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Kim PG, Lee A, Shin J, Song E, Koo Y, Sochichiu S, Mohamed DFMS, Choi S, Hong Y, Kwon JH. Increase of the indoor concentration of volatile organic compounds after the use of incense and scented candle in studio apartments determined using passive sampling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142344. [PMID: 38754484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Burning incenses and scented candles may provide harmful chemicals. Although many studies have evaluated volatile organic chemicals emitted by their use and related health risks, extension of our understanding for guiding appropriate use under various use conditions is necessary. In this study, emission characteristics of commercial incenses and scented candles were evaluated in a laboratory chamber using real-time measurement and the time-weighted average exposure concentrations of monoaromatic compounds and monoterpenes were assessed using passive samplers while volunteers living in a studio apartment use them. After burning incense, the average levels of benzene increased from 1.4 to 100 μg m-3. The presence of a wood core in commercial incense products was the main cause of high benzene emission by burning them although the increase in benzene was also influenced by factors such as the brand of the products, the number of incense sticks burned, the duration of each burning session, and ventilation period. Electrical warming of scented candles increased the levels of monoterpenes by factors of 16-30 on average. Considering the emission characteristics found in this study, exposure to benzene and monoterpenes could be mitigated by cautious use of those products in residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Lee
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Shin
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Song
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Koo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefana Sochichiu
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dana Fahad M S Mohamed
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Y, Yin G, Sheng GD, Yu Z, Yin D. Distribution and spatial variation of volatile methylsiloxanes in surface water and wastewater from the Yangtze River Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172541. [PMID: 38642747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) earned serious concerns due to their detection and toxicities after their release to the environments. They were also detected in rivers around the globe, but their distribution remained to be explored in larger rivers with longer length, higher water volume and wider watershed. In the present study, 8 cyclic VMSs (cVMSs) and 7 linear ones (lVMSs) were investigated in 42 water samples (27 surface water (including 7 drinking source water) and 15 wastewater) from the Yangtze River Basin, China. Results showed that VMSs were detected in all sampling sites. In surface water, the concentrations of total cVMSs ranged from 17.3 to 4.57 × 103 ng/L, while those of lVMSs ranged from 1.72 to 81.6 ng/L. In wastewater, the total concentrations of cVMSs and lVMSs showed ranges of 17.6-1.66 × 103 ng/L and 2.59-252 ng/L, respectively. Apparently, cVMSs showed significantly higher concentrations than lVMSs. The concentrations of cVMSs followed an order of lower > upper > middle reaches, while those of lVMSs did not show clear distribution patterns. Among cVMSs, those with less Si numbers were dominant, while those with more Si numbers were dominant in lVMSs. Notably, the VMSs were also detected in 7 surface waters that served as drinking source waters, which earned them further concerns. In addition, the VMSs in surface water showed positive correlation with those in wastewater, which led to necessity in management on industrial emissions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - G Daniel Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Ferreira T, Homem V, Cereceda-Balic F, Fadic X, Alves A, Ratola N. Are volatile methylsiloxanes in downcycled tire microplastics? Levels and human exposure estimation in synthetic turf football fields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:11950-11967. [PMID: 38228949 PMCID: PMC10869416 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31832-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Downcycled rubber, derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs), is frequently applied as crumb rubber (CR) as infill of synthetic turf in sports facilities. This practice has been questioned in recent years as numerous studies have reported the presence of potentially hazardous chemicals in this material. CR particles fall into the category of microplastics (MPs), making them possible vectors for emerging micropollutants. A preliminary study where volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) were found in CR originated the hypothesis that VMSs are present in this material worldwide. Consequently, the present work evaluates for the first time the levels and trends of seven VMSs in CR from synthetic turf football fields, while attempting to identify the main sources and impacts of these chemicals. A total of 135 CR samples and 12 other of alternative materials were analyzed, employing an ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the presence of VMSs was confirmed in all samples, in total concentrations ranging from 1.60 to 5089 ng.g-1. The levels were higher in commercial CR (before field application), a reflection of the use of VMS-containing additives in tire production and/or the degradation of silicone polymers employed in vehicles. The VMSs generally decreased over time on the turf, as expected given their volatile nature and the wearing of the material. Finally, the human exposure doses to VMSs in CR (by dermal absorption and ingestion) for people in contact with synthetic turf in football fields were negligible (maximum total exposure of 20.5 ng.kgBW-1.year-1) in comparison with the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) reference doses: 1.35 × 109 ng.kgBW-1.year-1 for D4 and 1.83 × 109 ng.kgBW-1.year-1 for D5. Nevertheless, more knowledge on exposure through inhalation and the combined effects of all substances is necessary to provide further corroboration. This work proved the presence of VMSs in CR from ELTs, another family of chemical of concern to take into account when studying MPs as vectors of other contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Cereceda-Balic
- Centre for Environmental Technologies (CETAM) and Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ximena Fadic
- Centre for Environmental Technologies (CETAM) and Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ratola
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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Kim PG, Lee A, Shin J, Song E, Koo Y, Mohamed DFMS, Choi S, Hong Y, Song S, Noh I, Kwon JH. Determination of terpene levels after the use of essential oil diffusers in vehicles and studio apartments using passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163071. [PMID: 36965723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The exposure levels of selected terpenes (limonene, α- and β-pinenes, and γ-terpinene) emitted by essential oil diffusers in vehicles and studio apartments were assessed using a passive sampling method. A previously developed passive sampler composed of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and adsorbent (ePTFE PS) was enlarged and made wearable. Before field deployment, the sampling performance of the modified ePTFE PS for selected terpenes was compared with that of active sampling in a lab-scale 5 m3 test chamber under constant exposure conditions, supporting that passive sampling provides reasonable estimates of the time-weighted exposure concentration. Fifty volunteers were recruited and asked to wear the ePTFE PS while using an essential oil diffuser inside their own vehicle while commuting and in their studio apartment while sleeping. Terpene levels without an essential oil diffuser were very low in vehicles and 47, 3.6, 1.6, and 0.62 μg m-3 for average concentrations of limonene, α- and β-pinenes, and γ-terpinene in studio apartments, respectively, close to those reported in previous studies. The indoor concentrations of all selected terpenes in vehicles and studio apartments were elevated by the use of essential oil diffusers, especially in vehicles. The average concentration of limonene in vehicles after the use of essential oil diffusers was 11 μg m-3, which was greater than that before use by a factor of 30. Therefore, cautious usage of essential oil diffusers indoors where the volume is limited, such as a vehicle, is needed to reduce exposure to terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Arum Lee
