1
|
Schiavo M, Giambastiani BMS, Greggio N, Colombani N, Mastrocicco M. Geostatistical assessment of groundwater arsenic contamination in the Padana Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172998. [PMID: 38714254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) in groundwater from natural and anthropogenic sources is one of the most common pollutants worldwide affecting people and ecosystems. A large dataset from >3600 wells is employed to spatially simulate the depth-averaged As concentration in phreatic and confined aquifers of the Padana Plain (Northern Italy). Results of in-depth geostatistical analysis via PCA and simulations within a Monte Carlo framework allow the understanding of the variability of As concentrations within the aquifers. The most probable As contaminated zones are located along the piedmont areas in the confined aquifers and in the lowland territories in the phreatic aquifers. The distribution of the As contaminated zones has been coupled with hydrogeological, geological, and geochemical information to unravel the sources and mechanisms of As release in groundwater. The reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides and organic matter mineralization under anoxic conditions resulted to be the major drivers of As release in groundwater. This phenomenon is less evident in phreatic aquifers, due to mixed oxic and reducing conditions. This large-scale study provides a probabilistic perspective on As contamination, e.g. quantifying the spatial probability of exceeding national regulatory limits, and to outline As major sources and drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Schiavo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Via dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, (PD), Italy
| | - Beatrice M S Giambastiani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA) at Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Sciences Research (CIRSA), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicolas Greggio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA) at Interdepartmental Centre for Environmental Sciences Research (CIRSA), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicolò Colombani
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Micòl Mastrocicco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Campania University "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amorosi A, Sammartino I. Predicting natural arsenic enrichment in peat-bearing, alluvial and coastal depositional systems: A generalized model based on sequence stratigraphy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171571. [PMID: 38492587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Hazardously high concentrations of arsenic exceeding the threshold limits for soils and drinking waters have been widely reported from Quaternary sedimentary successions and shallow aquifers of alluvial and coastal lowlands worldwide, raising public health concerns due to potential human exposure to arsenic. A combined sedimentological and geochemical analysis of subsurface deposits, 2.5-50 m deep, from the SE Po Plain (Italy) documents a systematic tendency for naturally-occurring arsenic to accumulate in peat-rich layers, with concentrations invariably greater than maximum permissible levels. A total of 366 bulk sediment samples from 40 cores that penetrated peat-bearing deposits were analysed by X-ray fluorescence. Arsenic concentrations associated with 7 peat-free lithofacies associations (fluvial-channel, levee/crevasse, floodplain, swamp, lagoon/bay, beach-barrier, and offshore/prodelta) exhibit background values invariably below threshold levels (<20 mg/kg). In contrast, total arsenic contents from peaty clay and peat showed 2-6 times larger As accumulation. A total of 204 near-surface (0-2.5 m) samples from modern alluvial and coastal depositional environments exhibit the same trends as their deeper counterparts, total arsenic peaking at peat horizons above the threshold values for contaminated soils. The arsenic-bearing, peat-rich Quaternary successions of the Po Plain accumulated under persisting reducing conditions in wetlands of backstepping estuarine and prograding deltaic depositional environments during the Early-Middle Holocene sea-level rise and subsequent stillstand. Contamination of the Holocene and underlying Pleistocene aquifer systems likely occurred through the release of As by microbially-mediated reductive dissolution. Using high-resolution sequence-stratigraphic concepts, we document that the Late Pleistocene-Holocene lithofacies architecture dictates the subsurface distribution of As. The "wetland trajectory", i.e. the path taken by the landward/seaward shift of peat-rich depositional environments during the Holocene, may help predict spatial patterns of natural As distribution, delineating the highest As-hazard zones and providing a realistic view of aquifer contamination even in unknown areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Amorosi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Irene Sammartino
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu N, Zhang F, Xu N, Li L, Liu L. Chemical and mineralogical variability of sediment in a Quaternary aquifer from Huaihe River Basin, China: Implications for groundwater arsenic source and its mobilization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:160864. [PMID: 36526174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a conspicuous contaminant, and exposure to this element through contaminated drinking groundwater poses a significant challenge to public health. Geogenic groundwater arsenic is associated with sedimentary setting. This work concentrates on the investigation of lithology, elemental abundance and mineralogical compositions about the arsenic profile and its effect to the groundwater from Huaihe River Basin, China. There are 90 sediment samples from the borehole at the field monitoring sites were collected and analyzed. The results reveal that sedimentary concentrations of As, Fe, Mn, S, Al, N, organic carbon and mineralogical compositions vary across the Quaternary aquifer. Arsenic abundance of sediments is 10.63 ± 0.56 mg/kg, and peak As concentrations occur between 59.0 m and 64.8 m in fine particle sediments. The specific higher As concentrations in sedimentary aquifer are concordant with arsenic-rich groundwater around the investigated borehole. Fe, Mn, and Al depth profiles follow similar tendency to those of As. Sedimentary As concentrations are significantly correlated to Fe, Al, and Mn concentrations, but are not correlated to organic carbon and S concentrations. Arsenic probably exists in the form of non-crystalline colloids, and Fe, Al minerals are potential host minerals for arsenic. Under alkaline conditions, groundwater arsenic is released and enriched within the Quaternary aquifer by reductive dissolution of As-hosting Fe and Al minerals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naizheng Xu
