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Tian R, Posselt M, Miaz LT, Fenner K, McLachlan MS. Influence of Season on Biodegradation Rates in Rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7144-7153. [PMID: 38527158 PMCID: PMC11044578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradation plays a key role in the fate of chemicals in the environment. The variability of biodegradation in time can cause uncertainty in evaluating the environmental persistence and risk of chemicals. However, the seasonality of biodegradation in rivers has not yet been the subject of environmentally relevant testing and systematic investigation for large numbers of chemicals. In this work, we studied the biodegradation of 96 compounds during four seasons at four locations (up- and downstream of WWTPs located on two Swedish rivers). Significant seasonality (ANOVA, p < 0.05) of the first-order rate constant for primary biodegradation was observed for most compounds. Variations in pH and total bacterial cell count were not the major factors explaining the seasonality of biodegradation. Deviation from the classical Arrhenius-type behavior was observed for most of the studied compounds, which calls into question the application of this relationship to correct biodegradation rate constants for differences in environmental temperature. Similarities in magnitude and seasonality of biodegradation rate constants were observed for some groups of chemicals possessing the same functional groups. Moreover, reduced seasonality of biodegradation was observed downstream of WWTPs, while biodegradation rates of most compounds were not significantly different between up- and downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Tian
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Malte Posselt
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Luc T. Miaz
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael S. McLachlan
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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2
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Lindahl A, Reichenberger S, Pohlert T, Multsch S, Boström G, Gönczi M, Stenemo F, Kreuger J, Markensten H, Jarvis N. A web-based pesticide risk assessment tool for drinking water protection zones in Sweden. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120700. [PMID: 38565029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
To protect human health, wildlife and the aquatic environment, "safe uses" of pesticides are determined at the EU level while product authorization and terms of use are established at the national level. In Sweden, extra precaution is taken to protect drinking water, and permits are therefore required for pesticide use within abstraction zones. This paper presents MACRO-DB, a tool for assessing pesticide contamination risks of groundwater and surface water, used by authorities to support their decision-making for issuing such permits. MACRO-DB is a meta-model based on 583,200 simulations of the physically-based MACRO model used for assessing pesticide leaching risks at EU and national level. MACRO-DB is simple to use and runs on widely available input data. In a qualitative comparative assessment for two counties in Sweden, MACRO-DB outputs were in general agreement with groundwater monitoring data and matched or were more protective than the national risk assessment procedure for groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Thorsten Pohlert
- Knoell Germany GmbH, Konrad-Zuse-Ring 25, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Gustaf Boström
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Gönczi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny Kreuger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hampus Markensten
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Jarvis
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Luo Y, Wu X, Liu J, Xiao H, Liao B, Hu R. Mitigating runoff nitrate loss from soil organic nitrogen mineralization in citrus orchard catchments using green manure. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120398. [PMID: 37506633 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) loss is a significant contributor to water quality degradation in agricultural catchments. The amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer input in citrus orchard is relatively large and results in significant NO3--N loss, compared to cropland. To promote sustainable N fertilizer management, it is crucial to identify the sources of runoff NO3--N loss in citrus orchards catchments. Particularly, we poorly know the sources of NO3--N and the mitigation mechanisms in these areas, which are highly polluted with NO3--N in water bodies. In this study conducted in central China, we conducted a field experiment with four treatments (CK: no N fertilizer; CF: conventional N fertilizer, 371.3kg N ha-1 yr-1 urea; OM: CF with organic manure; GM: CF with legume green manure) and a catchment-scale experiment in two citrus orchards (34.3%; 51.6%) catchments. To determine the source of runoff NO3--N loss, we used the dual isotope tracer method (δ15N and δ18O of NO3-) to identify the sources of NO3--N, and a 15-day incubation experiment to determine the potential and rate of soil N mineralization. Our findings revealed that soil organic nitrogen (SON) mineralization was the primary contributor to runoff NO3--N loss, and soil N mineralization potential (0.65⁎⁎⁎) and rate (0.54⁎⁎⁎) were the key factors impacting NO3--N loss. Interestingly, organic manure significantly increased 29.0% of NO3--N loss derived from SON in the runoff by enhancing soil N mineralization potential (+36.6%) and rate (+77.1%). But green manure mulching significantly reduced the soil N mineralization rate (-18.6%) compared to organic manure application, making it the most effective measure to reduce NO3--N loss (-12.4%). Our study highlights the critical role of regulating SON mineralization in controlling NO3--N pollution in surface waters in citrus orchard catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xian Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis and Simulation, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin 12587, Germany
