1026-1040. [PMID: 29925674 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improved biomass cookstoves may help reduce the substantial global burden of morbidity and mortality due to household air pollution (HAP) that disproportionately affects women and children in low and middle income countries (LMICs). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of (quasi-)experimental studies identified from 13 electronic databases (last update: 6 April 2018), reference and citation searches and via expert consultation. SETTING LMICs PARTICIPANTS: Women and children INTERVENTIONS: Improved biomass cookstoves MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, perinatal mortality, paediatric acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COPD among women. RESULTS We identified 53 eligible studies, including 24 that met prespecified design criteria. Improved cookstoves had no demonstrable impact on paediatric lower ARIs (three studies; 11 560 children; incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.02 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.24)), severe pneumonia (two studies; 11 061 children; IRR=0.88 (95% CI 0.39 to 2.01)), LBW (one study; 174 babies; OR=0.74 (95% CI 0.33 to 1.66)) or miscarriages, stillbirths and infant mortality (one study; 1176 babies; risk ratio (RR) change=15% (95% CI -13 to 43)). No (quasi-)experimental studies assessed preterm birth or COPD. In observational studies, improved cookstoves were associated with a significant reduction in COPD among women: two studies, 9757 participants; RR=0.74 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.90). Reductions in cough (four studies, 1779 participants; RR=0.72 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.87)), phlegm (four studies, 1779 participants; RR=0.65 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.80)), wheezing/breathing difficulty (four studies; 1779 participants; RR=0.41 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.59)) and conjunctivitis (three studies, 892 participants; RR=0.58 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.78)) were observed among women. CONCLUSION Improved cookstoves provide respiratory and ocular symptom reduction and may reduce COPD risk among women, but had no demonstrable child health impact. REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42016033075.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Thakur
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Public Health Foundation of India, Indian Institute of Public Health-Hyderabad, Bangalore, India
| | - Paulien A W Nuyts
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A Boudewijns
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Flores Kim
- Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Timor Faber
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giridhara R Babu
- Public Health Foundation of India, Indian Institute of Public Health-Hyderabad, Bangalore, India
| | - Onno C P van Schayck
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jasper V Been
- Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang H, Lv S, Diao Z, Wang B, Zhang H, Yu C. Study on sandstorm PM 10 exposure assessment in the large-scale region: a case study in Inner Mongolia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17144-17155. [PMID: 29644617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The current exposure-effect curves describing sandstorm PM10 exposure and the health effects are drawn roughly by the outdoor concentration (OC), which ignored the exposure levels of people's practical activity sites. The main objective of this work is to develop a novel approach to quantify human PM10 exposure by their socio-categorized micro-environment activities-time weighed (SCMEATW) in strong sandstorm period, which can be used to assess the exposure profiles in the large-scale region. Types of people's SCMEATW were obtained by questionnaire investigation. Different types of representatives were trackly recorded during the big sandstorm. The average exposure levels were estimated by SCMEATW. Furthermore, the geographic information system (GIS) technique was taken not only to simulate the outdoor concentration spatially but also to create human exposure outlines in a visualized map simultaneously, which could help to understand the risk to different types of people. Additionally, exposure-response curves describing the acute outpatient rate odds by sandstorm were formed by SCMEATW, and the differences between SCMEATW and OC were compared. Results indicated that acute outpatient rate odds had relationships with PM10 exposure from SCMEATW, with a level less than that of OC. Some types of people, such as herdsmen and those people walking outdoors during a strong sandstorm, have more risk than office men. Our findings provide more understanding of human practical activities on their exposure levels; they especially provide a tool to understand sandstorm PM10 exposure in large scale spatially, which might help to perform the different categories population's risk assessment regionally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shihai Lv
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyan Diao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolu Wang
- China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Yu
- China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|