- China Geological Survey Nanjing Center, Nanjing 210016, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Eco-Geological Processes, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- China Geological Survey Nanjing Center, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Naicen Xu
- China Geological Survey Nanjing Center, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Liang Li
- China Geological Survey Nanjing Center, Nanjing 210016, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Eco-Geological Processes, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Lin Liu
- China Geological Survey Nanjing Center, Nanjing 210016, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Eco-Geological Processes, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210016, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren Y, Cao W, Li Z, Pan D, Wang S. Identification of arsenic spatial distribution by hydrogeochemical processes represented by different ion ratios in the Hohhot Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2607-2621. [PMID: 35932348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Hohhot Basin, a typical inland basin of the Yellow River Basin in China, has high concentrations of arsenic (As) in its shallow groundwater, while the factors dominating the distribution of high arsenic levels remain to be further identified. An analysis of the ratio of hydrogeochemical compositions can help to reveal the spatial characteristics of the shallow groundwater environmental conditions and the distribution of high-arsenic water (As >10 μg/L). In this study, a total of 170 samples of shallow groundwater in the Hohhot Basin were collected and water samples with As >10 μg/L accounted for 29.4% of the total. Based on the slope changes of the cumulative frequency curves of (HCO3- + CO32-)/SO42-, Ca2+/(HCO3- + CO32-), Ca2+/Mg2+, and Na+/Ca2+, the groundwater in the study area can be categorized into six different zones according to the environmental characteristics including redox condition, water recharge intensity, and cation exchange level. The result shows that the groundwater in the front of the piedmont alluvial plain and platform is in a weak reducing condition with high lateral recharge intensity, fast runoff, and weak cation exchange. In the Dahei River alluvial plain, which serves as the groundwater discharge zone, the groundwater runoff is sluggish with poor lateral recharge, sufficient exchange between cations in the groundwater and the aquifer matrix, and enhanced reducibility. The degree of oxidation increased in the groundwater near the Hasuhai Lake and the drainage canal, which adverse to the arsenic enrichment. High-arsenic groundwater is mainly distributed in aquifers of (HCO3- + CO32-)/SO42 > 10, Na+/Ca2+ > 13, and Ca2+/(HCO3- + CO32-) < 0.1, which represent the strong reducing condition, low surface water recharge intensity, and strong cation exchange condition. Reductive dissolution of iron oxide, strong evaporation and concentration process, and competition from phosphate in aquifers jointly lead to the release of arsenic into groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ren
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology IHEG, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
- National Observation and Research Station on Groundwater and Land Subsidence of Cangzhou, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Wengeng Cao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology IHEG, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
- National Observation and Research Station on Groundwater and Land Subsidence of Cangzhou, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
| | - Zeyan Li
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology IHEG, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Science and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
- National Observation and Research Station on Groundwater and Land Subsidence of Cangzhou, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Henan Institute of Geological Environmental Monitoring, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Henan Institute of Geological Environmental Monitoring, Zhengzhou, 450016, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hydrogeochemical Processes and Potential Exposure Risk of Arsenic-Rich Groundwater from Huaihe River Plain, China. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic poses a danger to environmental health, and arsenic-rich groundwater is a key exposure risk for humans. The distribution, migration, and enrichment of arsenic in groundwater is an important environmental and public health problem. Currently, the Huaihe River Basin is identified as a region of arsenic-rich groundwater in China. This study aims to assess arsenic-rich groundwater potential pollution risk, analyze the hydrogeochemical processes, and trace the ion source based on an analysis of groundwater hydrogeochemical data. The results show that arsenic is the main inorganic chemical substances affecting the water quality in the study area, which presents a high exposure risk for public health. The arsenic concentration of groundwater was f 5.75 ± 5.42 μg/L, and 23% of the considered samples exceeded the drinking water standards of the World Health Organization. The groundwater in the study area underwent evaporation, halite dissolution, and ion exchange processes. The total alkalinity (HCO3−) of the arsenic-rich groundwater mainly ranged between 400–700 mg/L, and the chemical type was mainly of HCO3-Na. In an alkaline environment, the oxidative dissolution and reductive dissolution of arsenic bearing minerals might be the formation mechanism of arsenic-rich groundwater.
