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Przyborowski Ł, Cuban Z, Łoboda A, Robakiewicz M, Biegowski S, Kolerski T. The effect of groyne field on trapping macroplastic. Preliminary results from laboratory experiments. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171184. [PMID: 38401733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Macroplastic, a precursor of microplastic pollution, has become a new scope of research interest. However, the physical processes of macroplastic transport and deposition in rivers are poorly understood, which makes the decisions of where to locate macroplastic trapping infrastructure difficult. In this research, we conducted a series of experiments in a laboratory channel, exploring the impact of groynes and flexible artificial vegetation on the floating macroplastic litter. The goal was to investigate the litter paths with different obstruction arrangements, which was done by implementing a particle tracking technique on video recordings from each experimental run. We found that increasing discharge correlated with the number of plastic litter floating into the recirculation zone within the groyne fields, especially if the upstream groyne had an extended length. This produced a strong mixing interface between the main flow and the groyne field, while a vegetation patch added in the same groyne field changed the paths of plastic litter by deflecting the flow. We noticed that during a moderate discharge rate, the litter pieces flowing into the groyne field with the vegetation circulated there for the longest period, and some of them got entangled between floating stems when discharge was at its lowest. This phenomenon points to the conclusion that low flow velocity paired with the presence of vegetation can be a primer for plastic deposition and consequently, its degradation. The insights from the experiment allowed us to recommend a place downstream of an extended groyne as the desirable (efficient) area for installing a plastic trapping infrastructure or conducting plastic cleaning actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Przyborowski
- Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Cuban
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Łoboda
- Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Księcia Janusza 64, 01-452 Warszawa, Poland; University of Twente, Water Engineering and Management Department, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Małgorzata Robakiewicz
- Institute of Hydro-Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Kościerska 7, 80-328 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stanisław Biegowski
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kolerski
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Chaugule V, Dos Reis LG, Fletcher DF, Young PM, Traini D, Soria J. A counter-swirl design concept for dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123694. [PMID: 38081562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A swirling airflow is incorporated in several dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for effective powder de-agglomeration. This commonly requires the use of a flow-straightening grid in the DPI to reduce drug deposition loss caused by large lateral spreading of the emerging aerosol. Here, we propose a novel grid-free DPI design concept that improves the aerosol flow characteristics and reduces the aforementioned drug loss. The basis of this design is the implementation of a secondary airflow that swirls in the opposite direction (counter-swirl) to that of a primary swirling airflow. In-vitro deposition, computational fluid dynamics simulations and particle image velocimetry measurements are used to evaluate the counter-swirl DPI aerosol performance and flow characteristics. In comparison with a baseline-DPI that has only a primary swirling airflow, the counter-swirl DPI has 20% less deposition of the emitted drug dose in the induction port and pre-separator of a next generation impactor (NGI). This occurs as a result of the lower flow-swirl generated from the counter-swirl DPI which eliminates the axial reverse flow outside of the mouthpiece and substantially reduces lateral spreading in the exiting aerosol. Modifications to the counter-swirl DPI design were made to prevent drug loss from the secondary airflow tangential inlets, which involved the addition of wall perforations in the tangential inlets and the separation of the primary and secondary swirling airflows by an annular channel. These modified DPI devices were successful in that aspect but had higher flow-swirl than that in the counter-swirl DPI and thus had higher drug mass retained in the device and deposited in the induction port and pre-separator of the NGI. The fine particle fraction in the aerosols generated from all the counter-swirl-based DPIs and the baseline-DPI are found to be statistically similar to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chaugule
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David F Fletcher
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul M Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Department of Marketing, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Macquarie Medical School, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Julio Soria
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Australia.
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Sharma V, Fessler F, Thalmann F, Marques CM, Stocco A. Rotational and translational drags of a Janus particle close to a wall and a lipid membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:2159-2166. [PMID: 37713952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Measuring rotational and translational Brownian motion of single spherical particles reveals dissipations due to the interaction between the particle and the environment. EXPERIMENTS In this article, we show experiments where the in-plane translational and the two rotational drag coefficients of a single spherical Brownian particle can be measured. These particle drags are functions of the particle size and of the particle-wall distance, and of the viscous dissipations at play. We measure drag coefficients for Janus particles close to a solid wall and close to a lipid bilayer membrane. FINDINGS For a particle close to a wall, we show that according to hydrodynamic models, particle-wall distance and particle size can be determined. For a particle partially wrapped by lipid membranes, in absence of strong binding interactions, translational and rotational drags are significantly larger than the ones of non-wrapped particles. Beside the effect of the membrane viscosity, we show that dissipations in the deformed membrane cap region strongly contribute to the drag coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sharma
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR22-University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Florent Fessler
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR22-University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Fabrice Thalmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR22-University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Carlos M Marques
- ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Antonio Stocco
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR22-University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67034, France.
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Wu X, Saaid H, Voorneveld J, Claessens T, Westenberg JJM, de Jong N, Bosch JG, Kenjereš S. 4D Flow Patterns and Relative Pressure Distribution in a Left Ventricle Model by Shake-the-Box and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Analysis. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2023; 14:743-754. [PMID: 37783950 PMCID: PMC10739257 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraventricular blood flow dynamics are associated with cardiac function. Accurate, noninvasive, and easy assessments of hemodynamic quantities (such as velocity, vortex, and pressure) could be an important addition to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. However, the complex time-varying flow brings many challenges to the existing noninvasive image-based hemodynamic assessments. The development of reliable techniques and analysis tools is essential for the application of hemodynamic biomarkers in clinical practice. METHODS In this study, a time-resolved particle tracking method, Shake-the-Box, was applied to reconstruct the flow in a realistic left ventricle (LV) silicone model with biological valves. Based on the obtained velocity, 4D pressure field was calculated using a Poisson equation-based pressure solver. Furthermore, flow analysis by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the 4D velocity field has been performed. RESULTS As a result of the Shake-the-Box algorithm, we have extracted: (i) particle positions, (ii) particle tracks, and finally, (iii) 4D velocity fields. From the latter, the temporal evolution of the 3D pressure field during the full cardiac cycle was obtained. The obtained maximal pressure difference extracted along the base-to-apex was about 2.7 mmHg, which is in good agreement with those reported in vivo. The POD analysis results showed a clear picture of different scale of vortices in the pulsatile LV flow, together with their time-varying information and corresponding kinetic energy content. To reconstruct 95% of the kinetic energy of the LV flow, only the first six POD modes would be required, leading to significant data reduction. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated Shake-the-Box is a promising technique to accurately reconstruct the left ventricle flow field in vitro. The good spatial and temporal resolutions of the velocity measurements enabled a 4D reconstruction of the pressure field in the left ventricle. The application of POD analysis showed its potential in reducing the complexity of the high-resolution left ventricle flow measurements. For future work, image analysis, multi-modality flow assessments, and the development of new flow-derived biomarkers can benefit from fast and data-reducing POD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
- J. M. Burgerscentrum Research School for Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Hicham Saaid
- Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jason Voorneveld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Claessens
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos J M Westenberg
- CardioVascular Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Bosch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saša Kenjereš
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- J. M. Burgerscentrum Research School for Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands
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Benkley T, Li C, Kolinski J. Estimation of the Deformation Gradient Tensor by Particle Tracking Near a Free Boundary with Quantified Error. Exp Mech 2023; 63:1255-1270. [PMID: 37780097 PMCID: PMC10541346 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-023-00981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Obtaining accurate displacement measurements for large material deformation and/or rotation presents a distinct challenge to digital image correlation (DIC) due to cumulative and decorrelation errors, particularly near material boundaries. Objective We aim to accurately measure the deformation gradient tensor near boundary discontinuities in situations of large deformation and large deformation gradients. Methods To achieve this goal, the locations of randomly distributed particles are tracked using an open-source particle-tracking software, Trackpy. A least-squares estimate of the deformation gradient tensor field uses nearest-neighbor material vectors and a first-order Finite Difference (FD) approximation, circumventing common errors in other methods. The error caused by FD approximation and that incurred by measurement are derived and tested with exhaustive numerical simulations. Furthermore, a uniaxial tensile test and mode-I fracture experiment are conducted with particle-embedded hydrogels to validate the method. Results Numerical results corroborate a theoretical expression of measurement error. They show that the FD error increases while the measurement error decreases for a growing estimating radius. Moreover, measurement error is linearly correlated to displacement noise. A benchmark uniaxial tensile test validates the accuracy of the proposed estimator, and the near-crack-tip measurements in a tensile fracture experiment demonstrate the estimator's capabilities near a free surface, when a material undergoes large deformation and rotation. The results of the displacement and strain data are benchmarked against kinematic data obtained using an open-source DIC software, Ncorr. Computation time for both methods is compared. Conclusions A deformation gradient tensor estimator is developed based on a particle tracking technique and a least squares routine. Theoretical error bounds on the estimator are verified by numerical simulations, and the method's capability is confirmed by physical experiments in evaluating large deformation and rotation near a free boundary. The proposed estimator is expected to open a door towards future material tests and experimental mechanics studies, especially in large deformation and large rotation scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Benkley
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - C. Li
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - J. Kolinski
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
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Iskandar MR, Park YG, Kim K, Jin H, Seo S, Kim YH. Tracking the pumice rafts from the Fukutoku-Okanoba submarine volcano with Satellites and a Lagrangian Particles trajectory model. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 193:115254. [PMID: 37437475 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
On August 13th, 2021, the Fukutoku-Okanoba, a submarine volcano in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, erupted. Satellites detected various pumice rafts that had drifted westward to reach southern Japan over two months. To cope with the potential danger from pumice rafts, predicting their trajectories is crucial. Using a Lagrangian particle tracking model, the trajectories of the rafts were investigated. The model results showed strong sensitivity to the windage coefficient of pumice rafts, which is uncertain and could cause significant errors. An optimal windage coefficient was estimated by comparing the model results with satellite images using a skill score based on the distance between simulated particles and the nearest observed rafts divided by the travel distance of the particles. The optimal windage coefficients ranged between 2 and 3 % and produced pathways comparable to the observations from satellites. The simulation results showed that the pumice rafts moved from Fukutoku-Okanoba toward the Ryukyu Islands for approximately two months prior to being pushed by the north-easterly wind toward Taiwan against the Kuroshio. The methods presented here may become a valuable tool in managing coastal hazards due to diverse marine debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Riza Iskandar
- Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea; Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia
| | - Young-Gyu Park
- Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea.