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Shin
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Song
- Department of Consumer Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Koo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dana Fahad M S Mohamed
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokho Song
- Bio Division, Environmental Toxicity Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Noh
- Environment Division, Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul 08503, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kumari K, Singh A, Marathe D. Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (D4, D5, and D6) as the emerging pollutants in environment: environmental distribution, fate, and toxicological assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-25568-7. [PMID: 36809612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) have now become a subject of environmental contamination and risk assessment due to their widespread use and occurrence in different environmental matrices. Due to their exceptional physio-chemical properties, these compounds are diversely used for formulations of consumer products and others implying their continuous and significant release to environmental compartments. This has captured the major attention of the concerned communities on the grounds of potential health hazards to human and biota. The present study aims at comprehensively reviewing its occurrence in air, water, soil, sediments, sludge, dusts, biogas, biosolids, and biota and their environmental behavior as well. Concentrations of cVMS in indoor air and biosolids were higher; however, no significant concentrations were observed in water, soil, and sediments except for wastewaters. No threat to the aquatic organisms has been identified as their concentrations do not exceed the NOEC (maximum no observed effect concentration) thresholds. Mammalian (rodents) toxicity hazards were not very evident except for the occurrence of uterine tumors in very rare cases under long-term chronic and repeated dose exposures in laboratory conditions. Human relevancy to rodents were also not strongly enough established. Therefore, more careful examinations are required to develop stringent weight of evidences in scientific domain and ease the policy making with respect to their production and use so as to combat any environmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata Zonal Centre, 700 107, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Anshika Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Marathe
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Jiang Y, Guo J, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Zhang J. Occurrence and Behavior of Methylsiloxanes in Urban Environment in Four Cities of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13869. [PMID: 36360747 PMCID: PMC9658807 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methylsiloxanes (MSs), used in industrial production and personal care products, are released in various environmental media. In this study, we combined monitoring and modeling to investigate the occurrence and behavior of MSs in the urban environment in China. MSs were widely found in the air, water, soil and sediment of four cities in China. The concentrations of MSs in all four environmental media of Zhangjiagang were higher than those in the other three cities (Beijing, Kunming and Lijiang), indicating that the siloxane production plant had a significant impact on the pollution level of MSs in the surrounding environment. The samples with high MS concentrations were all from the sample sites near the outlet of the WWTPs, which showed that the effluent of the WWTPs was the main source of MS pollution in the surrounding environment. The modeling results of the EQC level III model showed that D4 discharged into the environment was mainly distributed in the air, while D5 and D6 were mainly distributed in the sediment. CMSs (D4-D6) discharged into various environmental media could exist in the urban environment for a long time with low temperatures in cities. When the temperature was 0 °C, the residence time of D5 and D6 could be 68.1 days and 243 days in the whole environmental system in Beijing. This study illustrates the importance of CMSs (D4-D6) in low-temperature environments and the potential environmental risks that they may pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junyu Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Horii Y, Ohtsuka N, Nishino T, Kuroda K, Imaizumi Y, Sakurai T. Spatial distribution and benthic risk assessment of cyclic, linear, and modified methylsiloxanes in sediments from Tokyo Bay catchment basin, Japan: Si-based mass profiles in extractable organosilicon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155956. [PMID: 35580679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the spatial distribution, mass profiles, and benthic risk assessment of a wide range of methylsiloxanes (MSs), including 7 cyclic MSs (CMSs; D3-D9; the number refers to the number of SiO bonds), 13 linear MSs (LMSs; L3-L15), and 15 modified and other MSs (MMSs) in sediments from the Tokyo Bay catchment basin, Japan. We observed widespread distribution of MSs (ΣCMS, ΣLMS, and ΣMMS) in the sediment samples, with concentrations of 1.0-6180 ng/g dry weight (dw), 1.8-10,100 ng/g dw, and < 0.31-210 ng/g dw, respectively. Our study is the first to measure various MMSs modified with hydrogen, vinyl, or phenyl groups; however, only methyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane and phenyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane were detected with high occurrence frequency. Notably, no elevated concentrations of MSs were observed downstream of silicone manufacturers, whereas the sediment was characterized by a specific D4/D5 ratio. With the Si-based mass profiles in extractable organosilicon (EOSi), the measured CMSs, LMSs, and MMSs accounted for 5.4%, 7.8%, and 0.2%, respectively. Unidentified EOSi (unknown fraction) constituted a major proportion of the EOSi in the sediment, with a mean of 87%, suggesting that the organosilicon environmental emissions were more than the measured MSs. In risk assessment of the adverse effects of D4, D5, and D6 in sediment on benthic organisms, the respective distributions indicated no overlap between the 95th percentile field sediment concentration and the 5th percentile chronic sediment no-effect concentration in organic carbon-normalized concentration. Although the hazard quotient compared with the predicted no-effect concentration for D5 and D6 exceeded the threshold level (hazard quotient ≥1), the results of probabilistic risk assessment for the three CMSs were not high enough to indicate a threat to benthic organisms in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan.