Collapse
|
6
|
Awaleh MO, Boschetti T, Adaneh AE, Chirdon MA, Ahmed MM, Dabar OA, Soubaneh YD, Egueh NM, Kawalieh AD, Kadieh IH, Chaheire M. Origin of nitrate and sulfate sources in volcano-sedimentary aquifers of the East Africa Rift System: An example of the Ali-Sabieh groundwater (Republic of Djibouti). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150072. [PMID: 34509848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Within the East African Rift System (EARS), the complex Ali-Sabieh aquifers system, located in the south of the Republic of Djibouti, was overexploited and subjected to anthropogenic and/or geogenic pollution with high concentrations of dissolved nitrate (up to 181 mg/l) and sulfates (up to 1540 mg/l). This study is the first undertaken on the hydrochemistry of this aquifer system, combining geochemical tools and multi-isotope - δ2H(H2O), δ18O(H2O), δ18O(SO4), δ34S(SO4), δ15N(NO3), δ18O(NO3), δ13C(DIC), and 14C- was used to decipher the origin and fate of different nitrate and sulfate sources to groundwater. The groundwater samples of the region show a chemical evolution from fresh Ca(Na)-bicarbonate to brackish Na-Cl , mainly due to water-rock interaction. The combined chloride and water isotope data show that evaporation and transpiration are present, with the latter occurring primarily in the shallow alluvial aquifer waters. Inspection of δ15N(NO3) vs. δ18O(NO3) and NO3/Cl vs. Cl diagrams show that dissolved nitrates are primarily of anthropogenic origin. In particular, higher nitrate concentrations may be related to animal manure used as organic fertilizers during agricultural activities. Sulfates are from a natural origin related to the interaction of water with gypsum of hydrothermal or sedimentary origin. SO4/Cl ratio and isotopic composition show that dissolved sulfates in saline and ancient groundwater of the Cretaceous sandstone aquifer (between 7.4 ± 2.2 and 5.8 ± 1.4 k-years before the present) are generated by interaction with gypsum from oxidation of pre-existing (Jurassic?) sulfides. This work highlight that isotopic ratios of the two molecules -δ18O(SO4), δ34S(SO4), δ15N(NO3), δ18O(NO3)- are not sufficient for tracing the origin of nitrate and sulfates in groundwater, but that a complete hydrogeochemical study is needed. In the absence of this, the relatively high concentration of chloride and sulfates could be wrongly linked to the anthropogenic source of nitrate (manure or sewage).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Osman Awaleh
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l'aéroport, B. P. 486, Djibouti ville, Djibouti.