| | - Kwangseok Kim
- Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Hyunkeun Jin
- Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Seongbong Seo
- Marine Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Kim
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA
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López-Vicente M, Fujiwara S, Onda Y, Kozuka S, Wakiyama Y, Kato H. Combined use of UAV-SfM surveys, soil particle tracking with RFID tags and a sediment connectivity index to study plot-scale sediment transport. Sci Total Environ 2023:164545. [PMID: 37263439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To explore the processes of soil erosion at the plot scale, Digital surface model of Differences (DoD) maps (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - Structure from Motion (UAV-SfM) method) and data from Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags were analysed. The comparison of differences in accuracy of UAV-SfM and 3D terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) measurements, and the integration of the UAV-SfM method and soil particle tracing with RFID tag locations were conducted to assess sediment transport in a plot in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) plot was installed and kept with no vegetation and no cultivation. Water and sediment discharges were measured at the outlet of the plot, and the topographic index of runoff and sediment connectivity (IC) -focused on surface roughness- was also estimated. Based on field surveys, four periods were defined. Locations of RFID tags were firstly determined by using orthoimages derived from the UAV-SfM method and then compared with those locations measured with a laser total station. The mean and standard deviation of difference amounts of UAV-SfM were of 1 and 3.3 mm, respectively. On average, the RFID tags were located with an accuracy of 3.1 cm (RMSE). Although data of tags tracing showed short transport distances with rill erosion, the results of the UAV-SfM surveys showed an increase of sediment connectivity (SC) over the study period that may explain the largest sediment discharge, especially of fine soil particles. The concurrence of higher values of SC as well as the development of new and longer rills demonstrated the important activity of net soil loss in our study site. The combination of distinct methods and techniques, all providing accurate measurements, shed light on the sediment transport process at short distances, which affects the net water and sediment discharge at larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel López-Vicente
- Group Aquaterra, Interdisciplinary Centre of Chemistry and Biology, Universidade da Coruña (CICA-UDC), A Coruña 15071, Spain.
| | - Seigo Fujiwara
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba city, Japan
| | - Yuichi Onda
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba city, Japan.
| | - Shohei Kozuka
- Ministry of Environment, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Wakiyama
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima city, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba city, Japan
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Horiguchi I, Nagate H, Sakai Y. Particle-tracking-based strategy for the optimization of agitation conditions in a suspension culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells in a shaking vessel. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:411-416. [PMID: 36925357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Suspension cultures are widely used for cell expansion in regenerative medicine and production. Shaking culture is one of the useful suspension culture methods that ensures gentle agitation. There are other shaking methods, including orbital shaking, reciprocating, and rocking; however, optimizing the shaking conditions for each method to meet cell culture requirements is time-consuming. In this study, we used a particle-tracking-based strategy for optimizing the agitation conditions. When the average accelerations of aggregates were calculated, high acceleration occurred periodically, and acceleration of the aggregates in orbital shaking was stable. Furthermore, the number of dead cells correlated with the average time of acceleration. We observed that cell growth was ideally maintained by factors such as optimal acceleration, aggregate formation, and cell death. These results indicate that the image-based analyses of aggregates help optimize the agitation conditions for the shaking suspension culture of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Horiguchi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Hotaka Nagate
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Oancea C, Granja C, Marek L, Jakubek J, Šolc J, Bodenstein E, Gantz S, Pawelke J, Pivec J. Out-of-field measurements and simulations of a proton pencil beam in a wide range of dose rates using a Timepix3 detector: Dose rate, flux and LET. Phys Med 2023; 106:102529. [PMID: 36657235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stray radiation produced by ultra-high dose-rates (UHDR) proton pencil beams is characterized using ASIC-chip semiconductor pixel detectors. A proton pencil beam with an energy of 220 MeV was utilized to deliver dose rates (DR) ranging from conventional radiotherapy DRs up to 270 Gy/s. A MiniPIX Timepix3 detector equipped with a silicon sensor and integrated readout electronics was used. The chip-sensor assembly and chipboard on water-equivalent backing were detached and immersed in the water-phantom. The deposited energy, particle flux, DR, and the linear energy transfer (LET(Si)) spectra were measured in the silicon sensor at different positions both laterally, at different depths, and behind the Bragg peak. At low-intensity beams, the detector is operated in the event-by-event data-driven mode for high-resolution spectral tracking of individual particles. This technique provides precise energy loss response and LET(Si) spectra with radiation field composition resolving power. At higher beam intensities a rescaling of LET(Si) can be performed as the distribution of the LET(Si) spectra exhibits the same characteristics regardless of the delivered DR. The integrated deposited energy and the absorbed dose can be thus measured in a wide range. A linear response of measured absorbed dose was obtained by gradually increasing the delivered DR to reach UHDR beams. Particle tracking of scattered radiation in data-driven mode could be performed at DRs up to 0.27 Gy/s. In integrated mode, the saturation limits were not reached at the measured out-of-field locations up to the delivered DR of over 270 Gy/s. A good agreement was found between measured and simulated absorbed doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Oancea
- ADVACAM, U Pergamenky 12, 170 00 Prague 7, Czech Republic; University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Carlos Granja
- ADVACAM, U Pergamenky 12, 170 00 Prague 7, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Marek
- ADVACAM, U Pergamenky 12, 170 00 Prague 7, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jakubek
- ADVACAM, U Pergamenky 12, 170 00 Prague 7, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šolc
- Czech Metrology Institute, Okruzni 31, 638 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elisabeth Bodenstein
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gantz
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Pawelke
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jiri Pivec
- ADVACAM, U Pergamenky 12, 170 00 Prague 7, Czech Republic
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Mirza S, Niwalkar A, Gupta A, Gautam S, Anshul A, Bherwani H, Biniwale R, Kumar R. Is safe distance enough to prevent COVID-19? Dispersion and tracking of aerosols in various artificial ventilation conditions using OpenFOAM. Gondwana Res 2023; 114:40-54. [PMID: 35431597 PMCID: PMC8990448 DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has underlined the importance of learning more about aerosols and particles that migrate through the airways when a person sneezes, coughs and speaks. The coronavirus transmission is influenced by particle movement, which contributes to the emergence of regulations on social distance, use of masks and face shield, crowded assemblies, and daily social activity in domestic, public, and corporate areas. Understanding the transmission of aerosols under different micro-environmental conditions, closed, or ventilated, has become extremely important to regulate safe social distances. The present work attempts to simulate the airborne transmission of coronavirus-laden particles under different respiratory-related activities, i.e., coughing and speaking, using CFD modelling through OpenFOAM v8. The dispersion coupled with the Discrete Phase Method (DPM) has been simulated to develop a better understanding of virus carrier particles transmission processes and their path trailing under different ventilation scenarios. The preliminary results of this study with respect to flow fields were in close agreement with published literature, which was then extended under varied ventilation scenarios and respiratory-related activities. The study observed that improper wearing of mask leads to escape of SARS-CoV-2 containminated aerosols having a smaller aerodynamic diameter from the gap between face mask and face, infecting different surfaces in the vicinity. It was also observed that aerosol propagation infecting the area through coughing is a faster phenomenon compared to the propagation of coronavirus-laden particles during speaking. The study's findings will help decision-makers formulate common but differentiated guidelines for safe distancing under different micro-environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Mirza
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol Niwalkar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankit Gupta
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sneha Gautam
- Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Avneesh Anshul
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Bherwani
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Biniwale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur 440020, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Marg, New Delhi 110001, India
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11
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Lu X, Wang X, Liu X, Singh VP. Dispersal and transport of microplastic particles under different flow conditions in riverine ecosystem. J Hazard Mater 2023; 442:130033. [PMID: 36303340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is a global issue owing to its potential threats to ecosystems and human health. MP pollution in river ecosystems is widely investigated, but the transport process under different hydrological conditions remain unclear. In this study, an approach of particle tracking in conjunction with hydrodynamic modeling was developed to investigate the dispersal and transport processes of microplastic particles in riverine ecosystem. The concentration and dispersal pattern of polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles under base flow and flood events with recurrence intervals of 10-year, 20-year and 50-year were identified. Results indicated that rainfall intensity had a significant impact on the microplastic transport in rivers. Higher suspension concentration and lower sedimented concentration were observed in high flow periods, and the sedimented concentration showed a slow increasing trend in the flood recession stage. High water velocity facilitated the microplastic particles to be migrated for a longer distance, and high water flow was conducive to transport more microplastics from source points. Besides, microplastic particles with high density had worse mobility in water and more prone to deposition. PET were likely to be transported for a relatively shorter distance, while PP had higher mobility and took less time to reach the same simulation point. This study put forward an effective approach to understand the transport of MPs in the river. The results obtained are useful to identify pollution hotspots and track pollution paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA
| | - Xuelei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation of Hubei, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Supervision and Administration Bureau, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Vijay P Singh
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA
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12
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Villa S, Blanc C, Daddi-Moussa-Ider A, Stocco A, Nobili M. Microparticle Brownian motion near an air-water interface governed by direction-dependent boundary conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:917-927. [PMID: 36208604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Although the dynamics of colloids in the vicinity of a solid interface has been widely characterized in the past, experimental studies of Brownian diffusion close to an air-water interface are rare and limited to particle-interface gap distances larger than the particle size. At the still unexplored lower distances, the dynamics is expected to be extremely sensitive to boundary conditions at the air-water interface. There, ad hoc experiments would provide a quantitative validation of predictions. EXPERIMENTS Using a specially designed dual wave interferometric setup, the 3D dynamics of 9 μm diameter particles at a few hundreds of nanometers from an air-water interface is here measured in thermal equilibrium. FINDINGS Intriguingly, while the measured dynamics parallel to the interface approaches expected predictions for slip boundary conditions, the Brownian motion normal to the interface is very close to the predictions for no-slip boundary conditions. These puzzling results are rationalized considering current models of incompressible interfacial flow and deepened developing an ad hoc model which considers the contribution of tiny concentrations of surface active particles at the interface. We argue that such condition governs the particle dynamics in a large spectrum of systems ranging from biofilm formation to flotation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Villa
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christophe Blanc
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, France
| | | | - Antonio Stocco
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR22, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Maurizio Nobili
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, France.