| | - Nobutoshi Ohtsuka
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishino
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna, Koto, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imaizumi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takeo Sakurai
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Whelan MJ, Kim J. Application of multimedia models for understanding the environmental behavior of volatile methylsiloxanes: Fate, transport, and bioaccumulation. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:599-621. [PMID: 34375022 PMCID: PMC9293016 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multimedia fate and transport models (MFTMs) describe how chemicals behave in the environment based on their inherent properties and the characteristics of receiving systems. We critically review the use of MFTMs for understanding the behavior of volatile methylsiloxanes (VMS). MFTMs have been used to predict the fate of VMS in wastewater treatment, rivers, lakes, marine systems, and the atmosphere, and to assess bioaccumulation and trophic transfers. More widely, they have been used to assess the overall persistence, long-range transport potential (LRTP), and the propensity for atmosphere-surface exchange. The application of MFTMs for VMS requires particularly careful selection of model inputs because the properties of VMS differ from those of most organic compounds. For example, although n-octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW ) values are high, air:water partition coefficient (KAW ) values are also high and n-octanol/air partition coefficient (KOA ) values are relatively low. In addition, organic carbon/water partition coefficient (KOC ) values are substantially lower than expectations based on KOW . This means that most empirical relationships between KOC and KOW are not appropriate. Good agreement between modeled and measured concentrations in air, sediment, and biota indicates that our understanding of environmental fate is reasonable. VMS compounds are "fliers" that principally partition to the atmosphere, implying high LRTP, although they have low redeposition potential. They are degraded in air (half-lives 3-10 days) and, thus, have low overall persistence. In water, exposure can be limited by hydrolysis, volatilization, and partitioning to sediments (where degradation half-lives are likely to be high). In food webs, they are influenced by metabolism in biota, which tends to drive trophic dilution (i.e., trophic magnification factors are often but not always <1). Key remaining uncertainties include the following: (i) the strength and direction of the temperature dependence for KOC ; (ii) the fate of atmospheric reaction products; and (iii) the magnitude of emissions to wastewater. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:599-621. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Whelan
- Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Jaeshin Kim
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and ConsultingThe Dow Chemical CompanyMidlandMichiganUSA
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9
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Nguyen HMN, Khieu HT, Le HQ, Duong TT, Do TQ, Minh TB, Tran TM. Assessment of distributional characteristics and ecological risks of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in sediments from urban rivers in northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29917-29926. [PMID: 34994938 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this report, four cVMSs including hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were determined in 85 sediment samples collected from three rivers in northern Vietnam during the period from May to November 2020. Total mean concentrations of cVMSs ranged from 75.4 to 15,000 ng/g-dw. The highest levels of cVMS were found in sediment samples collected from the To Lich River (range, 260-15,000 ng/g-dw; median, 2840 ng/g-dw), followed by the Nhue River (range, 188-6800 ng/g-dw; median, 1370 ng/g-dw), and the Day River (range, 75.4-4600 ng/g-dw; median, 666 ng/g-dw). Among cVMSs, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) was found at the highest levels in all samples and ranged from 9.00 to 11,000 ng/g-dw. Significant correlations exist between the concentrations of D4/D6 and D5/D6 pairs in river sediment samples. Although the calculated ecological risk was not high, the presence of cVMSs in the sediment raises concerns about the impact on aquatic life because of their long-term accumulation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha My Nu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh Commune, Cam Xuyen District, Ha Tinh, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Thi Khieu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Quang Le
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thuy Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Trung Quang Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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10
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Liu N, Zhao X, Xu L, Cai Y. Temporal and spatial variation, input fluxes and risk assessment of cyclic methylsiloxanes in Rivers-Bohai Sea System. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113169. [PMID: 35032727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the total concentrations of three cyclic methylsiloxanes (ΣCMSs), including octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), in surface water and sediment samples of five main rivers draining into the Bohai Sea were in the range of 1.62-1.39 × 103 ng/L and 1.92-1.69 × 103 ng/g dw, respectively. Riverine input had great influence on the coastal distribution of siloxanes in the Bohai Sea. The concentrations of ΣCMSs in coastal sediments farthest away (40-50 Km) from the estuaries were only 4-33% of those close to the estuaries. But surprisingly, compared with those in coastal sediments (1.03-1.44 × 103 ng/g dw), the concentrations of CMSs (1.56-2.67 × 103 ng/g dw) in some deep-sea sediments were higher, and certain positive correlation existed between sediment ΣCMSs in this area with the total petroleum hydrocarbons concentration (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.05) suggested offshore oil exploitation as one important emission source of siloxanes. Overall, calculated based on their sediment concentrations, D4-D6 had negligible ecological risks to the benthic organisms in river-Bohai Sea system, i.e. HQs < 1. However, sediment-accumulation of siloxanes should be paid attention, especially for some deep-sea sediments nearby drilling platforms, where it will take only less than 1 year for D4 to reach its threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Horii Y, Minomo K, Lam JCW, Yamashita N. Spatial distribution and accumulation profiles of volatile methylsiloxanes in Tokyo Bay, Japan: Mass loadings and historical trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150821. [PMID: 34627924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated mass loading and the spatial distribution of volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) including four cyclic VMSs (D3-D6; cVMSs, the number refers to the number of SiO bonds) and three linear VMSs (L3-L5; lVMSs) in Tokyo Bay, Japan, which is one of the most industrialized, urbanized, and populated areas in the world. Based on the VMS concentrations determined in eight main inflow rivers to the bay, the mass loading of VMSs via inflow rivers and sewage treatment plants located in Tokyo Bay was estimated at 2500 kg/y for total VMSs. Elevated mass loadings of VMSs were found in three of the rivers, inflowing to the inner west of Tokyo Bay. The distribution and deposition characteristics of VMSs were observed depending on the estuarine condition. Estuarine sediments were found to be efficient and effective traps for VMSs and the salting-out effect is one possible mechanism to explain this phenomenon. The overall profiles of D4, D5, and D6 in surface water and sediment were observed across Tokyo Bay; elevated concentrations were identified in the inner west bay with dispersed low concentrations in the outer bay, except for one hotspot of D4 in the sediment, indicating a major emission route of VMSs via inflow rivers. Additionally, the historical pollution profiles of VMSs in Tokyo Bay were reconstructed based on the VMS concentrations determined in a dated sediment core. VMSs were identified throughout the upper 40 cm of the sediment core (representing the mid 1980s); the profiles correspond with the historical use of VMSs in wash-off personal care-products. The noted decreasing trend of D4 might be a reflection of the early 2000s replacement of D4 with D5 in such products. The elevated VMS concentrations in the estuarine sediment raise concerns about the impact on the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Minomo
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special administrative Region
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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12
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Yang Y, Lin Y, Yang J, Su Y, Li Y, Deng Y, Zheng C. 3D printed miniature atomic emission detector coupling with gas chromatography: A sensitive and cost-effective strategy for the determination of volatile methylsiloxanes in municipal sewage. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339288. [PMID: 35033261 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The determination of volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) in municipal sewage has attracted great attention. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the most mature detection technique for VMSs, however, its instrumentation and operation cost are unfavorable in low- and middle-income countries. Herein, a novel and cost-effective strategy by using a 3D printed miniature microplasma optical emission detector (μAED) as an alternative to MS detector, was developed to detect VMSs in municipal sewage by GC after preconcentration by a laboratory-built automatic purge and trap (P&T) system. Two types of μAEDs have been fabricated and their analytical performances were compared. The one using two tungsten rods as electrodes shows better performance and was thus selected as the detecting system for real sample analysis. Under the optimized conditions, the P&T-GC-μAED system provided limits of detection of 3.6 ng L-1 to 15.5 ng L-1 of Si for tested VMSs. Relative standard deviations were better than 3.0% and good recoveries ranging from 82.4% to 102.8% were obtained for all analytes. The applicability of this system was demonstrated via the measurement of VMSs in the influents and effluents from 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Chengdu, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yubin Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Yurong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
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A Mini-Review on Recent Developments in Anti-Icing Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234149. [PMID: 34883652 PMCID: PMC8659488 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An aggressive impact of the formed ice on the surface of man-made objects can ultimately lead to serious consequences in their work. When icing occurs, the quality and characteristics of equipment, instruments, and building structures deteriorate, which affects the durability of their use. Delays in the adoption of measures against icing endanger the safety of air travel and road traffic. Various methods have been developed to combat de-icing, such as mechanical de-icing, the use of salts, the application of a hydrophobic coating to the surfaces, ultrasonic treatment and electric heating. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the field of anti-icing and analyze the role of various additives and their operating mechanisms.