| | - Tiziano Boschetti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 157/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Abdillahi Elmi Adaneh
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l'aéroport, B. P. 486, Djibouti ville, Djibouti
| | - Mahamoud Ali Chirdon
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l'aéroport, B. P. 486, Djibouti ville, Djibouti
| | - Moussa Mahdi Ahmed
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l'aéroport, B. P. 486, Djibouti ville, Djibouti
| | - Omar Assowe Dabar
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l'aéroport, B. P. 486, Djibouti ville, Djibouti
| | - Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300, Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Nima Moussa Egueh
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l'aéroport, B. P. 486, Djibouti ville, Djibouti
| | - Ali Dirir Kawalieh
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Djibouti (CERD), Route de l'aéroport, B. P. 486, Djibouti ville, Djibouti
| | - Ibrahim Houssein Kadieh
- Laboratoire Régional, Newalta Châteauguay, 125 Rue Bélanger, Châteauguay, J6J 4Z2, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monteiro De Oliveira EC, Caixeta ES, Santos VSV, Pereira BB. Arsenic exposure from groundwater: environmental contamination, human health effects, and sustainable solutions. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:119-135. [PMID: 33709865 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1898504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) occurs naturally in geologic conditions, but groundwater contamination might also be found due to the consequences of mining, agricultural and industrial processes. Human exposure to As after drinking contaminated water is commonly associated with acute toxicity outcomes and chronic effects ranging from skin lesions to cancer. Integrated actions from environmental and health authorities are needed to reduce exposure, monitoring outcomes, and promotion of actions to offer sustainable As-safe water alternatives. Considering recent research trends, the present review summarizes and discusses current issues associated with the process and effects of contamination and decontamination in an environmental health perspective. Recent findings reinforce the harmful effects of the consumption of As-contaminated water and broaden the scope of related diseases including intestinal maladies, type 2 diabetes, cancers of bladder, kidneys, lung, and liver. Among the main strategies to diminish or remove As from water, the following are highlighted (1) ion exchange system and membrane filtration (micro, ultra, and nanofiltration) as physicochemical treatment systems; (2) use of cyanobacteria and algae in bioremediation programs and (3) application of nanotechnology for water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn Siqueira Caixeta
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Institute of Geography, Department of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rotiroti M, Bonomi T, Sacchi E, McArthur JM, Jakobsen R, Sciarra A, Etiope G, Zanotti C, Nava V, Fumagalli L, Leoni B. Overlapping redox zones control arsenic pollution in Pleistocene multi-layer aquifers, the Po Plain (Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143646. [PMID: 33257069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that control As concentrations in groundwater is vital for supplying safe groundwater in regions with As-polluted aquifers. Despite much research, mainly addressing Holocene aquifers hosting young (<100 yrs) groundwater, the source, transport, and fate of As in Pleistocene aquifers with fossil (>12,000 yrs) groundwaters are not yet fully understood and so are assessed here through an evaluation of the redox properties of the system in a type locality, the Po Plain (Italy). Analyses of redox-sensitive species and major ions on 22 groundwater samples from the Pleistocene arsenic-affected aquifer in the Po Plain shows that groundwater concentrations of As are controlled by the simultaneous operation of several terminal electron accepters. Organic matter, present as peat, is abundant in the aquifer, allowing groundwater to reach a quasi-steady-state of highly reducing conditions close to thermodynamic equilibrium. In this system, simultaneous reduction of Fe-oxide and sulfate results in low concentrations of As (median 7 μg/L) whereas As reaches higher concentrations (median of 82 μg/L) during simultaneous methanogenesis and Fe-reduction. The position of well-screens is an additional controlling factor on groundwater As: short screens that overlap confining aquitards generate higher As concentrations than long screens placed away from them. A conceptual model for groundwater As, applicable worldwide in other Pleistocene aquifers with reducible Fe-oxides and abundant organic matter is proposed: As may have two concentration peaks, the first after prolonged Fe-oxide reduction and until sulfate reduction takes place, the second during simultaneous Fe-reduction and methanogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rotiroti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tullia Bonomi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Sacchi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - John M McArthur
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Jakobsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Sciarra
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 1, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Etiope
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 2, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanotti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Nava
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Fumagalli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Leoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zanotti C, Rotiroti M, Fumagalli L, Stefania GA, Canonaco F, Stefenelli G, Prévôt ASH, Leoni B, Bonomi T. Groundwater and surface water quality characterization through positive matrix factorization combined with GIS approach. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:122-134. [PMID: 31082643 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at testing the effectiveness of Positive Matrix Factorization in characterizing groundwater and surface water quality, in terms of identifying main hydrochemical features and processes (natural and anthropogenic) that govern them. This method is applied in a hydro-system featured by a strong interrelation between groundwater and surface water and highly impacted by agricultural activities. Therefore, a holistic approach considering groundwater together with the surface water bodies, consisting in lake, several rivers and springs, was used. Multivariate statistical analysis, in particular Factor Analysis, has been proved to be effective in elaborating and interpreting water quality data highlighting the information carried within them, but it presents some limitations: it does not consider data uncertainty and it groups variables which are correlated positively and negatively. Moreover, in some cases the resulting factors are not clearly interpretable, describing each one various overlapping features/processes. Here, Positive Matrix Factorization is applied to groundwater and surface water quality data, and the results are compared to those obtained through a Factor Analysis in terms of both factor profiles and their spatial distribution through a GIS approach. Results of isotopes analysis are used to validate PMF output and support interpretation. Positive Matrix Factorization allows to consider data uncertainty and the solution respects two positivity constraints, based on the concept of chemical mass balance, which leads to a more environmentally interpretable solution. Results show that Positive Matrix Factorization identifies five different factors reflecting main features and natural and anthropogenic processes affecting the study area: 1) surface water used for irrigation, 2) groundwater subjected to reducing processes at advanced stages, 3) groundwater subjected to reducing processes at early stages, 4) groundwater residence time and 5) the effects of the agricultural land use on both groundwater and surface water. Positive Matrix Factorization leads to a more detailed understanding of the studied system as compared to Factor Analysis which identifies only three factors with overlapping information. Based on the results of this study, Positive Matrix Factorization could be a useful technique to perform groundwater and surface water quality characterization and to reach a deeper understanding of the phenomena that govern water chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Zanotti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - M Rotiroti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - L Fumagalli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - G A Stefania
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - F Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - G Stefenelli
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - A S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Leoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - T Bonomi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stefania GA, Rotiroti M, Buerge IJ, Zanotti C, Nava V, Leoni B, Fumagalli L, Bonomi T. Identification of groundwater pollution sources in a landfill site using artificial sweeteners, multivariate analysis and transport modeling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:116-128. [PMID: 31351597 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sources of groundwater pollution in a landfill site were identified, using artificial sweeteners as chemical tracers, multivariate statistical analysis and a quantitative analysis of the groundwater flow system through particle tracking and transport modeling. The study area, located in northern Italy, hosts an older unlined landfill and a newer lined municipal solid waste landfill placed downstream of the former. Groundwater, surface water, treated wastewater, and leachate samples were collected in March 2017 for analysis of the artificial sweeteners saccharin, cyclamate, acesulfame and sucralose together with major cations and anions, inorganic nitrogen compounds, total phosphorus, COD and some further parameters. The interpretation of the results suggests that two main leachate leaks/spills are affecting the study area. The first one concerns leachate probably spilling out of the leachate collection system serving the younger lined landfill, the other one involves leachate from the older unlined landfill that also seems to affect an area downstream of the lined landfill. Direct leachate leaks from the lined landfill seem unlikely, although they cannot be definitively excluded. This work underlines the importance of a multi-methods approach, which integrates here chemical tracers, multivariate analysis and transport modeling, for assessing groundwater pollution sources generated from complex landfill sites, where multiple and different sources may exist. In particular, this work highlights how artificial sweeteners can be used for tracing leachate plumes from landfills. The methodology applied in this study can have a broad applicability also in other polluted landfill sites worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro A Stefania
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rotiroti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ignaz J Buerge
- Plant Protection Chemistry, Swiss Federal Research Station (Agroscope), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Zanotti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Nava
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Leoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Fumagalli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Tullia Bonomi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rotiroti M, Bonomi T, Sacchi E, McArthur JM, Stefania GA, Zanotti C, Taviani S, Patelli M, Nava V, Soler V, Fumagalli L, Leoni B. The effects of irrigation on groundwater quality and quantity in a human-modified hydro-system: The Oglio River basin, Po Plain, northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:342-356. [PMID: 30959301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For several hundred years, farming in the Po Plain of Italy (46,000 km2, 20 million inhabitants) has been supported by intensive surface irrigation with lake and river water. Despite the longevity of irrigation, its effects on the quality and quantity of groundwater is poorly known and so is investigated here through seasonal measurements of hydraulic heads and water quality in groundwaters, rivers, lake, springs and rainwaters. In the north of the study region, an unconfined coarse-grained alluvial aquifer, infiltration of surface irrigation water, sourced from the Oglio River and low in NO3, contributes much to aquifer recharge (up to 88%, as evidenced by a δ2H-Cl/Br mixing model) and has positive effects on groundwater quality by diluting high concentrations of NO3 (decrease by 17% between June and September). This recharge also helps to maintain numerous local springs that form important local micro-environments. Any increase in water-use efficiency in irrigation will reduce this recharge, imperil the spring environments, and lessen the dilution of NO3 leading to increasing NO3 concentrations in groundwater. These findings can be extended by analogy to the entire Po Plain region and other surface-water-irrigated systems worldwide where inefficient irrigation methods are used and similar hydrogeological features occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rotiroti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy.