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13
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Gupta AK, Petersen J, Skelly E, Afonin KA, Krasnoslobodtsev AV. Small Volume Microrheology to Evaluate Viscoelastic Properties of Nucleic Acid-Based Supra-Assemblies. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2709:179-189. [PMID: 37572280 PMCID: PMC10482311 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3417-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Particle tracking (PT) microrheology is a passive microrheological approach that characterizes material properties of soft matter. Multicomponent materials with the ability to create extensive crosslinking, such as supra-assemblies, may exhibit a complex interplay of viscous and elastic properties with a substantial contribution of liquid phase still diffusing through the system. Microrheology analyzes the motion of microscopic beads immersed in a sample, making it possible to evaluate the rheological properties of biological supra-assemblies. This method requires only a small volume of the sample and a relatively simple, inexpensive experimental setup. The objective of this chapter is to describe the experimental procedures for the observation of particle motion, calibration of an optical setup for particle tracking, preparation of imaging chambers, and the use of image analysis software for particle tracking in viscoelastic nucleic acid-based supra-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Petersen
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skelly
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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14
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Dawi MA, Sanchez-Vila X. Simulating degradation of organic compounds accounting for the growth of microorganisms (Monod kinetics) in a fully Lagrangian framework. J Contam Hydrol 2022; 251:104074. [PMID: 36126368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biologically mediated degradation of organic compounds in porous media is a complex mathematical problem, described by a non-linear differential equation. The organic compound gets in contact with the biomass, and an enzyme-catalysed reaction takes place. The net result is that part of the parent compound degrades into some daughter product, while some of the organic carbon is used for microbial growth. The rate of biomass growth in the presence of a limiting nutrient supply is usually modelled with the experimentally derived Monod equation, i.e., it is proportional to the actual existing biomass multiplied by a factor that is non-linear in terms of available organic matter. This non-linearity in the degradation equation implies a strong difficulty in directly implementing a numerical solution within a fully Lagrangian framework, and thus, numerical solutions have traditionally been sought in either an Eulerian, or else an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework. Here we pursue a fully Lagrangian solution to the problem. First, the Monod empirical equation is formulated as the outcome of a two-step reaction; while the approach is less general than other derivations existing in the literature based on a full understanding of the thermodynamics of the process, it allows two things: 1) providing some physical meaning to the actual parameters in the Monod equation, and more interestingly, 2) formulating a methodology for the solution of the degradation equation incorporating Monod kinetics by means of a particle tracking formulation. For the latter purpose, both reactants and biomass are represented by particles, and their location at any given time is represented by a kernel that accounts for the uncertainty in the actual physical location. By solving the reaction equation in a kernel framework, we can reproduce the Monod kinetics and, as a particular result in the case no biomass growth is allowed, the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The methodology proposed is then successfully applied to reproduce two studies of microbially induced degradation of organic compounds in porous media, first, the observed kinetics of Pseudomonas putida F1 in batch reactors while growing on benzene, toluene and phenol, and second, the column study of carbon tetrachloride biodegradation by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas Stutzeri KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik A Dawi
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Sanchez-Vila
- Hydrogeology Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Pilechi A, Mohammadian A, Murphy E. A numerical framework for modeling fate and transport of microplastics in inland and coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 184:114119. [PMID: 36162292 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of microplastics in rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal waters and oceans is a major global challenge and threat to the environment, livelihoods and human health. Reliable predictive tools can play an essential role in developing an improved understanding of microplastics behaviour, exposure and risk in water bodies, and facilitate identification of sources and accumulation hot spots, thereby enabling informed decision-making for targeted prevention and clean-up activities. This study presents a new numerical framework (CaMPSim-3D) for predicting microplastics fate and transport in different aquatic settings, which consists of a Lagrangian, three-dimensional (3D) particle-tracking model (PTM) coupled with an Eulerian-based hydrodynamic modeling system (TELEMAC). The 3D PTM has several innovative features that enable accurate simulation and efficient coupling with TELEMAC, which utilizes an unstructured computational mesh. The PTM is capable of considering spatio-temporally varying diffusivity, and uses an innovative algorithm to locate particles within the Eulerian mesh. Model accuracy associated with different advection schemes was verified by comparing numerical predictions to known analytical solutions for several test cases. The implications of choosing different advection schemes for modeling microplastics transport was then investigated by applying the PTM to simulate particle transport in the lower Saint John River Estuary in eastern Canada. The sensitivity of the PTM predictions to the advection scheme was investigated using six numerical schemes with different levels of complexity. Predicted particle distributions and residence times based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) scheme differed significantly (residence times by up to 100 %) from those computed using the traditional first-order (Euler) method. The Third Order Total Variation Diminishing (TVD3) Runge-Kutta method was found to be optimal, providing the closest results to RK4 with approximately 27 % lower computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Pilechi
- Ocean, Coastal & River Engineering Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Abdolmajid Mohammadian
- Ocean, Coastal & River Engineering Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Enda Murphy
- Ocean, Coastal & River Engineering Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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16
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Stone HB, Banas NS, MacCready P, Trainer VL, Ayres DL, Hunter MV. Assessing a model of Pacific Northwest harmful algal bloom transport as a decision-support tool. Harmful Algae 2022; 119:102334. [PMID: 36344195 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the Pacific Northwest, blooms of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) sometimes produce domoic acid, a neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning, leading to a Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) event. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) HAB Bulletin project, a partnership between academic, government, and tribal stakeholders, uses a combination of beach and offshore monitoring data and ocean forecast modeling to better understand the formation, evolution, and transport of HABs in this region. This project produces periodic Bulletins to inform local stakeholders of current and forecasted conditions. The goal of this study was to help improve how the forecast model is used in the Bulletin's preparation through a retrospective particle-tracking experiment. Using past observations of beach PN cell counts, events were identified that likely originated in the Juan de Fuca eddy, a known PN hotspot, and then particle tracks were used in the model to simulate these events. A variety of "beaching definitions" were tested, based on both water depth and distance offshore, to define when a particle in the model was close enough to the coast that it was likely to correspond to cells appearing in the intertidal zone and in shellfish diets, as well as a variety of observed PN cell thresholds to determine what cell count should be used to describe an event that would warrant further action. The skill of these criteria was assessed by determining the fraction of true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives within the model in comparison with observations, as well as a variety of derived model performance metrics. This analysis suggested that for our stakeholders' purposes, the most useful beaching definition is the 30 m isobath and the most useful PN cell threshold for coincident field-based sample PN density estimates is 10,000 PN cells/L. Lastly, the performance of a medium-resolution (1.5 km horizontal resolution) version of the model was compared with that of a high-resolution (0.5 km horizontal resolution) version, the latter currently used in forecasting for the PNW HAB Bulletin project. This analysis includes a direct comparison of the two model resolutions for one overlapping year (2017). These results suggested that a narrower, more realistic beaching definition is most useful in a high-resolution model, while a wider beaching definition is more appropriate in a lower resolution model like the medium-resolution version used in this analysis. Overall, this analysis demonstrated the importance of incorporating stakeholder needs into the statistical approach in order to generate the most effective decision-support information from oceanographic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hally B Stone
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 NE Boat St., Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Neil S Banas
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond St., Glasgow, G1 1XH, UK
| | - Parker MacCready
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 NE Boat St., Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Daniel L Ayres
- Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, 48 Devonshire Rd., Montesano, WA 98563, USA
| | - Matthew V Hunter
- Marine Resources Program, Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife, 2001 Marine Dr. Suite 120, Astoria, OR 97013, USA
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17
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Zhong X, Wu Y, Hannah C, Li S, Niu H. Applying finite-time lyapunov exponent to study the tidal dispersion on oil spill trajectory in Burrard Inlet. J Hazard Mater 2022; 437:129404. [PMID: 35752049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study used a combination of Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) values, residual currents, and tidal excursion lengths to systematically investigate the effects of tidal dispersion on oil spill trajectories in Burrard Inlet, BC, Canada, which is a tidally dominated estuary. The FTLE analysis results showed that tidal type and tidal phase significantly influenced the FTLE fields because the flow structure and the location of saddle points varied as a function of the tidal type and tidal phase. Some transport barriers formed in the Inner Harbour, which blocked the water exchange between the western and eastern parts of the inlet. Moreover, tidal mixing in the wider regions of Burrard Inlet (i.e., the western Outer Harbour) was relatively weak than in the narrower areas (i.e., First Narrows and Second Narrows). The observations from the FTLE analysis agreed well with the residual currents and tidal excursion results. The drifter trajectories were consistent with the Lagrangian coherent structure lines extracted from the FTLE analysis. To verify the tidal dispersion impact on an oil spill trajectory in the inlet, the FTLE fields were compared with a real oil spill that occurred in Burrard Inlet in 2015 (the M/V Marathassa oil spill). The FTLE fields reasonably explained the spilled oil's trajectories from the real event. In addition, a set of stochastic oil spill models were run in this study and found that the FTLE analysis was a reliable tool for oil spill tracking. Overall, the FTLE method would be a valuable addition to practical oil spill response planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhong
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yongsheng Wu
- Ocean and Ecosystem Science Division, Fisheries and Ocean Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Charles Hannah
- Ocean Science Division, Fisheries and Ocean Canada, Institute of Ocean Science, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Haibo Niu
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
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18
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Buccino M, Daliri M, Buttarazzi MN, Del Giudice G, Calabrese M, Somma R. Arsenic contamination at the Bagnoli Bay seabed (South Italy) via particle tracking numerical modeling: Pollution patterns from stationary climatic forcings. Chemosphere 2022; 303:134955. [PMID: 35613638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Almost 140 years of industrial exploitation have severely degraded the environment of Bagnoli Coroglio (BC), the westernmost neighborhood of the city of Naples (Italy). In this peculiar area, however, geogenic processes overlap with the impact of human activities, making it difficult to distinguish between anthropogenic and geogenic pollution sources. This is particularly true for Arsenic, the concentration of which in the marine sediments largely exceeds the tolerable level for human health and the background value for local pyroclastics. After several studies have used traditional tools based on multivariate statistics, this article attempts at tackling the problem via numerical modeling, which provides a deeper insight into the physics that governs the pollution process. Therefore, we use a particle tracking model to assess whether arsenic levels in the seabed can be affected by the influx of thermal water from an artificial channel outfalling at the westernmost part of the coast The climatic forcings that drive the marine circulation are simplified to basic "scenarios", in which wind and waves are stationary in strength and direction. Since the simulation time is much less than the contamination timescale, the comparison between numerical results and measurements is essentially qualitative and concerns the shape of contamination contours. It was found the primary forcing that enables seabed pollution is the tidal circulation, which, moreover, acts continuously in time. Quantitative arguments based on regression analysis suggest the discharge of thermal water explains almost a quarter of the observed pollution, which is consistent with previous research based on multivariate statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Buccino
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli, Federico II. Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Mohammad Daliri
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli, Federico II. Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ms Norma Buttarazzi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli, Federico II. Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Del Giudice
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli, Federico II. Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Calabrese
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli, Federico II. Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Renato Somma
- INGV. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano, 324-80124, Napoli, Italy; IRISS CNR, Via G. Sanfelice, 8, 80134, Napoli, Italy
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McKenna M, Filteau JR, Butler B, Sluis K, Chungyoun M, Schimek N, Nance E. Organotypic whole hemisphere brain slice models to study the effects of donor age and oxygen-glucose-deprivation on the extracellular properties of cortical and striatal tissue. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:14. [PMID: 35698088 PMCID: PMC9195469 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain extracellular environment is involved in many critical processes associated with neurodevelopment, neural function, and repair following injury. Organization of the extracellular matrix and properties of the extracellular space vary throughout development and across different brain regions, motivating the need for platforms that provide access to multiple brain regions at different stages of development. We demonstrate the utility of organotypic whole hemisphere brain slices as a platform to probe regional and developmental changes in the brain extracellular environment. We also leverage whole hemisphere brain slices to characterize the impact of cerebral ischemia on different regions of brain tissue. RESULTS Whole hemisphere brain slices taken from postnatal (P) day 10 and P17 rats retained viable, metabolically active cells through 14 days in vitro (DIV). Oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD), used to model a cerebral ischemic event in vivo, resulted in reduced slice metabolic activity and elevated cell death, regardless of slice age. Slices from P10 and P17 brains showed an oligodendrocyte and microglia-driven proliferative response after OGD exposure, higher than the proliferative response seen in DIV-matched normal control slices. Multiple particle tracking in oxygen-glucose-deprived brain slices revealed that oxygen-glucose-deprivation impacts the extracellular environment of brain tissue differently depending on brain age and brain region. In most instances, the extracellular space was most difficult to navigate immediately following insult, then gradually provided less hindrance to extracellular nanoparticle diffusion as time progressed. However, changes in diffusion were not universal across all brain regions and ages. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate whole hemisphere brain slices from P10 and P17 rats can be cultured up to two weeks in vitro. These brain slices provide a viable platform for studying both normal physiological processes and injury associated mechanisms with control over brain age and region. Ex vivo OGD impacted cortical and striatal brain tissue differently, aligning with preexisting data generated in in vivo models. These data motivate the need to account for both brain region and age when investigating mechanisms of injury and designing potential therapies for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Box 351750, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA
| | - Jeremy R Filteau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Box 351750, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA
| | - Brendan Butler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Box 351750, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA
| | - Kenneth Sluis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Box 351750, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA
| | - Michael Chungyoun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Box 351750, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA
| | - Nels Schimek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, 105 Benson Hall, Box 351750, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA. .,e-Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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20
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Wang H, Yuan W, Zeng Y, Liang D, Deng Y, Zhang X, Li Y. How does Three Gorges Dam regulate heavy metal footprints in the largest freshwater lake of China. Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118313. [PMID: 34634400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a two-dimensional (2-D) vertically-averaged hydrodynamic model was applied to study the heavy metal particle footprints pre- and post-Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in Poyang Lake. Two defined indexes-Reserve Impact Index (σRII) and Species Impact Index (ηSII) were applied to assess the potential impact of the copper footprint on nature reserves and sensitive species quantitatively. The results demonstrated that the movement speed, distribution, and trajectory of copper particle footprints differed enormously pre- and post-TGD. By contrast, the post-TGD footprints were more complex because of the dam-induced variations in hydrology and meteorology. TGD had both pros and cons for the copper footprint on the reserves based on the results of σRII. It had changed the way for the transport of heavy metals and altered the patterns of exposure risk in the reserves. Sustainable management of Poyang Lake could be achieved by optimizing daily monitoring works. The ηSII for Finless Porpoises do not differ significantly between scenarios, but the ηSII for Siberian White Cranes increased by 0.92 and 0.83 for the two periods pre- and post-TGD, respectively. Heavy metals in food sources and the excreta of Siberian White Cranes could be of great concern in future studies. This study provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of the TGD-induced impact on Poyang Lake and provides a reference for the long-term treatment of Poyang Lake and the protection of key species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Weihao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yichuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Dongfang Liang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Yanqing Deng
- Water Quality Department, Jiangxi Hydrological Bureau, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Ilhan B, Mugele F, Duits MHG. Roughness induced rotational slowdown near the colloidal glass transition. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1709-1716. [PMID: 34592556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS In concentrated suspensions, the dynamics of colloids are strongly influenced by the shape and topographical surface characteristics of the particles. As the particles get into close proximity, surface roughness alters the translational and rotational Brownian motions in different ways. Eventually, the rotations will get frustrated due to geometric hindrance from interacting asperities. EXPERIMENTS We use model raspberry-like colloids to study the effect of roughness on the translational and rotational dynamics. Using Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy and particle tracking, we simultaneously resolve the two types of Brownian motion and obtain the corresponding Mean Squared Displacements for varying concentrations up to the maximum packing fraction. FINDINGS Roughness not only lowers the concentration of the translational colloidal glass transition, but also generates a broad concentration range in which the rotational Brownian motion changes signature from high-amplitude diffusive to low-amplitude rattling. This hitherto not reported second glass transition for rough spherical colloids emerges when the particle intersurface distance becomes comparable to the roughness length scale. Our work provides a unifying understanding of the surface characteristics' effect on the rotational dynamics during glass formation and provides a microscopic foundation for many roughness-related macroscale phenomena in nature and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beybin Ilhan
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, the Netherlands.