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Kim PG, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Development of an expanded polytetrafluorethylene dosimeter for the passive sampling of volatile organic compounds in air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149026. [PMID: 34303233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A passive sampler composed of a porous, hydrophobic, and gas-permeable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tube was developed to effectively concentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air. The ePTFE dosimeter has larger sorbent mass normalized sampling rates (L h-1) compared with literature. This result suggests that ePTFE dosimeter can effectively detect low level VOCs in less contaminated air, including indoors. The air boundary layer thickness can be neglected when the mass accumulated in sorbent is converted to gas phase VOCs concentrations. The vapor pressure dependent desorption of VOCs from the sorbent was observed and modeling results suggested that this could lead to the underestimation of VOCs concentrations in air. However, the determination of the appropriate sampling time and the consideration of desorption could overcome the underestimation. A proton transfer reaction quadrupole mass spectrometer and passive samplers were deployed simultaneously in a chamber under fluctuating VOCs concentrations in air. The time-weighted average concentrations of ethylbenzene were 0.016, 0.015, and 0.017 g m-3 for 23, 46, and 69 min experimental period, respectively. The average concentration of the real-time analysis was 0.015 g m-3 for 69 min. The results show the ePTFE dosimeter can be used to estimate time weighted VOCs concentrations in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Xiang X, Liu N, Xu L, Cai Y. Review of recent findings on occurrence and fates of siloxanes in environmental compartments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112631. [PMID: 34416634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In view of their vast global usage in both consumer products and industrial processes, environmental emission and fates of siloxanes have become concerned issue. This review summarized the research progress, especially in the last decade, on production/consumption data, toxicities, analysis methods, environmental distribution, migration and degradation/transformation of both dimethylsiloxanes and modified siloxanes in atmospheric, aquatic and terrestrial compartments from various areas (especially in China). In spite of their fast degradation (hydrolysis and hydroxylation, etc) in various matrices (except sediment), dimethylsiloxane oligomers have been found in various environmental matrices from many countries due to their constant usage and emission. Moreover, recent literatures have paid attention to behaviors of dimethylsiloxanes in industrial areas, e.g., their higher residual levels compared with residential areas and unique transformed products (such as halogenated products) arose from special industrial production scenarios. Meanwhile, although most prior studies focused on dimethylsiloxanes, identification of modified-siloxanes with other functional groups in environment have been beginning to attract the attention of scientists. Furthermore, related literatures indicated that compared with dimethylsiloxanes, both halogenated-dimethylsiloxanes and modified methylsiloxanes (phenylsiloxanes and trifluoropropylsiloxanes) could have stronger persistence due to their weaker volatilization and degradation, especially in terrestrial matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistence Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistence Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China
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16
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Liu N, Sun H, Xu L, Cai Y. Methylsiloxanes in petroleum refinery facility: Their sources, emissions, environmental distributions and occupational exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106471. [PMID: 33676090 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations (1.08 ng/g-3.61 mg/g) of methylsiloxanes, including cyclic analogs [octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6)], and linear analogs with 3-14 silicon atoms (L3-L14), have been detected in crude oil, additives and petroleum products from one petroleum refinery facility in China. Overall, the total mass load of Σmethylsiloxanes (1320 kg/day) in crude oil and additives was 1.5 times higher than that in petroleum products (857 kg/day), indicating their potential emissions in this facility, which were further confirmed by the find of their obvious emission through exhaust-gas (89.4 kg/day) and wastewater (4.70 kg/day). Σmethylsiloxanes emission from exhaust-gas discharge outlets of deep catalytic cracking units (60.6 kg/day) took up 68% of their total emission from all gas outlets. Overall, Σmethylsiloxanes in air (17.1-743 μg/m3) and soil samples [311 ng/g dw (dry weight) - 34.2 μg/g dw] from this facility were up to four orders of magnitude greater than those from surrounding areas, and plasma concentrations of Σmethylsiloxanes in current workers from this facility (7.4-609 ng/mL) were up to two orders of magnitude larger than those from reference group (<LOQ-21.2 ng/mL). Furthermore, concentration ratios (0.09-0.58) of total cyclic methylsiloxanes to their hepatic metabolites for workers were 2.3-17 times lower than those (1.32-1.56) for reference group, indicating that refinery workers may be exposed to more unknown methylsiloxane analogs than general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Okan F, Odabasi M, Yaman B, Dumanoglu Y. Development of a New Passive Sampling Method for the Measurement of Atmospheric Linear and Cyclic Volatile Methyl Siloxanes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4522-4531. [PMID: 33769040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new passive sampling method was developed and characterized to measure atmospheric volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS). The infrastructure of a commercial passive air sampler (PAS) was used along with XAD-2 resin as the adsorbent. Experimental sampling rates (SR) determined using collocated active and passive samplers ranged between 0.0363 (L5) and 0.0561 (D3) m3/day and agreed well with the theoretical ones. VMS uptake was highly linear for eight weeks. The precision of the method was very good (<10%). Compared to the other PASs used for VMS, the new method has several advantages (i.e., the sampler is much smaller, it has commercially available components, and the solvent requirement, equipment needed for extraction, and steps for sample preparation are minimal) while achieving similar or lower method detection limits. The developed method was applied to investigate the spatial distribution and possible sources of atmospheric VMS in the Izmir region. Field sampling covered 42 sites representing different source and land use areas. ΣVMS concentrations ranged between 41.4 and 981 ng/m3. The dominant VMS was D5 followed by D3 and D4. Spatial distributions indicated that the main VMS sources in the area were urban areas, wastewater treatment plants, and landfills where the VMS-containing products are used and disposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Okan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir 35160, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir 35160, Turkey
| | - Baris Yaman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir 35160, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir 35160, Turkey
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18
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Guo W, Dai Y, Chu X, Cui S, Sun Y, Li YF, Jia H. Assessment bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of methyl siloxanes in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) around a siloxane production factory. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:111983. [PMID: 33582413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl siloxanes are identified as emerging persistent toxic compounds and the ecological environment risks of these compounds have been caused of great concern worldwide. In this study, the concentrations of methyl siloxanes were reported in dissolved water and crucian carp around a methyl siloxane production factory located in Liaoning Province, Northeast China. D4, D5, D6, D7, L4, L5 and L6 were detectable both in dissolved water and crucian carp. The total concentrations of 7 methyl siloxanes (Σ7MS) were 14 ± 6.3 ng/L in dissolved water and 43 ± 22 ng/g ww in crucian carp, respectively. D5 has the highest concentration both in dissolved water (5.5 ± 3.5 ng/L) and crucian carp (17 ± 11 ng/g ww). Based on the monitoring values, bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of these compounds were calculated. Significant bioaccumulation potential was observed for D4 (BAF = 5900 ± 3500 L/kg) based on the bioaccumulation criteria suggested by USEPA and EU (BAF > 5000 L/kg). To our understanding, this is the first report of BAF values of methyl siloxane in field study, which will provide important support for further assessment of bioaccumulation of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Guo