| | - Tullia Bonomi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Sacchi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
| | - John M McArthur
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gennaro A Stefania
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanotti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Taviani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Patelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Nava
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Soler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Fumagalli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Leoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cecconet D, Zou S, Capodaglio AG, He Z. Evaluation of energy consumption of treating nitrate-contaminated groundwater by bioelectrochemical systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:881-890. [PMID: 29727854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a mounting concern for drinking water production due to its healthy and ecological effects. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are a promising method for energy efficient nitrate removal, but its energy consumption has not been well understood. Herein, we conducted a preliminary analysis of energy consumption based on both literature information and multiple assumptions. Four scenarios were created for the purpose of analysis based on two treatment approaches, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and controlled biocathodic denitrification (CBD), under either in situ or ex situ deployment. The results show a specific energy consumption based on the mass of NO3--N removed (SECN) of 0.341 and 1.602 kWh kg NO3--N-1 obtained from in situ and ex situ treatments with MFCs, respectively; the main contributor was the extraction of the anolyte (100%) in the former and pumping the groundwater (74.8%) for the latter. In the case of CBD treatment, the energy consumption by power supply outcompeted all the other energy items (over 85% in all cases), and a total SECN of 19.028 and 10.003 kWh kg NO3--N-1 were obtained for in situ and ex situ treatments, respectively. The increase in the water table depth (from 10 to 30 m) and the decrease of the nitrate concentration (from 25 to 15 mg NO3--N) would lead to a rise in energy consumption in the ex situ treatment. Although some data might be premature due to the lack of sufficient information in available literature, the results could provide an initial picture of energy consumption by BES-based groundwater treatment and encourage further thinking and analysis of energy consumption (and production).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cecconet
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Shiqiang Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Andrea G Capodaglio
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stefania GA, Zanotti C, Bonomi T, Fumagalli L, Rotiroti M. Determination of trigger levels for groundwater quality in landfills located in historically human-impacted areas. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 75:400-406. [PMID: 29409698 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Landfills are one of the most recurrent sources of groundwater contamination worldwide. In order to limit their impacts on groundwater resources, current environmental regulations impose the adoption of proper measures for the protection of groundwater quality. For instance, in the EU member countries, the calculation of trigger levels for identifying significant adverse environmental effects on groundwater generated by landfills is required by the Landfill Directive 99/31/EC. Although the derivation of trigger levels could be relatively easy when groundwater quality data prior to the construction of a landfill are available, it becomes challenging when these data are missing and landfills are located in areas that are already impacted by historical contamination. This work presents a methodology for calculating trigger levels for groundwater quality in landfills located in areas where historical contaminations have deteriorated groundwater quality prior to their construction. This method is based on multivariate statistical analysis and involves 4 steps: (a) implementation of the conceptual model, (b) landfill monitoring data collection, (c) hydrochemical data clustering and (d) calculation of the trigger levels. The proposed methodology was applied on a case study in northern Italy, where a currently used lined landfill is located downstream of an old unlined landfill and others old unmapped waste deposits. The developed conceptual model stated that groundwater quality deterioration observed downstream of the lined landfill is due to a degrading leachate plume fed by the upgradient unlined landfill. The methodology led to the determination of two trigger levels for COD and NH4-N, the former for a zone representing the background hydrochemistry (28 and 9 mg/L for COD and NH4-N, respectively), the latter for the zone impacted by the degrading leachate plume from the upgradient unlined landfill (89 and 83 mg/L for COD and NH4-N, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro A Stefania