| | - Hengbin Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Liao
- School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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4
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Brodeur JC, D'Andrea MF, Dip C. Statistically based soil-climate exposure scenarios for aquatic pesticide fate modeling and exposure assessment in the Pampa Region of Argentina. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:626-637. [PMID: 35791275 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although pesticides are used intensively in Argentina's Pampa region, the possibility of performing an environmental risk assessment (ERA) remains limited due to the absence of readily available databases to run pesticide fate models and the lack of standardized realistic worst-case scenarios. The aim of the present study was to further advance capacities for performing probabilistic ERAs in the Pampa region by dividing and parameterizing the region into functional soil-climate mapping units (SCU) and defining statistically based, worst-case soil-climate exposure scenarios. Results obtained demonstrate that the SCU selected for a specific modeling exercise should depend on the dissociation constant (Kd ) of the pesticide evaluated and whether short- or long-term pesticide fate modeling and risk assessment are needed. Four regionally representative SCUs were specifically identified for modeling the fate of pesticides with low, high, and intermediate values of Kd . Fate modeling of pesticides with an intermediate Kd requires the use of a different SCU for short- versus long-term pesticide modeling, whereas this distinction is not necessary for pesticides with both low and high Kd . The current definition of realistic, worst-case, soil-climate scenarios represents a crucial step toward better pesticide fate modeling and exposure assessment in Argentina's Pampa region. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:626-637. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Céline Brodeur
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales (CIRN), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia D'Andrea
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales (CIRN), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Dip
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, Canada
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5
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Julien T, Jeantet A, Marks-Perreau J, Dutertre A, Maillet-Mezeray J. Shifting application dates on cereal reduces pesticide transfer via subsurface drainage based on water flow forecasts during autumn applications. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36976661 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thanks to the changes in aquatic risk assessment within the marketing authorization (MA) process in France, the contamination of surface water through the subsurface drainage network is better accounted for. The measure adopted by risk regulations is to prohibit any use of selected pesticides on drained plots. Herbicide solutions on subsurface-drained plots are becoming scarce due to a limited number of innovations combined with the re-approvals process. Autumn weed management then becomes a major issue for winter cropping systems on drained plots. Unlike runoff prevention, few risk management measures are available to prevent the risks associated with drained plots. RESULTS We analyzed data from La Jaillière, an ARVALIS experimental site (nine plots, 1993 to 2017), representative of scenario D5 from the EU FOCUS Group, for four herbicides (isoproturon, aclonifen, diflufenican, flufenacet). Our study demonstrates the relevance of the time application management measure by showing the decreasing trend in the transfer of pesticides in drained plots. In addition, it validates, still on the La Jaillière site, the hypothesis of a management measure based on an indicator of soil profile saturation before drainage flow (soil wetness index, SWI). CONCLUSIONS A conservative measure consisting of restricting pesticide applications during autumn, when the SWI is <85% of saturation, reduces the risk by a factor of 4-12 for quantification above the predicted no-effect concentration and values of maximum or flow weight average concentrations by 70- and 27-fold, ratio of exported pesticide by 20-fold, and total flux by 32. This measure based on SWI threshold appears to be more efficient than those using other restriction factors. SWI can be easily calculated by considering the local weather data and soil properties for any drained field. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Jeantet
- HYCAR Research Unit, INRAE-Univ. Paris-Saclay, Antony, France
| | - Jonathan Marks-Perreau
- Agronomy Economy and Environment Science Division, ARVALIS, Ouzouer-le Marché, Beauce la Romaine, France
| | - Alain Dutertre
- Experimental Station of La Jaillière, ARVALIS, La Chapelle-Saint-Sauveur, Loireauxence, France
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6