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yang Dai
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xiaoting Chu
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Cui
- IJRC-PTS, School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
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Horii Y, Ohtsuka N, Minomo K, Takemine S, Motegi M, Hara M. Distribution characteristics of methylsiloxanes in atmospheric environment of Saitama, Japan: Diurnal and seasonal variations and emission source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142399. [PMID: 33254939 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The large production volume of methylsiloxanes (MSs), combined with their high mobility/volatility and persistence, is a matter of concern from the atmospheric pollution perspective. Therefore, we evaluated of the concentrations and emission sources of MSs, including 7 cyclic methylsiloxanes (D3-D9; CMSs, the number refers to the number of Si-O bonds) and 13 linear methylsiloxanes (L3-L15; LMSs) in ambient air collected from Saitama, Japan. This is a first study regarding the evaluation of 20 methylsiloxanes in the Japanese atmosphere. We improved the air sampling methodology by determination the stability of D5 during a 7-d air sampling and arbitrary sample storage period using polystyrene-divinyl benzene copolymer sorbent (Sep-Pak plus PS-2). We analyzed air samples for MSs seasonally collected from nine locations in Saitama, including urban, suburban, rural, and mountainous areas. The mean CMS and LMS concentrations were 358 ng m-3 and 13.4 ng m-3, respectively. The D5 concentrations were distributed widely, with high concentrations in urban/suburban populous areas and dispersed at low concentrations in surrounding areas (north and mountainous areas). We analyzed 7-d air samples collected every week over a year and found apparent seasonal and periodic trends in the CMS concentrations. In the diurnal sampling campaign, we observed periodic fluctuations in ambient CMSs, with an inverse relationship with the atmospheric boundary layer development during the day. Backward trajectories and the prevailing wind direction during the sampling period indicated that the specific profiles of D4 observed in fall/winter weeks and north of Saitama could be ascribed to northwestward air-mass advection. We employed a novel approach in estimating CMSs emission sources and source apportionment by using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). The concentration matrix was divided successfully into two factors (emission sources) namely, personal care and household products and industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan.
| | - Nobutoshi Ohtsuka
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Kotaro Minomo
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Shusuke Takemine
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Mamoru Motegi
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hara
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
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20
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Zhi L, Sun H, Xu L, Cai Y. Distribution and Elimination of Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane Oligomers in Both Biosolid-Amended Soils and Earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:985-993. [PMID: 33356203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During a primary screening in 2015 and 2016, tris(trifluoropropyl)trimethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3F) and cis-/trans-tetrakis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane isomers (cis-D4F, trans-D4Fa,b,c) were detected in 12 biosolid-amended soils from Laixi and Shijiazhuang Cities of China, with mean concentrations being 10.3 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 2.7 ng/g dw for D3F and D4F, respectively. Subsequently, one further systematical survey found that although repeatedly amended by biosolids containing trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes (4.2-724 ng/g dw), these compounds had no increasing trend in biosolid-amended soils (n = 100) collected from Laixi City at five sampling events from February 2017 to June 2019. Simulated experiments indicated that hydrolysis half-lives (1.8-28.0 days) of trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes in soils were 3.0-18.3 times shorter than volatilization half-lives (7.4-362 days). Compared with those of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), the hydrolysis rates of D4F isomers were faster in soils with total organic carbon (TOC) ≤80 mg/g but lower in soils with TOC ≥ 150 mg/g. In earthworm bodies, trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes had 1.03-1.5 times lower biota-soil accumulation factors (1.3-3.2) but 1.4-3.0 times longer half-lives (2.6-5.7 days) than D4. The stronger persistence of fluorinated-siloxane than the corresponding dimethylsiloxane in both soils (at high TOC levels) and earthworms indicated that environmental risks of these compounds deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistence Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Bazar D, Jankowski Z. Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060586. [PMID: 32599732 PMCID: PMC7355424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic methylsiloxanes D4, D5, D6 (also called cyclic silicones) are widely used in various dermatological products and cosmetics, both for children and adults. As a result of their unique physicochemical properties, the production of cyclic methylsiloxanes has greatly increased over the last few years, which has resulted in increased exposure to mankind. The validated quantitative for gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis with using the transdermal diffusion system with vertical Franz cells demonstrated that ex vivo human skin is not a barrier to cyclic siloxanes. D4, D5, and D6 have a specific affinity to stratum corneum (SC) (especially D6), and can even diffuse into the deeper layers of the skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)), or into the receptor fluid as well. An important achievement of this work was the observation of the characteristic ratio partitioning D4, D5, and D6 in skin layers and receptor fluid (RF). The studies have shown that, in order to thoroughly understand the mechanism, it is important to determine not only the differences in the amounts of cumulated doses in total in all skin layers and receptor fluid, but also the mutual ratios of analyte concentrations existing between matrices. For example, in the case of the stratum corneum, the cumulative doses of D4, D5, and D6 were 27.5, 63.9, and 67.2 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, and in the epidermis, they were 6.9, 29.9, and 10.7 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, which confirmed the highest affinity of D6 to stratum corneum as the amount diffused into the epidermis was 2.8 times smaller compared to D5. The calculated epidermis-to-stratum corneum ratios of analyte concentrations also confirm this. The largest ratio was identified for D5 (E/SC = 47), followed by D4 (E/SC = 25), and finally by D6 (E/SC = 16). The analysis of the next stage of diffusion from epidermis to dermis revealed that in dermis the highest cumulative dose was observed for D5 (13.9 µg/cm2/24 h), while the doses of D4 and D6 were similar (5.1 and 5.3 µg/cm2/24 h). Considering the concentration gradient, it can be concluded that the diffusion of D5 and D6 occurs at a similar level, while D4 diffuses at a much higher level. These observations were also confirmed by the dermis-to-epidermis concentration ratios. The final stage of diffusion from dermis to the receptor fluid indicated that D4 was able to permeate easily, while D5 exhibited a difficult diffusion and the diffusion of D6 was limited. The receptor fluid-to-dermis concentration ratios (RF/D) were calculated for D4, D5, and D6: 80, 53, and 17, respectively. Our results also revealed the increased risk of D4 and D5 absorption into the blood and lymphatic systems, whereas D6 demonstrated the lowest risk. Therefore, we can argue that, among the three tested compounds, D6 is the safest one that can be used in dermatological, cosmetic, and personal care products. This study demonstrates that the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis can be also considered reservoirs of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Therefore, these compounds can demonstrate potential long-term bioaccumulation, and can be absorbed to the bloodstream in a long-term and uncontrolled process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491656