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, the Netherlands
| | - Michael H G Duits
- Physics of Complex Fluids, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, the Netherlands.
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22
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Amer Cid Í, Ussembayev YY, Neyts K, Strubbe F. Measurement of the amplitude and phase of the electrophoretic and electroosmotic mobility based on fast single- particle tracking. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1623-1635. [PMID: 34028056 PMCID: PMC8454018 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility of micron-scale particles is of crucial importance in applications related to pharmacy, electronic ink displays, printing, and food technology as well as in fundamental studies in these fields. Particle mobility measurements are often limited in accuracy because they are based on ensemble averages and because a correction for electroosmosis needs to be made based on a model. Single-particle approaches are better suited for examining polydisperse samples, but existing implementations either require multiple measurements to take the effect of electroosmosis into account or are limited in accuracy by short measurement times. In this work, accurate characterization of monodisperse and polydisperse samples is achieved by measuring the electrophoretic mobility on a particle-to-particle basis while suppressing electroosmosis. Electroosmosis can be suppressed by measuring in the middle of a microchannel while applying an AC voltage with a sufficiently high frequency. An accurate measurement of the electrophoretic mobility is obtained by analyzing the oscillating particle motion for 1.5 s per particle with a high-speed camera measuring at 850 Hz , synchronized to the applied electric field. Attention is paid to take into account the effect of the rolling shutter and the non-uniform sampling in order to obtain the accurate amplitude and phase of the electrophoretic mobility. The accuracy of method is experimentally verified and compared with a commercial apparatus for polystyrene microspheres in water. The method is further demonstrated on a range of particle materials and particle sizes and for a mixture of positively and negatively charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íngrid Amer Cid
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Yera Ye Ussembayev
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Filip Strubbe
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and BiophotonicsGhent UniversityZwijnaardeBelgium
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23
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Iskandar MR, Surinati D, Cordova MR, Siong K. Pathways of floating marine debris in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 169:112511. [PMID: 34034068 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia with a high population density, which affects the amount of waste generated. The waste that ends up in Jakarta Bay has become an environmental problem. Understanding the pathway of marine debris in the ocean is important to identify the mitigation strategies. Before this study, the pathways and sources of marine debris in Jakarta Bay were unknown. By using virtual floating marine debris particles in a high-resolution ocean model, the fate of marine debris based on the pathways of particles released in Jakarta Bay in both forward and backward tracking experiments was analyzed. It was found that most of the particles from Jakarta Bay flow toward the Indian Ocean in all seasons. They flow off through the Sunda Strait and reach the open Indian Ocean after a few weeks. With regard to the source location, most particles that end up in Jakarta Bay come from the north of Java Island locally and from the Gulf of Thailand, Sumatra, and Kalimantan coasts. The particles do not appear to vary significantly across all seasons and identifying the pathway of marine debris might be useful in pollution reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Riza Iskandar
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
| | - Dewi Surinati
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
| | - Muhammad Reza Cordova
- Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
| | - Kian Siong
- World Bank Indonesia, Indonesia Stock Exchange Tower 2, Jalan Jend. Sudirman, Jakarta Selatan, Jakarta 12190, Indonesia.
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24
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Ritter C, Wollmann T, Lee JY, Imle A, Müller B, Fackler OT, Bartenschlager R, Rohr K. Data fusion and smoothing for probabilistic tracking of viral structures in fluorescence microscopy images. Med Image Anal 2021; 73:102168. [PMID: 34340105 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Automatic tracking of viral structures displayed as small spots in fluorescence microscopy images is an important task to determine quantitative information about cellular processes. We introduce a novel probabilistic approach for tracking multiple particles based on multi-sensor data fusion and Bayesian smoothing methods. The approach exploits multiple measurements as in a particle filter, both detection-based measurements and prediction-based measurements from a Kalman filter using probabilistic data association with elliptical sampling. Compared to previous probabilistic tracking methods, our approach exploits separate uncertainties for the detection-based and prediction-based measurements, and integrates them by a sequential multi-sensor data fusion method. In addition, information from both past and future time points is taken into account by a Bayesian smoothing method in conjunction with the covariance intersection algorithm for data fusion. Also, motion information based on displacements is used to improve correspondence finding. Our approach has been evaluated on data of the Particle Tracking Challenge and yielded state-of-the-art results or outperformed previous approaches. We also applied our approach to challenging time-lapse fluorescence microscopy data of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus proteins acquired with different types of microscopes and spatial-temporal resolutions. It turned out, that our approach outperforms existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ritter
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, BioQuant, IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - T Wollmann
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, BioQuant, IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J-Y Lee
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Germany
| | - A Imle
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, Heidelberg, Germany; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Müller
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O T Fackler
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Germany
| | - R Bartenschlager
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Germany
| | - K Rohr
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, BioQuant, IPMB, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Sousa MC, deCastro M, Gago J, Ribeiro AS, Des M, Gómez-Gesteira JL, Dias JM, Gomez-Gesteira M. Modelling the distribution of microplastics released by wastewater treatment plants in Ria de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula). Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 166:112227. [PMID: 33711602 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of plastic waste in estuaries is growing due to the increase in their use in daily life and their inadequate treatment on wastewater plants (WWTPs). Hydrodynamic and particle-tracking models were validated and used to improve the knowledge about the distribution and concentration of microplastics released by WWTPs in the Ria de Vigo. Results showed that the Vigo WWTP is the main driver of microplastics to the Ria de Vigo. Besides, 21% of the released microplastics reach the adjacent ocean, 24% remain anchored around the Cies Islands, and a negligible percentage reaches the upper estuary when the emission occurs under ebb on spring tide conditions. A negligible number of released microplastics is exported to the nearby ocean when the emission occurs under neap tide conditions. This research can provide a useful tool to support the identification of monitoring processes and debris removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda C Sousa
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maite deCastro
- EphysLab - Environmental Physics Laboratory, CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Campus da Auga, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jesús Gago
- IEO - Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Américo S Ribeiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marisela Des
- EphysLab - Environmental Physics Laboratory, CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Campus da Auga, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - José L Gómez-Gesteira
- EphysLab - Environmental Physics Laboratory, CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Campus da Auga, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - João M Dias
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Moncho Gomez-Gesteira
- EphysLab - Environmental Physics Laboratory, CIM-UVIGO, Universidade de Vigo, Edificio Campus da Auga, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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26
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Zainol Z, Akhir MF, Zainol Z. Pollutant transport and residence time of a shallow and narrow coastal lagoon estimated using a numerical model. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 164:112011. [PMID: 33485016 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Setiu Wetland is rapidly developing into an aquaculture and agriculture hub, causing concern about its water quality condition. To address this issue, it is imperative to acquire knowledge of the spatial and temporal distributions of pollutants. Consequently, this study applied combinations of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models to identify the transport behaviour of pollutants and calculate the residence time in Setiu Lagoon. The particle tracking results indicated that the residence time in Setiu Lagoon was highly influenced by the release location, where particles released closer to the river mouth exhibited shorter residence times than those released further upstream. Despite this fact, the pulse of river discharges successfully reduced the residence time in the order of two to twelve times shorter. Under different tidal phases, the residence time during the neap tide was longer regardless of heavy rainfalls, implying the domination of tidal flow in the water renewal within the lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuraini Zainol
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadzil Akhir
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Zuraidah Zainol
- Department of Business Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management and Economics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
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27
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Alers-Velazquez R, Jacques S, Muller C, Boldt J, Schoelz J, Leisner S. Cauliflower mosaic virus P6 inclusion body formation: A dynamic and intricate process. Virology 2021; 553:9-22. [PMID: 33197754 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During an infection, Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) forms inclusion bodies (IBs) mainly composed of viral protein P6, where viral activities occur. Because viral processes occur in IBs, understanding the mechanisms by which they are formed is crucial. FL-P6 expressed in N. benthamiana leaves formed IBs of a variety of shapes and sizes. Small IBs were dynamic, undergoing fusion/dissociation events. Co-expression of actin-binding polypeptides with FL-P6 altered IB size distribution and inhibited movement. This suggests that IB movement is required for fusion and growth. A P6 deletion mutant was discovered that formed a single large IB per cell, which suggests it exhibited altered fusion/dissociation dynamics. Myosin-inhibiting drugs did not affect small IB movement, while those inhibiting actin polymerization did. Large IBs colocalized with components of the aggresome pathway, while small ones generally did not. This suggests a possible involvement of the aggresome pathway in large IB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alers-Velazquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mail Stop 601, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Sarah Jacques
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mail Stop 601, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Clare Muller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mail Stop 601, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Jennifer Boldt
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mail Stop 604, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - James Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Scott Leisner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Mail Stop 601, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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28
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Turrell WR. How litter moves along a macro tidal mid-latitude coast exposed to a coastal current. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 160:111600. [PMID: 32871434 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simplified particle-tracking model with an idealised coastline was used to investigate how the interaction between variable winds and water level (VaWWL) operates spatially along a coast. The model included a constant along-coast current, horizontal diffusion, onshore/offshore wind drift, beach/cliff combinations and point/distributed litter sources. The default model reproduced basic properties of observed beach litter loadings (zero net accumulation, negatively skewed loading distributions) and the observed spatial pattern along the Scottish east coast, with average loadings increasing in the coastal current direction. The VaWWL effect moved the along-coast flux of floating litter offshore as debeaching events occur during offshore winds. Varying diffusion, coastal current speed, windage, beach/cliff combinations and different foreshore boundary conditions were investigated. Reconciling model predictions with previous estimates of plastic inflow suggested sinking rates of up to 90% soon after first entry into the sea. The VaWWL effect offers a realistic boundary condition for particle-tracking models.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Turrell