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Boualit L, Cayuela H, Cattin L, Chèvre N. The Amphibian Short-Term Assay: Evaluation of a New Ecotoxicological Method for Amphibians Using Two Organophosphate Pesticides Commonly Found in Nature-Assessment of Biochemical, Morphological, and Life-History Traits. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2688-2699. [PMID: 35856881 PMCID: PMC9828030 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amphibia is the most threatened class among vertebrates, with >40% of the species threatened with extinction. Pollution is thought to alter amphibian population dynamics. With the growing interest in behavioral ecotoxicology, the neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides are of special concern. Understanding how exposure to neurotoxics leads to behavioral alterations is of crucial importance, and mechanistic endpoints should be included in ecotoxicological methods. In the present study, we tested an 8-day assay to evaluate the toxicity of two organophosphates, diazinon and chlorpyrifos, on Xenopus laevis, that is, on biochemical, morphological, and life-history traits related to locomotion capacities. The method involves measuring biomarkers such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD; two indicators of the detoxifying system) in the 8-day-old larvae as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (involved in the nervous system) in 4-day-old embryos and 8-day-old larvae. Snout-to-vent length and snout-to-tail length of 4-day-old embryos and 8-day larvae were recorded as well as the corresponding growth rate. Fin and tail muscle widths were measured as well for testing changes in tail shape. Both tests showed effects of both organophosphates on AChE activity; however, no changes were observed in GST and EROD. Furthermore, exposure to chlorpyrifos demonstrated impacts on morphological and life-history traits, presaging alteration of locomotor traits. In addition, the results suggest a lower sensitivity to chlorpyrifos of 4-day-old embryos compared to 8-day-old larvae. Tests on other organophosphates are needed to test the validity of this method for the whole organophosphate group. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2688-2699. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Boualit
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneCanton de VaudSwitzerland
| | - Hugo Cayuela
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie EvolutionUniversité Lyon 1Auvergne‐Rhône‐AlpesFrance
| | - Loic Cattin
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneCanton de VaudSwitzerland
| | - Nathalie Chèvre
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneCanton de VaudSwitzerland
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7
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Willkommen S, Lange J, Pfannerstill M, Fohrer N, Ulrich U. Gain and retain - On the efficiency of modified agricultural drainage ponds for pesticide retention. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155405. [PMID: 35469862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drainage ponds have the potential to serve as long-term interface measures primarily for flood control, and mass retention. They are often considered as promising supplements for the mitigation of drainage pipe loads to improve the water quality in agricultural landscapes. In this study, a highly dynamic drainage pond system with non-steady inflows and groundwater interaction was modified and investigated regarding its potential for pesticide and transformation product (TP) retention. For this purpose, two 104-day monitoring campaigns were conducted before and after pond modification. Field experiments with fluorescent tracers, Uranine and Sulforhodamine-B, proved that structural modifications improved the hydraulic functionality of the ponds. The effective volume (Ɛ) increased from 20% to almost 100% in the modified pond and the mean hydraulic residence time (τ) was ten times longer. After a dry period, pesticide retention was high during slow refilling of the ponds, still TP loads posed a risk by infiltration into shallow groundwater due to the permeable ground. During wet periods, short nominal detention times together with high inflows led to rare high retention rates through peak attenuation. Moderate inflows resulted in extremely variable retention values, owing to the small pond storage capacity. Along with this, the total retention efficiency after modification reached up to 38% for mobile, 29% for sorptive pesticides, and 32% for mobile TPs. To achieve the best performances for ponds as natural landscape elements, they should be analysed for their hydrological functionality as a prerequisite and then modified for delayed pesticide and TP transport. Then, dynamic drainage ponds can utilize their full potential regarding mitigation of pesticide and TP loads in agricultural catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Willkommen
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Department of Hydrology and Water Resource Management, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jens Lange
- Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfannerstill
- State Agency for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein (LLUR), Hamburger Chaussee 25, 24220 Flintbek, Germany
| | - Nicola Fohrer
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Department of Hydrology and Water Resource Management, Kiel, Germany
| | - Uta Ulrich
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Department of Hydrology and Water Resource Management, Kiel, Germany