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Li Q, Lv X, Wang X, Hu J, Wang X, Ma J. Typical indoor concentrations and mass flow of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs) in Dalian, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126020. [PMID: 32041064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methylsiloxaes (cVMSs), namely hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), were studied for a typical indoor environment of male and female dormitories in the campus of Dalian Maritime University (DMU) in China. An empty, frit-fitted SPE cartridge was placed on top of an Isolute ENV + cartridge, sampling cVMSs in particulate and gas phases, respectively. The highest concentration of D3, D4, D5, and D6 was 190, 460, 37,000, and 670 ng m-3, respectively. All cVMSs, especially D5, were higher in female dormitories than that in male dormitories. Emission rate from different sources of cVMSs in dormitories was calculated from a survey of the use of personal care products (PCPs) by students living in the dormitory during the sampling period. The mean emission rate (ER, mg·d-1) of D4 and D5 in male dormitories was 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.49 ± 0.03 mg d-1, respectively, and that in female dormitories was 0.21 ± 0.05 and 46 ± 17 mg d-1, respectively. Then, we modified an existing mass balance model to predict the indoor air levels of D4 and D5 in both male and female dormitories based on the usage of PCPs. There was a good agreement for D4 and D5 concentrations in female dormitories between modeled and measured concentrations with the ratio of predicted to measured values to be 1.5 and 1.2, respectively, which indicated that use of PCPs was the main source of cVMSs in university dormitories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Xiaoning Lv
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Jiaochan Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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23
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Li Q, Wang X, Wang X, Lan Y, Hu J. Tube-type passive sampling of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMSs) and benzene series simultaneously in indoor air: uptake rate determination and field application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:973-980. [PMID: 32044895 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMSs) and benzene series compounds have attracted increasing attention because they are associated with various adverse health effects. In this study, we developed and validated a novel passive air sampling method (PAS), using Tenax-TA as the sorbent, to measure the concentrations of cVMSs (D4, D5, and D6) and benzene series compounds simultaneously in indoor air. The uptake rates (R), which were calibrated side-by-side by an active air sampling method (Tenax-TA-AAS), ranged from 0.10 to 0.56 mL min-1 depending on chemicals, and the R of the TD tube with Tenax-TA was controlled by the sampler material-side and not the air-side. The passive sampling efficiency (PSE) of styrene and m,p-xylene was close to 1. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, a negative correlation was found between the molecular weight of compounds and their uptake rates. Furthermore, the calibrated Tenax-TA-PAS method was used to quantify cVMSs and benzene series compounds in a living room and an office environment in the urban area of Dalian, China. The concentrations of toluene were the highest in both the living room (10.4 μg m-3) and office (7.02 μg m-3) among the target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
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24
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Tran TM, Hoang AQ, Le ST, Minh TB, Kannan K. A review of contamination status, emission sources, and human exposure to volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) in indoor environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:584-594. [PMID: 31325858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Siloxanes are organo-silicon compounds containing Si-O-Si linkages and methyl branches. Depending on the structure, siloxanes can be divided into cyclic and linear compounds. Methyl siloxanes with small and medium molecular weights (molecular weights less than 500 g mol-1), are volatile under normal conditions, and hence are referred to as volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs). VMSs are additive ingredients in many products such as plastics, rubber, personal care products, and household items. This review provides information on the distribution of VMSs in consumer products, indoor air and dust, and their implications for human exposure. VMSs have been used in personal care products and household items at concentrations on the order of hundreds to thousands of micrograms per gram which are the main sources of contamination in the indoor environments. VMSs have been found widely in indoor air and dust. A significant correlation existed between VMS concentrations in indoor air and dust. Among typical VMSs, dodecamethylcylcopentasiloxane (D5) is the major compound found in indoor environments. The human exposure doses to VMSs through dermal absorption, dust ingestion, and inhalation were compiled; Inhalation is a dominant pathway of exposure to VMSs, especially in indoor environments of occupational settings like hair salons. The human exposure doses were higher in children than in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Son Thanh Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Sakurai T, Imaizumi Y, Kuroda K, Hayashi TI, Suzuki N. Georeferenced multimedia environmental fate of volatile methylsiloxanes modeled in the populous Tokyo Bay catchment basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:843-853. [PMID: 31280166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the multimedia fate of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in the densely populated catchment basin of Tokyo Bay, Japan, by using a georeferenced multimedia model. We estimated the daily per person consumption rate of these compounds in Japan according to literature. Emissions to the atmosphere accounted for almost all of the emissions of these compounds to the environment. The majority of these compounds was predicted to be distributed in the atmosphere (about 60%) and sediment (about 40%). The advective flows in and out of the atmosphere over the Tokyo Bay catchment basin dominated the flows of these compounds. The sewerage systems contributed considerably to the transport and fate of D5 and D6 in water. They transported these compounds from households to discharge outlets of sewage treatment plants (STPs), which in turn accounted for approximately one quarter of the emission of these compounds to rivers and to Tokyo Bay. The wastewater treatment plants also effectively removed these compounds from the wastewater. The overall persistence of D5 and D6 in the catchment basin was estimated to be 3.8-9.5 days. The horizontal distributions of these compounds were similar among environmental compartments; high concentrations were generally observed in populated areas. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the D5 discharge rate to Tokyo Bay excluding the direct discharge from STPs and the D5 mass in the river compartment were sensitive to changes of the organic-carbon-water partition coefficient. Comparison with the concentrations in rivers measured recently in the target area showed that the model captured overall trends of low to high concentrations in rivers. However, there was some variability and a bias toward underprediction. The model provided a better fit to measurements for D5 than for D6. One potential factor contributing to the bias toward underprediction was underestimation of the consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Sakurai