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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29
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Mutlu O, Olcay AB, Bilgin C, Hakyemez B. Understanding the effect of effective metal surface area of flow diverter stent's on the patient-specific intracranial aneurysm numerical model using Lagrangian coherent structures. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 80:298-309. [PMID: 32712121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effective metal surface area (EMSA) of flow diversions plays an essential role in the occlusion mechanism inside the aneurysm since the value of EMSA determines the amount of blood flow into the aneurysm sac. In the present study, three different models of a flow diverter stent, namely FRED 4017, FRED 4038, and FRED 4539, were virtually placed at the aneurysm neck of a 52-years-old female patient to identify the effect of EMSA on stagnation region formation inside the aneurysm sac. Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), hyperbolic time, and particle tracking analysis were employed to the velocity vectors obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is noticed that use of FRED 4017 stent with 0.42 EMSA value caused nearly 40% of the weightless blood flow particles (more than FRED 4038 and FRED 4539) to stay inside the aneurysm while only 0.35% of the blood flow was remaining inside the aneurysm sac when no stent was placed into the aneurysm site. Furthermore, hyperbolic time computations illustrated the formation of stagnation fluid flow zones that can be associated with the residence time of the blood flow particles. Lastly, the results of hyperbolic time analysis are in good agreement with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images taken in the clinic a few minutes after a FRED 4017 implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Mutlu
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kayisdagi Cad., 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Bahadır Olcay
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kayisdagi Cad., 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Cem Bilgin
- Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Gorukle, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Hakyemez
- Uludag University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Gorukle, Bursa 16059, Turkey
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30
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Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membrane-less sub-cellular compartments that perform a plethora of important functions in signaling and storage. The material properties of biomolecular condensates such as viscosity, surface tension, viscoelasticity, and macromolecular diffusion play important roles in regulating their biological functions. Aberrations in these properties have been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders and certain types of cancer. Unraveling the molecular driving forces that control the fluid structure and dynamics of biomolecular condensates across different length- and time-scales necessitates the application of innovative biophysical methodologies. In this chapter, we discuss major experimental techniques that are widely used to study the material states and dynamics of biomolecular condensates as well as their practical and conceptual limitations. We end this chapter with a discussion on more advanced tools that are currently emerging to address the complex fluid dynamics of these condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taranpreet Kaur
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Priya R Banerjee
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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31
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Sorokin DV, Arifulin EA, Vassetzky YS, Sheval EV. Live-Cell Imaging and Analysis of Nuclear Body Mobility. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2175:1-9. [PMID: 32681479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0763-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The cell nucleus contains different domains and nuclear bodies, whose position relative to each other inside the nucleus can vary depending on the physiological state of the cell. Changes in the three-dimensional organization are associated with the mobility of individual components of the nucleus. In this chapter, we present a protocol for live-cell imaging and analysis of nuclear body mobility. Unlike other similar protocols, our image analysis pipeline includes non-rigid compensation for global motion of the nucleus before particle tracking and trajectory analysis, leading to precise detection of intranuclear movements. The protocol described can be easily adapted to work with most cell lines and nuclear bodies.
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32
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Duncombe SG, Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Imaging the delivery and behavior of cellulose synthases in Arabidopsis thaliana using confocal microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:201-213. [PMID: 32896316 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Confocal microscopy has been a key tool for characterizing the behavior of cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins as they extrude cellulose into the apoplast to help construct plant cell walls. While other microscopy techniques like electron microscopy can achieve higher resolution images of CESAs, confocal microscopy is still the most accessible way to image these proteins in living plants as they are trafficked to and from the cell surface and move through the plasma membrane. Here, we describe a method for imaging fluorescently tagged CESA proteins in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana using spinning disk confocal microscopy, with a focus on quantifying the speed, density, and delivery rate of CESA particles. Many of these techniques can be adapted and applied to imaging other membrane-localized proteins and other plant species. In addition to imaging techniques, we describe several options for image analysis that can be optimized for different datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney G Duncombe
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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33
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Nebenführ A. Tracking organelle movements in plant cells. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:83-97. [PMID: 32896334 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic streaming is characterized by the rapid movement of organelles and other cellular components throughout the cell. In plants, the process depends on actin filaments and myosin motor proteins and plays an important role in cell growth. Detailed quantification of organelle movements can yield important insights into the dynamics of intracellular organization and its functional aspects. This quantification is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the different types of movements and generic tracking algorithms that yield erroneous output. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide to the detection and measurement of organelle motility as well as a description of additional analysis steps distinguishing undirected, diffusion-like movements from directional movements along the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nebenführ
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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34
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Du J, Park K, Yu X, Zhang YJ, Ye F. Massive pollutants released to Galveston Bay during Hurricane Harvey: Understanding their retention and pathway using Lagrangian numerical simulations. Sci Total Environ 2020; 704:135364. [PMID: 31818560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing frequency of extreme precipitation events under the future warming climate makes the storm-related pollutant release more and more threatening to coastal ecosystems. Hurricane Harvey, a 1000-year extreme precipitation event, caused massive pollutant release from the Houston metropolitan area to the adjacent Galveston Bay. 0.57 × 106 tons of raw sewage and 22,000 barrels of oil, refined fuels and chemicals were reportly released during Harvey, which would likely deteriorate the water quality and damage the coastal ecosystem. Using a Lagrangian particle-tracking method coupled with a validated 3D hydrodynamic model, we examined the retention, pathway, and fate of the released pollutants. A new timescale, local exposure time (LET), is introduced to quantitatively evaluate the spatially varying susceptibility inside the bay and over the shelf, with a larger LET indicating the region is more susceptible to the released pollutants. We found LET inside the bay is at least one order of magnitude larger for post-storm release than storm release due to a quick recovery in the system's flushing. More than 90% of pollutants released during the storm exited the bay within two days, while those released after the storm could stay inside the bay for up to three months. This implies that post-storm release is potentially more damaging to water quality and ecosystem health. Our results suggest that not only the amount of total pollutant load but also the release timing should be considered when assessing a storm's environmental and ecological influence, because there could be large amounts of pollutants steadily and slowly discharged after storm through groundwater, sewage systems, and reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabi Du
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Kyeong Park
- Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University at Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester, VA 23062, USA
| | - Yinglong J Zhang
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester, VA 23062, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester, VA 23062, USA
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35
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Lejeune E, Khang A, Sansom J, Sacks MS. FM-Track: A fiducial marker tracking software for studying cell mechanics in a three-dimensional environment. SoftwareX 2020; 11:100417. [PMID: 34291145 PMCID: PMC8291167 DOI: 10.1016/j.softx.2020.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the deformation of fiducial markers in the vicinity of living cells embedded in compliant synthetic or biological gels is a powerful means to study cell mechanics and mechanobiology in three-dimensional environments. However, current approaches to track and quantify three-dimensional (3D) fiducial marker displacements remain ad-hoc, can be difficult to implement, and may not produce reliable results. Herein, we present a compact software package entitled "FM-Track," written in the popular Python language, to facilitate feature-based particle tracking tailored for 3D cell micromechanical environment studies. FM-Track contains functions for pre-processing images, running fiducial marker tracking, and post-processing and visualization. FM-Track can thus aid the study of cellular mechanics and mechanobiology by providing an extensible software platform to more reliably extract complex local 3D cell contractile information in transparent compliant gel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lejeune
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA, United States
| | - Alex Khang
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States
| | - Jacob Sansom
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States
- The Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, United States
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Saraswat YC, Ibis F, Rossi L, Sasso L, Eral HB, Fanzio P. Shape anisotropic colloidal particle fabrication using 2-photon polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 564:43-51. [PMID: 31901833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Our ability to dictate the colloid geometry is intimately related to self-assembly. The synthesis of anisotropic colloidal particles is currently dominated by wet chemistry and lithographic techniques. The wet chemical synthesis offers limited particle geometries at bulk quantities. Lithographic techniques, on the other hand, provide precise control over the particle shape, although at lower yields. In this respect, two-photon polymerization (2PP)1 has attracted growing attention due to its ability to automatically fabricate complex micro/nano structures with high resolution. EXPERIMENTS We manufacture precisely designed colloids with sizes ranging from 1 µm to 10 µm with 2PP and optimize the process parameters for each dimension. Moreover, we study the shape dependent Brownian motion of these particles with video microscopy and estimate their diffusion coefficients. FINDINGS We observe that increasing the geometrical anisotropy leads to a pronounced deviation from the analytically predicted diffusion coefficient for disks with a given aspect ratio. The deviation is attributed to stronger hydrodynamic coupling with increasing anisotropy. We demonstrate, for the first time, 2PP manufacturing of colloids with tailored geometry. This study opens synthesis of colloidal building blocks to a broader audience with limited access to cleanrooms or wet-chemistry know-how.