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Atcheson K, Mellander PE, Cassidy R, Cook S, Floyd S, McRoberts C, Morton PA, Jordan P. Quantifying MCPA load pathways at catchment scale using high temporal resolution data. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118654. [PMID: 35635916 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detection of the agricultural acid herbicide MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) in drinking water source catchments is of growing concern, with economic and environmental implications for water utilities and wider ecosystem services. MCPA is poorly adsorbed to soil and highly mobile in water, but hydrological pathway processes are relatively unknown at the catchment scale and limited by coarse resolution data. This understanding is required to target mitigation measures and to provide a framework to monitor their effectiveness. To address this knowledge gap, this study reports findings from river discharge and synchronous MCPA concentration datasets (continuous 7 hour and with additional hourly sampling during storm events) collected over a 7 month herbicide spraying season. The study was undertaken in a surface (source) water catchment (384 km2-of which 154 km2 is agricultural land use) in the cross-border area of Ireland. Combined into loads, and using two pathway separation techniques, the MCPA data were apportioned into event and baseload components and the former was further separated to quantify a quickflow (QF) and other event pathways. Based on the 7 hourly dataset, 85.2 kg (0.22 kg km-2 by catchment area, or 0.55 kg km-2 by agricultural area) of MCPA was exported from the catchment in 7 months. Of this load, 87.7 % was transported via event flow pathways with 72.0 % transported via surface dominated (QF) pathways. Approximately 12 % of the MCPA load was transported via deep baseflows, indicating a persistence in this delayed pathway, and this was the primary pathway condition monitored in a weekly regulatory sampling programme. However, overall, the data indicated a dominant acute, storm dependent process of incidental MCPA loss during the spraying season. Reducing use and/or implementing extensive surface pathway disconnection measures are the mitigation options with greatest potential, the success of which can only be assessed using high temporal resolution monitoring techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Atcheson
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK.
| | - Per-Erik Mellander
- Agricultural Catchments Programme, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Rachel Cassidy
- Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Sally Cook
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Stewart Floyd
- Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Colin McRoberts
- Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Phoebe A Morton
- Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Phil Jordan
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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9
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Zhi H, Webb DT, Schnoor JL, Kolpin DW, Klaper RD, Iwanowicz LR, LeFevre GH. Modeling Risk Dynamics of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in a Temperate-region Wastewater Effluent-dominated Stream. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 8:1408-1422. [PMID: 36061088 PMCID: PMC9431852 DOI: 10.1039/d2ew00157h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluent-dominated streams are becoming increasingly common worldwide, including in temperate regions, with potential impacts on ecological systems and drinking water sources. We recently quantified the occurrence/ spatiotemporal dynamics of pharmaceutical mixtures in a representative temperate-region wastewater effluent-dominated stream (Muddy Creek, Iowa) under baseflow conditions and characterized relevant fate processes. Herein, we quantified the ecological risk quotients (RQs) of 19 effluent-derived contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; including: 14 pharmaceuticals, 2 industrial chemicals, and 3 neonicotinoid insecticides) and 1 run-off-derived compound (atrazine) in the stream under baseflow conditions, and estimated the probabilistic risks of effluent-derived CECs under all-flow conditions (i.e., including runoff events) using stochastic risk modeling. We determined that 11 out of 20 CECs pose medium-to-high risks to local ecological systems (i.e., algae, invertebrates, fish) based on literature-derived acute effects under measured baseflow conditions. Stochastic risk modeling indicated decreased, but still problematic, risk of effluent-derived CECs (i.e., RQ≥0.1) under all-flow conditions when runoff events were included. Dilution of effluent-derived chemicals from storm flows thus only minimally decreased risk to aquatic biota in the effluent-dominated stream. We also modeled in-stream transport. Thirteen out of 14 pharmaceuticals persisted along the stream reach (median attenuation rate constant k<0.1 h-1) and entered the Iowa River at elevated concentrations. Predicted and measured concentrations in the drinking water treatment plant were below the human health benchmarks. This study demonstrates the application of probabilistic risk assessments for effluent-derived CECs in a representative effluent-dominated stream under variable flow conditions (when measurements are less practical) and provides an enhanced prediction tool transferable to other effluent-dominated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Danielle T. Webb
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Klaper
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Freshwater Sciences, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Corresponding Author:; Phone: 319-335-5655; 4105 Seamans Center for Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City Iowa, United States
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10