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Imaizumi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Fukushima Branch, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura, Fukushima 963-7700, Japan; Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takehiko I Hayashi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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26
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Lee D, Park MK, Lee IS, Choi SD. Contamination characteristics of siloxanes in coastal sediment collected from industrialized bays in South Korea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109457. [PMID: 31349106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Siloxanes have been used as chemical additives in various products since the 1940s. They are known to have potentially toxic effects, to be environmentally persistent, and to be bioaccumulative. Previous studies have reported high levels of siloxanes in various environmental matrices. In this study, 6 cyclic siloxanes (D4-D9) and 13 linear siloxanes (L3-L15) in coastal sediment collected from southeastern bays adjacent to industrial zones in South Korea (Busan, Ulsan, Jinhae, and Gwangyang) were analyzed. The contamination levels and spatial distribution of siloxanes in the coastal sediment samples were investigated, with the hazard quotients (HQs) for siloxanes evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Across all samples, the total concentration (Σ19) of siloxanes was in the range of 11.6-3877 (mean: 305; median: 133) ng/g dry weight (dw). The highest average concentration of Σ19 siloxanes was found in Busan (mean: 580; median: 233 ng/g dw), followed by Ulsan (mean: 316; median: 209 ng/g dw), Jinhae (mean: 266; median: 125 ng/g dw), and Gwangyang (mean: 33; median: 27 ng/g dw), all of which are suggested to be affected by both industrial and domestic activities. The highest contributions were from D5 (18%) and D6 (34%), followed by D9 (7.3%) and L11 (5.8%). The HQs for siloxanes were less than 1, indicating that there was no risk to benthic organisms in the study areas; however, further monitoring of various environmental matrices is required to fully assess the potential ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Tongyeong, 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Horii Y, Nojiri K, Minomo K, Motegi M, Kannan K. Volatile methylsiloxanes in sewage treatment plants in Saitama, Japan: Mass distribution and emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:677-686. [PMID: 31195272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater, aeration gas, dewatered sludge, and incineration ash and flue gas (from dewatered sludge) were collected from 9 sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and analyzed for seven cyclic and linear volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) namely, D3, D4, D5, D6, L3, L4, and L5. The mass loadings and distribution of VMSs in STPs were estimated based on measured concentrations in liquid, solid, and gaseous samples, including incinerated dewatered sludge. Mass loading of ΣVMS varied widely from 21 kg y-1 to 3740 kg y-1, depending on the volume of wastewater treated in each STP. Mass % of ΣVMS distributed in aeration gas was 15% and that in activated sludge was 78%. Approximately 6.6% of ΣVMS remained in the final effluent. Overall, partitioning onto the activated sludge was the dominant removal mechanism for D4, D5, and D6, whereas volatilization was also an important removal mechanism for D4. Incineration was effective to degrade VMSs in dewatered sludge, with a reduction rate of >99%. Activated carbon treatment removed >99% of VMSs from the aeration gas. In Saitama Prefecture, total emission of ΣVMS via STPs was estimated at 434 kg y-1, 86 kg y-1, and 0.065 kg y-1, to aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments, respectively, which accounted for 83%, 17%, and 0.01% of the total environmental emissions. Our results indicate that majority of VMSs in dewatered sludge can be removed by incineration and emission of VMSs through incineration ash landfill is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama, 347-0115, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Nojiri
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama, 347-0115, Japan
| | - Kotaro Minomo
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama, 347-0115, Japan
| | - Mamoru Motegi
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama, 347-0115, Japan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
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28
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Guo J, Zhou Y, Cui J, Zhang B, Zhang J. Assessment of volatile methylsiloxanes in environmental matrices and human plasma. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:1175-1182. [PMID: 31018457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) are widely used in various personal-care products and industrial additives and products. This study focused on VMSs exposure in the general population, workers, and the families of workers living in residential and industrial areas of southwestern China. VMSs concentrations in indoor environmental matrices from six industrial facilities were 3.4 × 102 to 9.0 × 102 μg m-3 in gas-phase samples, 4.7 × 102 to 1.5 × 104 μg g-1 in PM2.5 samples, and 2.3 × 102 to 7.2 × 103 μg g-1 in dust samples, which were two to four orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations measured in residential areas. Exposure to VMSs was investigated by analysis of plasma samples from workers in residential and industrial areas for the presence of cyclic (D4-D6) and linear (L3-L16) VMSs. VMSs concentrations in plasma samples ranged from 84 to 2.3 × 102 ng ml-1 in workers, one to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the general population (2.2 ng ml-1). Daily VMSs indoor exposure via inhalation and ingestion in individuals from residential and industrial areas were estimated and assessed under working-time and leisure-time conditions. This study showed that exposure to VMSs in industrial areas is approximately two to four or one to two orders of magnitude higher than that in residential areas during the working- or leisure-time scenario, respectively. Furthermore, the families of workers (the non-occupational group) experienced higher levels of exposure to VMSs in their homes compared with the general population. The ratios of exposure to linear VMSs via PM2.5 inhalation to that via the gas phase ranged from 7.8% to 43.1% in industrial areas. This study suggests that intake of linear VMSs via PM2.5 inhalation should be considered when estimating human exposure to VMSs in areas with high levels of PM2.5 air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia'nan Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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29
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Guo J, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Zhang J. Distribution and evaluation of the fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the largest lake of southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:87-95. [PMID: 30530222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) used in personal care products are released to aquatic environments through wastewater effluent. cVMS are persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative, and have potential to cause ecological harm. In this study, the environmental behavior of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were evaluated in the largest lake of southwest China, Dian Lake. Air, water and sediment samples were measured for three cVMS compounds in the winter (January) and summer (July) of 2017. In air, D5 exhibited the highest measured mean concentration among the three cVMS, which were 18.4 ± 8.0 ng·m-3 in winter and 5.78 ± 3.61 ng·m-3 in summer. In water and sediment, D6 was the cVMS with the highest measured mean concentration. The mean concentrations in water of D6 were 20.8 ± 5.8 ng·L-1 in winter and 20.4 ± 5.8 ng·L-1 in summer. The mean concentrations in sediment of D6 were 281 ± 45.8 ng·g-1 dw in winter and 270 ± 31.3 ng·g-1 dw in summer. A fugacity-based mass balance chemical fate model for lakes (QWASI) was used for Dian Lake to compare measurements and explore the behavior of cVMS. D6 was predicted to have the highest water column and sediment concentrations. Modeling results showed that most of the D5 and D6 partitioned into sediment and could persist for several years. Persistence was significantly influenced by the high rate of sediment burial. In an analysis of the impact of physicochemical properties and environmental parameters, KOC was identified as a key parameter for predicting cVMS behavior. This study illustrates the importance of cVMS in sediments and the potential aquatic risk that they may pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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30