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Norris JK, Slusarewicz P, Nielsen MK. Pixel by pixel: real-time observation and quantification of passive flotation speeds of three common equine endoparasite egg types. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:885-92. [PMID: 31545964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of anthelmintic treatments against populations of endoparasites infecting livestock throughout the world is decreasing. To mitigate this, the use of fecal egg counts is recommended to determine both the necessity, and to ensure the appropriate choice, of anthelmintic treatment. Traditionally, and in order to facilitate easier identification and/or enumeration, samples are analysed after separating eggs from other fecal particulates by exposing them to a solution with a density higher than that of the eggs, but lower than the remaining fecal contents. While many parasite egg flotation protocols exist, little is known about the characteristics of these eggs with respect to their movement through a flotation solution. In this study, we have demonstrated a novel method for the observation and quantification of microscopic (65-100 µm) objects as they experience unassisted flotation. This also represents, to our knowledge for the first time, that the flotation of parasite eggs has been observed and their movement characteristics quantified as they float through solution. Particle tracking and video analysis software were utilised to automatically detect and track the movement of individual eggs as they floated. Three 30 s videos and one 2 min video of each egg type were analysed. If the first 30 s of video were discounted, the differences in mean flotation speed among all videos was statistically significant between egg types (P = 0.0004). Strongyle type eggs (n = 201) moved the fastest with a mean 51.08 µm/s (95% confidence interval: 47.54-54.62). This was followed by Parascaris spp. (n = 131) and Anoplocephala perfoliata eggs (n = 322), with mean speeds of 44.43 µm/s (95% confidence interval: 39.47-49.4) and 31.11 µm/s (95% confidence interval: 29.6-32.61), respectively. This method for evaluating the mean speed of passive flotation may represent a first step towards further optimizing fecal egg flotation and be of interest to parasitologists and veterinary practitioners.
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Canè F, Selmi M, De Santis G, Redaelli A, Segers P, Degroote J. Mixed impact of torsion on LV hemodynamics: A CFD study based on the Chimera technique. Comput Biol Med 2019; 112:103363. [PMID: 31491610 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Image-based patient-specific Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models of the Left Ventricle (LV) can be used to quantify hemodynamics-based biomarkers that can support the clinicians in the early diagnosis, follow-up and treatment planning of patients, beyond the capabilities of the current imaging modalities. We propose a workflow to build patient-specific CFD models of the LV with moving boundaries based on the Chimera technique to overcome the convergence issues previously encountered by means of the Arbitrarian Lagrangian Eulerian approach. The workflow was tested while investigating whether the torsional motion has an impact on LV fluid dynamics. Starting from 3D cine MRI scans of a healthy volunteer, six cardiac cycles were simulated in three CFD LV models: with no, physiological, and exaggerated torsion. The Chimera technique was robust in handling the impulsive motion of the LV endocardium, allowing to notice cycle-to-cycle variations in every simulated case. Torsion affected slightly velocity, vorticity, WSS. It did not affect energy loss and induced a double-sided effect in terms of residence time: the particles ejected in one beat decreased, whereas the motility of the particles remaining in the LV was affected only in the exaggerated torsion case, indicating that implementation of torsion can be discarded in case of physiological levels. Nonetheless, caution is warranted when interpreting these results given the absence of the mitral valve, the papillary muscles, and the trabeculae. The effects of the mitral valve will be evaluated within an Fluid Structure Interaction simulation framework as further development of the current model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Canè
- IBiTech - bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Matteo Selmi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Redaelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrick Segers
- IBiTech - bioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Degroote
- Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Antibodies have been shown to hinder the movement of herpes simplex virus virions in cervicovaginal mucus, as well as other viruses in other mucus secretions. However, it has not been possible to directly observe the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, so the nature of virion-antibody-mucin interactions remain poorly understood. In this work, we analyzed thousands of virion traces from single particle tracking experiments to explicate how antibodies must cooperate to immobilize virions for relatively long time periods. First, using a clustering analysis, we observed a clear separation between two classes of virion behavior: freely diffusing and immobilized. While the proportion of freely diffusing virions decreased with antibody concentration, the magnitude of their diffusivity did not, implying an all-or-nothing dichotomy in the pathwise effect of the antibodies. Proceeding under the assumption that all binding events are reversible, we used a novel switch-point detection method to conclude that there are very few, if any, state switches on the experimental timescale of 20 s. To understand this slow state switching, we analyzed a recently proposed continuous-time Markov chain model for binding kinetics and virion movement. Model analysis implied that virion immobilization requires cooperation by multiple antibodies that are simultaneously bound to the virion and mucin matrix and that there is an entanglement phenomenon that accelerates antibody-mucin binding when a virion is immobilized. In addition to developing a widely applicable framework for analyzing multistate particle behavior, this work substantially enhances our mechanistic understanding of how antibodies can reinforce a mucus barrier against passive invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Jensen
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Gregory Forest
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott A McKinley
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Stefania GA, Rotiroti M, Buerge IJ, Zanotti C, Nava V, Leoni B, Fumagalli L, Bonomi T. Identification of groundwater pollution sources in a landfill site using artificial sweeteners, multivariate analysis and transport modeling. Waste Manag 2019; 95:116-128. [PMID: 31351597 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sources of groundwater pollution in a landfill site were identified, using artificial sweeteners as chemical tracers, multivariate statistical analysis and a quantitative analysis of the groundwater flow system through particle tracking and transport modeling. The study area, located in northern Italy, hosts an older unlined landfill and a newer lined municipal solid waste landfill placed downstream of the former. Groundwater, surface water, treated wastewater, and leachate samples were collected in March 2017 for analysis of the artificial sweeteners saccharin, cyclamate, acesulfame and sucralose together with major cations and anions, inorganic nitrogen compounds, total phosphorus, COD and some further parameters. The interpretation of the results suggests that two main leachate leaks/spills are affecting the study area. The first one concerns leachate probably spilling out of the leachate collection system serving the younger lined landfill, the other one involves leachate from the older unlined landfill that also seems to affect an area downstream of the lined landfill. Direct leachate leaks from the lined landfill seem unlikely, although they cannot be definitively excluded. This work underlines the importance of a multi-methods approach, which integrates here chemical tracers, multivariate analysis and transport modeling, for assessing groundwater pollution sources generated from complex landfill sites, where multiple and different sources may exist. In particular, this work highlights how artificial sweeteners can be used for tracing leachate plumes from landfills. The methodology applied in this study can have a broad applicability also in other polluted landfill sites worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro A Stefania
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rotiroti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ignaz J Buerge
- Plant Protection Chemistry, Swiss Federal Research Station (Agroscope), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Zanotti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Nava
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Leoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Fumagalli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Tullia Bonomi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Hammock BG, Moose SP, Solis SS, Goharian E, Teh SJ. Hydrodynamic Modeling Coupled with Long-term Field Data Provide Evidence for Suppression of Phytoplankton by Invasive Clams and Freshwater Exports in the San Francisco Estuary. Environ Manage 2019; 63:703-717. [PMID: 30944966 PMCID: PMC6525664 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-019-01159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The San Francisco Estuary (California, USA) had abundant pelagic fish in the late 1960s, but has few pelagic fish today. A primary cause for this decline in fish is thought to be a trophic cascade, triggered by declining phytoplankton. Here, we describe the changes in pelagic community structure of the San Francisco Estuary. Then, we examine whether changes in hydrodynamics due to freshwater exports, which increased exponentially beginning in 1967, in addition to the 1986 invasion by the clam Potamocorbula amurensis, explain the phytoplankton loss. Hydrodynamic variables were reconstructed back to 1956 using statistical models fit to, and cross-validated against, output from a hydrodynamic model. Then, we regressed mean summer/fall chlorophyll a-the season with the largest phytoplankton decline-against the reconstructed hydrodynamic variables and the presence/absence of P. amurensis for 1969-2014. The regression model, which explained 78% of the interannual variation in chlorophyll a, was then used to quantify the influence of P. amurensis and exports on chlorophyll a. Based on monitoring data, chlorophyll a declined 22-fold from 1969-2014, zooplankton declined 32-fold from 1972-2014, and pelagic fish declined 92-fold from 1968-2014. Averaged over 1990-2014, the chlorophyll a model ascribed an 88% decline in chlorophyll a to P. amurensis, a 74% decline to exports (at minimum), and a 97% decline to the combined influence of P. amurensis and exports (at minimum). Thus, the decline in pelagic productivity in the San Francisco Estuary has occurred largely due to the combined impacts of the P. amurensis invasion and increased freshwater exports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Hammock
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, VetMed 3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Samuel P Moose
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samuel Sandoval Solis
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erfan Goharian
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of South Carolina, C113B, 300 Main St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Swee J Teh
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, VetMed 3B, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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42
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Schiller JL, Marvin A, McCallen JD, Lai SK. Robust antigen-specific tuning of the nanoscale barrier properties of biogels using matrix-associating IgG and IgM antibodies. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:95-103. [PMID: 30878451 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological hydrogels (biogels) are selective barriers that restrict passage of harmful substances yet allow the rapid movement of nutrients and select cells. Current methods to modulate the barrier properties of biogels typically involve bulk changes in order to restrict diffusion by either steric hindrance or direct high-affinity interactions with microstructural constituents. Here, we introduce a third mechanism, based on antibody-based third party anchors that bind specific foreign species but form only weak and transient bonds with biogel constituents. The weak affinity to biogel constituents allows antibody anchors to quickly accumulate on the surface of specific foreign species and facilitates immobilization via multiple crosslinks with the biogel matrix. Using the basement membrane Matrigel® and a mixture of laminin/entactin, we demonstrate that antigen-specific, but not control, IgG and IgM efficiently immobilize a variety of individual nanoparticles. The addition of Salmonella typhimurium-binding IgG to biogel markedly reduced the invasion of these highly motile bacteria. These results underscore a generalized strategy through which the barrier properties of biogels can be readily tuned with molecular specificity against a diverse array of particulates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biological hydrogels (biogels) are essential in living systems to control the movement of cells and unwanted substances. However, current methods to control transport within biogels rely on altering the microstructure of the biogel matrix at a gross level, either by reducing the pore size to restrict passage through steric hindrance or by chemically modifying the matrix itself. Both methods are either nonspecific or not scalable. Here, we offer a new approach, based on weakly adhesive third-party molecular anchors, that allow for a variety of foreign entities to be trapped within a biogel simultaneously with exceptional potency and molecular specificity, without perturbing the bulk properties of the biogel. This strategy greatly increases our ability to control the properties of biogels at the nanoscale, including those used for wound healing or tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Schiller