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Zanotti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Tullia Bonomi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Fumagalli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rotiroti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu H, Lu T, Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yin D, Zhu Z. Enhanced adsorption performance of aspartic acid intercalated Mg-Zn-Fe-LDH materials for arsenite. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4994-5004. [PMID: 29557460 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid (aspartic acid, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, and proline) intercalated LDH materials were synthesized and characterized. The results of batch experiments showed that Mg7Zn1Fe4-Asp-LDH and Mg7Zn1Fe4-Phe-LDH showed good adsorption performances for both arsenate and arsenite in aqueous solutions. The effects of various experimental conditions have been investigated by the batch test, which included the effects of initial pH, arsenic concentration, contact time and coexisting ions. For Mg7Zn1Fe4-Asp-LDH under the optimal experimental conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity of As(iii) and As(v) reached 94.81 mg g-1 and 57.42 mg g-1, respectively. It showed a higher adsorption capacity for As(iii) than that for As(v), which is of great significance to remove the trivalent arsenic species with higher toxicity. When the dosage of Mg7Zn1Fe4-Asp-LDH was 0.8 g L-1, the concentration of As(iii) in the aqueous solution could be reduced from 2 mg L-1 to below 10 μg L-1.When Mg-Zn-Fe-Asp-LDH was applied in practical water samples with a dosage of 0.2 g L-1, the residual concentrations of arsenic in three actual water samples were all lower than 10 μg L-1 after adsorption. The column test showed that 1.0 g of Mg7Zn1Fe4-Asp-LDH could continuously treat 2.6 L of As(iii) aqueous solution (2 mg L-1) and reduced the concentration of As(iii) to below 10 μg L-1 or handle 0.4 L of arsenic-contaminated (10 mg L-1, As(iii) : As(v) = 1 : 1) water, and the effluent concentration was below 10 μg L-1. Compared with the previously reported hydrophobic amino acid intercalated LDHs, aspartic acid (hydrophilic amino acid) intercalated LDH has a good removal efficiency for arsenic. The synthesized Mg7Zn1Fe4-Asp-LDH is considered to be a potentially functional material that can be used to treat arsenic contamination in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. and Post Doctoral Research Station, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tiantian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. and Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Considering a Threshold Energy in Reactive Transport Modeling of Microbially Mediated Redox Reactions in an Arsenic-Affected Aquifer. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Jia Y, Guo H, Xi B, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Yuan R, Yi W, Xue X. Sources of groundwater salinity and potential impact on arsenic mobility in the western Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:691-702. [PMID: 28577404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The quality of groundwater used for human consumption and irrigation in the Hetao Basin of Inner Mongolia, China is affected by elevated salinity as well as high arsenic (As) concentrations. However, the origin of high salinity and its potential impact on As mobility in the Basin remain unclear. This study explores both issues using stable isotopic compositions and Cl/Br ratios of groundwater as well as the major ions of both groundwater and leachable salts in aquifer sediments. Limited variations in δ18O and δ2H (-11.13 to -8.10, -82.23 to -65.67) with the wide range of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS, 351-6734mg/L) suggest less contribution of direct evaporation to major salinity in groundwater. Deuterium excess shows that non-direct evaporation (capillary evaporation, transpiration) and mineral/evaporite dissolution contribute to >60% salinity in groundwater with TDS>1000mg/L. Non-direct evaporation, like capillary evaporation and transpiration, is proposed as important processes contributing to groundwater salinity based on Cl/Br ratio and halite dissolution line. The chemical weathering of Ca, Mg minerals and evaporites (Na2SO4 and CaSO4) input salts into groundwater as well. This is evidenced by the fact that lacustrine environment and the arid climate prevails in Pleistocene period. Dissolution of sulfate salts not only promotes groundwater salinity but affects As mobilization. Due to the dissolution of sulfate salts and non-direct evaporation, groundwater SO42- prevails and its reduction may enhance As enrichment. The higher As concentrations (300-553μg/L) are found at the stronger SO42- reduction stage, indicating that reduction of Fe oxide minerals possibly results from HS- produced by SO42- reduction. This would have a profound impact on As mobilization since sulfate is abundant in groundwater and sediments. The evolution of groundwater As and salinity in the future should be further studied in order to ensure sustainable utilization of water resource in this water scarce area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huaming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yonghai Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rongxiao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weixiong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; China Urban Construction Design &Research Institute, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Xiaolei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|