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Zhi L, Xu L, He X, Zhang C, Cai Y. Distribution of methylsiloxanes in benthic mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:199-207. [PMID: 30528010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylsiloxanes are a class of silicone compounds that have been widely used in various industrial processes and personal care products for several decades. This study investigated the spatial distribution of three cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4-D6) and twelve linear methylsiloxanes (L5-L16) in mollusks collected from seven cities along the Bohai Sea. D4-D6 (df = 71%-81%) and L8-L16 (df = 32%-40%) were frequently detectable in the mollusk samples, while L5-L7 were not found in any mollusk samples. Cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4-D6) were found in mollusks with the mean concentrations of 15.7 ± 12.3 ng/g ww for D4, 24.6 ± 15.8 ng/g ww for D5 and 34.0 ± 23.0 ng/g ww for D6. Among the seven sampling cities, the cyclic methylsiloxanes were predominant in mollusks, with the total cyclic methylsiloxanes (sum of D4-D6, ∑CMS) accounting for 74.2%-80.7% of the total methylsiloxanes. ∑CMS along the coastline demonstrated a clear gradient, with the highest concentrations in mollusks at the sampling sites located in the western part of the Bohai Sea and the lowest concentrations in mollusks from cities located in the eastern part of the Bohai Sea. The biota-sediment accumulation factors for cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4-D6) and linear methylsiloxanes (L8-L16) were estimated as 0.42 ± 0.06-0.53 ± 0.06 and 0.13 ± 0.03-0.19 ± 0.05, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xudan He
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Zhi L, Xu L, Qu Y, Zhang C, Cao D, Cai Y. Identification and Elimination of Fluorinated Methylsiloxanes in Environmental Matrices near a Manufacturing Plant in Eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12235-12243. [PMID: 30339022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated methylsiloxanes are modified methylsiloxanes and include tris(trifluoropropyl)trimethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3F) and tetrakis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4F). Here, we report fluorinated methylsiloxanes (D3F and D4F) in surface water and sediment samples collected near a fluorinated methylsiloxane manufacturing plant in Weihai, China. The concentrations of D3F and D4F in surface water ranged from 3.29-291 ng/L and from 7.02-168 ng/L, respectively. The concentrations of D3F and D4F in sediment ranged from 11.8-5478 ng/g and from 17.2-6277 ng/g, respectively. In simulation experiment, the half-lives of D3F and D4F at different pH values (5.2, 6.4, 7.2, 8.3, and 9.2) varied from 80.6-154 h and from 267-533 h, respectively. CF3(CH2)2MeSi(OH)2 was identified as one of the main hydrolysis products of fluorinated methylsiloxanes. It was also detected in the river samples at concentrations of 72.1-182.9 ng/L. In addition, the slow rearrangement of D3F (spiked concentration = 500 ng/L) to D4F (concentration = 11.0-22.7 ng/L) was also found during 336h hydrolysis experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light industry, Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering , China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing) , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering , China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing) , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
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Feng J, Zhang F, Zhao J, Guo W, Sun J. An improved quantification method for 12 linear dimethylsiloxanes and 1 cyclic dimethylsiloxane in polydimethylsiloxane using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector:Development strategy and accuracy. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1578:112-116. [PMID: 30309705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PDMS 200 fluid (the mixture) was used as standard for quantification of linear dimethylsiloxanes (L5-L16) in environmental matrices. However, the quantification of individual dimethylsiloxane in PDMS 200 fluid by GC-FID was not established or detailed described in many real studies. To solve this problem, we did this research and the principal results were as follows: fifteen compounds in PDMS 200 fluid, including D7, L5 to L16 (12 linear dimethylsiloxanes) and 2 unknown compounds, were identified using GC-MS. Retention indices (RI) of L8 to L16 were first given. Meanwhile, we found that the "effective carbon number (ECN) concept" was applicable for responses of dimethylsiloxanes in FID. Based on GC-FID, a new quantification method for compounds in PDMS 200 fluid was established, detailed described and used to calculate the content of individual dimethylsiloxane in PDMS 200 fluid. Compared with the results from external standard method, internal standard method and normalization method, the new quantification method was more accurate and stable, especially for D7 at low content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
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Zhi L, Xu L, He X, Zhang C, Cai Y. Occurrence and profiles of methylsiloxanes and their hydrolysis product in aqueous matrices from the Daqing oilfield in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:879-886. [PMID: 29727998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of methylsiloxanes (D4-D6, L5-L16) in the surface water and sediment collected from the Daqing oilfield were explored. For wastewater samples from an oilfield combination station, the concentrations of total cyclic methylsiloxanes (∑CMS, D4-D6) and total linear methylsiloxanes (∑LMS, L5-L16) ranged from 137-1911ng/L to 49.4-190ng/L, respectively. Cyclic methylsiloxanes were the predominant methylsiloxanes in the analyzed wastewater samples from the oilfield combination station. In addition, methylsiloxanes were detected in the surface water from three sampling areas, and the total concentrations varied from <LOQ-785ng/L (mean=219±277ng/L, median=120ng/L) for the new oilfield area, 15.1-1808ng/L (mean=270±409ng/L, median=105ng/L) for the old oilfield area and 18.0-252ng/L (mean=103±90.4ng/L, median=52.3ng/L) for the reference area. In the sediment, the ∑CMS and ∑LMS values in the samples collected from the old oilfield area were almost four to nine times higher than those in the samples from the new oilfield area. In addition, elevated concentrations of dimethylsilanediol were detected in the three sampling areas, especially in the old oilfield area (mean=85.6±98.3ng/L), which confirmed that hydrolysis occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xudan He
- Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light industry, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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HORII Y, MINOMO K, OHTSUKA N, MOTEGI M, TAKEMINE S, YAMASHITA N. Development of a Method for Determination for Atmospheric Volatile Methylsiloxanes and Its Application to Environmental Monitoring. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2018. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.67.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi HORII
- Group of Chemical Substances and Environmental Radioactivity, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Kotaro MINOMO
- Group of Chemical Substances and Environmental Radioactivity, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Nobutoshi OHTSUKA
- Group of Chemical Substances and Environmental Radioactivity, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Mamoru MOTEGI
- Group of Chemical Substances and Environmental Radioactivity, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Shusuke TAKEMINE
- Group of Chemical Substances and Environmental Radioactivity, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama
| | - Nobuyoshi YAMASHITA
- Marine Environment Research Group, Environmental Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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