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Allison Marvin
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Justin D McCallen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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43
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Gárfias J, Llanos H, Martel R, Salas-García J, Bibiano-Cruz L. Assessment of vulnerability and control measures to protect the Salbarua ecosystem from hypothetical spill sites. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:26228-26245. [PMID: 29978311 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Population pressure, urbanization, and industrial developments, among other factors, have resulted in severe degradation of environmental resources such as wetlands. Thus, a groundwater model (MODFLOW) was integrated with a particle tracking MODPATH model to simulate the hydrodynamic flow head field and to analyze the vulnerability of the Salburua ecosystem and propose control measures to protect the riparian area. The simulations show that pathways of particle tracking originating at potential contaminant sources will tend to migrate downwards towards the sensitive ecosystem, which suggests that the quality of the hydrological ecosystem is likely to deteriorate in the future. Variation in exit points of particles indicates that the time-related capture areas are affected by changes of the hydraulic gradients. Two control measures of potential sources of pollutants in the vicinity of the Salbarua ecosystem were analyzed. The study results suggest that the travel time-related capture zone with a funnel-and-gate system is much smaller than without the control alternative, which indicates that the gate configuration has an effect on capture zone size and shape and on the residence time with a better attenuation performance. It is also shown that a leakage-proof barrier is less effective for point-source containment, assuming that hydraulic control performance and cost-efficiency are the criteria for pollution control effectiveness. Instead, a program of monitoring wells would effectively characterize water quality in the aquifer and provide a decision support system. This approach may be used in helping water managers to develop more physically based and quantitative protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gárfias
- Faculty of Engineering (CIRA), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, C. P. 50130, Toluca, Mexico.
| | - Hilario Llanos
- Department of Geodynamics, University of the Basque Country, 48940, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Richard Martel
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-ETE), Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Javier Salas-García
- Faculty of Engineering (CIRA), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, C. P. 50130, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Luvina Bibiano-Cruz
- Faculty of Engineering (CIRA), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, C. P. 50130, Toluca, Mexico
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44
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Xia Q, Xiao H, Pan Y, Wang L. Microrheology, advances in methods and insights. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 257:71-85. [PMID: 29859615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microrheology is an emerging technique that probes mechanical response of soft material at micro-scale. Generally, microrheology technique can be divided into active and passive versions. During last two decades, extensive efforts have been paid to improve both the experiment techniques and data analysis methods, especially about how to link consequential particle positions into trajectories. We review the recent advances in microrheology, including improvements in labeling, imaging, data acquiring, data processing and data interpretation. Some of the recent insights in soft matter and living systems gained by using this technique are given. Before these, we also give a very brief description of the basic principles of both active and passive microrheology techniques, and some details about optical particle tracking and DWS.
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45
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Röding M, Billeter M. Massively parallel approximate Bayesian computation for estimating nanoparticle diffusion coefficients, sizes and concentrations using confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Microsc 2018; 271:174-182. [PMID: 29676793 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We implement a massively parallel population Monte Carlo approximate Bayesian computation (PMC-ABC) method for estimating diffusion coefficients, sizes and concentrations of diffusing nanoparticles in liquid suspension using confocal laser scanning microscopy and particle tracking. The method is based on the joint probability distribution of diffusion coefficients and the time spent by a particle inside a detection region where particles are tracked. We present freely available central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) versions of the analysis software, and we apply the method to characterize mono- and bidisperse samples of fluorescent polystyrene beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Röding
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M Billeter
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
The study of intracellular dynamic processes is of fundamental importance for understanding a wide variety of diseases and developing effective drugs and therapies. Advanced fluorescence microscopy imaging systems nowadays allow the recording of virtually any type of process in space and time with super-resolved detail and with high sensitivity and specificity. The large volume and high information content of the resulting image data, and the desire to obtain objective, quantitative descriptions and biophysical models of the processes of interest, require a high level of automation in data analysis. Two key tasks in extracting biologically meaningful information about intracellular dynamics from image data are particle tracking and particle trajectory analysis. Here we present state-of-the-art software tools for these tasks and describe how to use them.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses exhibit a complex life cycle that is still poorly understood. It involves independent replication of each of the eight segments that make up its genome and subsequent coordinated assembly as they egress from the host cell. Fast, time-resolved volumetric live cell imaging offers a powerful tool for understanding the various host mechanisms hijacked by the virus. Here, we describe the methods necessary for generating influenza viruses that carry a fluorescently tagged polymerase complex, infection of biologically relevant cells with these viruses, and finally protocols for live cell imaging and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar R Bhagwat
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerie Le Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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48
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Klaas DKSY, Imteaz MA, Arulrajah A. Development of groundwater vulnerability zones in a data-scarce eogenetic karst area using Head-Guided Zonation and particle-tracking simulation methods. Water Res 2017; 122:17-26. [PMID: 28587912 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Delineation of groundwater vulnerability zones based on a valid groundwater model is crucial towards an accurate design of management strategies. However, limited data often restrain the development of a robust groundwater model. This study presents a methodology to develop groundwater vulnerability zones in a data-scarce area. The Head-Guided Zonation (HGZ) method was applied on the recharge area of Oemau Spring in Rote Island, Indonesia, which is under potential risk of contamination from rapid land use changes. In this method the model domain is divided into zones of piecewise constant into which the values of subsurface properties are assigned in the parameterisation step. Using reverse particle-tracking simulation on the calibrated and validated groundwater model, the simulation results (travel time and pathline trajectory) were combined with the potential groundwater contamination risk from human activities (land use type and current practice) to develop three vulnerability zones. The corresponding preventive management strategies were proposed to protect the spring from contamination and to ensure provision of safe and good quality water from the spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dua K S Y Klaas
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Kupang, Indonesia.
| | - Monzur Alam Imteaz
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arul Arulrajah
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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49
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Marin Z, Wallace JK, Nadeau J, Khalil A. Wavelet-based tracking of bacteria in unreconstructed off-axis holograms. Methods 2017; 136:60-65. [PMID: 28916149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose an automated wavelet-based method of tracking particles in unreconstructed off-axis holograms to provide rough estimates of the presence of motion and particle trajectories in digital holographic microscopy (DHM) time series. The wavelet transform modulus maxima segmentation method is adapted and tailored to extract Airy-like diffraction disks, which represent bacteria, from DHM time series. In this exploratory analysis, the method shows potential for estimating bacterial tracks in low-particle-density time series, based on a preliminary analysis of both living and dead Serratia marcescens, and for rapidly providing a single-bit answer to whether a sample chamber contains living or dead microbes or is empty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Marin
- CompuMAINE Laboratory, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - J Kent Wallace
- The Motility Group, Division of Aerospace Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
| | - Jay Nadeau
- The Motility Group, Division of Aerospace Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Andre Khalil
- CompuMAINE Laboratory, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Fishler R, Verhoeven F, de Kruijf W, Sznitman J. Particle sizing of pharmaceutical aerosols via direct imaging of particle settling velocities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 113:152-158. [PMID: 28821437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel method for characterizing in near real-time the aerodynamic particle size distributions from pharmaceutical inhalers. The proposed method is based on direct imaging of airborne particles followed by a particle-by-particle measurement of settling velocities using image analysis and particle tracking algorithms. Due to the simplicity of the principle of operation, this method has the potential of circumventing potential biases of current real-time particle analyzers (e.g. Time of Flight analysis), while offering a cost effective solution. The simple device can also be constructed in laboratory settings from off-the-shelf materials for research purposes. To demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of the measurement technique, we have conducted benchmark experiments whereby aerodynamic particle size distributions are obtained from several commercially-available dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Our measurements yield size distributions (i.e. MMAD and GSD) that are closely in line with those obtained from Time of Flight analysis and cascade impactors suggesting that our imaging-based method may embody an attractive methodology for rapid inhaler testing and characterization. In a final step, we discuss some of the ongoing limitations of the current prototype and conceivable routes for improving the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Fishler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Frank Verhoeven
- Medspray BV, Colosseum 23, 7521 PV Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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