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Schönenberger UT, Beck B, Dax A, Vogler B, Stamm C. Pesticide concentrations in agricultural storm drainage inlets of a small Swiss catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43966-43983. [PMID: 35124778 PMCID: PMC9200698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides transported to surface waters pose a major risk for aquatic ecosystems. Modelling studies indicate that the inlets of agricultural storm drainage systems can considerably increase the connectivity of surface runoff and pesticides to surface waters. These model results have however not yet been validated with field measurements. In this study, we measured discharge and concentrations of 51 pesticides in four out of 158 storm drainage inlets of a small Swiss agricultural catchment (2.8 km2) and in the receiving stream. For this, we performed an event-triggered sampling during 19 rain events and collected plot-specific pesticide application data. Our results show that agricultural storm drainage inlets strongly influence surface runoff and pesticide transport in the study catchment. The concentrations of single pesticides in inlets amounted up to 62 µg/L. During some rain events, transport through single inlets caused more than 10% of the stream load of certain pesticides. An extrapolation to the entire catchment suggests that during selected events on average 30 to 70% of the load in the stream was transported through inlets. Pesticide applications on fields with surface runoff or spray drift potential to inlets led to increased concentrations in the corresponding inlets. Overall, this study corroborates the relevance of such inlets for pesticide transport by establishing a connectivity between fields and surface waters, and by their potential to deliver substantial pesticide loads to surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs T Schönenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Beck
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anne Dax
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Vogler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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11
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Ulrich U, Lorenz S, Hörmann G, Stähler M, Neubauer L, Fohrer N. Multiple pesticides in lentic small water bodies: Exposure, ecotoxicological risk, and contamination origin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151504. [PMID: 34785230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lentic small water bodies (LSWB) are a highly valuable landscape element with important ecosystem services and benefits for humans and the environment. However, data about their pesticide contamination dynamic and the associated ecotoxicological effects are scarce. To overcome these knowledge gaps, five LSWBs located in agricultural fields in Northern Germany were studied during the spring pesticide application period (April to July 2018) and the concentrations of 94 pesticides were measured in weekly intervals. The goals of this study were to observe the trends of pesticide contamination during the application period, assess the ecotoxicity of the contamination, and assign the findings to temporal and spatial origins. Samples contained pesticide concentrations between 0.12 and 4.83 μg L-1 as sums. High detection frequencies (81% of samples) and concentrations (max 1.2 μg L-1) were observed for metazachlor transformation products. Contamination from multiple pesticides was detected with up to 25 compounds per sample and a maximum of 37 compounds per LSWB during the entire sampling period. High toxicities for algae and macrophytes were recorded using toxic units (TU) of -0.2 to -3.5. TUs for invertebrates were generally lower than for algae/macrophytes (-2.7 to -5.2) but were also recorded at levels with ecological impacts. Pesticide detections were separated into four categories to assign them to different temporal and spatial origins. Pesticides from the spring (5-11%) and the previous autumn (0-36%) application periods were detected in the LSWB. Some pesticides could be related to the application of the previous crop on the same field (0-39%), but most of the compounds (44-85%) were not related to the crop management in the last two years on the respective LSWB fields. The relevance of different input pathways is still unknown. Particularly, the effect of long-distance transport needs to be clarified to protect aquatic biota in LSWBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Ulrich
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lorenz
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kuehn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Hörmann
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Stähler
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kuehn Institute, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Neubauer
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicola Fohrer
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Schönenberger UT, Simon J, Stamm C. Are spray drift losses to agricultural roads more important for surface water contamination than direct drift to surface waters? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151102. [PMID: 34688746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spray drift is considered a major pesticide transport pathway to surface waters. Current research and legislation usually only considers direct spray drift. However, also spray drift on roads and subsequent wash-off to surface waters was identified as a possible transport pathway. Hydraulic shortcuts (storm drainage inlets, channel drains, ditches) have been shown to connect roads to surface waters, thus increasing the risk of drift wash-off to surface waters. However, the importance of this pathway has never been assessed on larger scales. To address this knowledge gap, we studied 26 agricultural catchments with a predominance of arable cropping (n = 17) and vineyards (n = 9). In these study sites, we assessed the occurrence of shortcuts by field mapping. Afterwards, we modelled the areas of roads drained to surface waters using a high-resolution digital elevation model (0.5 m resolution) and a multiple flow algorithm. Finally, we modelled drift deposition to drained roads and surface waters using a spatially explicit, georeferenced spray drift model. Our results show that for most sites, the drift to drained roads is much larger than the direct drift to surface waters. In arable land sites, drift to roads exceeds the direct drift by a factor of 4.5 to 18, and in vineyard sites by 35 to 140. In arable land sites, drift to drained roads is rather small (0.0015% to 0.0049% of applied amount) compared to typical total pesticide losses to surface waters. However, substantial drift to drained roads in vineyard sites was found (0.063% to 0.20% of applied amount). Current literature suggests that major fractions of the drift deposited on roads can be washed off during rain events, especially for pesticides with low soil adsorption coefficients. For such pesticides and particularly in vineyards, spray drift wash-off from drained roads is therefore expected to be a major transport pathway to surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs T Schönenberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Janine Simon
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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13
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Abstract
About half of the Danish agricultural land is drained artificially. Those drains, mostly in the form of tile drains, have a significant effect on the hydrological cycle. Consequently, the drainage system must also be represented in hydrological models that are used to simulate, for example, the transport and retention of chemicals. However, representation of drainage in large-scale hydrological models is challenging due to scale issues, lacking data on the distribution of drain infrastructure, and lacking drain flow observations. This calls for more indirect methods to inform such models. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that drain flow leaves a signal in streamflow signatures, as it represents a distinct streamflow generation process. Streamflow signatures are indices characterizing hydrological behaviour based on the hydrograph. Using machine learning regressors, we show that there is a correlation between signatures of simulated streamflow and simulated drain fraction. Based on these insights, signatures relevant to drain flow are incorporated in hydrological model calibration. A distributed coupled groundwater–surface water model of the Norsminde catchment, Denmark (145 km2) is set up. Calibration scenarios are defined with different objective functions; either using conventional stream flow metrics only, or a combination with hydrological signatures. We then evaluate the results from the different scenarios in terms of how well the models reproduce observed drain flow and spatial drainage patterns. Overall, the simulation of drain in the models is satisfactory. However, it remains challenging to find a direct link between signatures and an improvement in representation of drainage. This is likely attributable to model structural issues and lacking flexibility in model parameterization.
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14
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Jing Y, Krauss M, Zschieschang S, Miltner A, Butkovskyi A, Eggen T, Kästner M, Nowak KM. Superabsorbent polymer as a supplement substrate of constructed wetland to retain pesticides from agricultural runoff. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117776. [PMID: 34758439 PMCID: PMC8819157 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface water runoff can export pesticides from agricultural fields into adjacent aquatic ecosystems, where they may pose adverse effects to organisms. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely used to treat agricultural runoff contaminated by pesticides, but the removal of hydrophilic pesticides is usually low. In this study, we suggest superabsorbent polymer (SAP), a cross-linked hydrophilic polymer, as a supplement to substrates of CWs and tested the hypothesis that SAP results in an enhanced removal of hydrophilic pesticides. Therefore, batch experiments were conducted to study the retention capacity of water-saturated SAP (w-SAP) for several hydrophilic pesticides. Retention of the pesticides on w-SAP was related to the ionization state and water solubility of the pesticides. The retention of neutral pesticides, imidacloprid, metalaxyl and propiconazole, was about 20% higher than that measured for anionic pesticides, bentazone, glyphosate and MCPA. The retention of the pesticides by w-SAP mainly resulted from their distribution in the gel-water phase of w-SAP, while less water soluble pesticides might have also been adsorbed on the molecular backbone of SAP. Furthermore, we tested the efficacy of w-SAP for treatment of runoff water contaminated by pesticides in lab-scale horizontal subsurface flow CWs. SAP in CWs improved the removal of the pesticides, including the recalcitrant ones. The removal enhancement was owing to the increase of hydraulic retention time and improvement of biodegradation. The removal of the pesticides in SAP containing CWs was > 93% for MCPA, glyphosate, and propiconazole, 62 - 99% for imidacloprid, 50 - 84% for metalaxyl, and 38 - 73% for bentazone. In the control gravel CWs, the removal was > 98% for glyphosate, generally > 83% for MCPA and propiconazole, 46 - 98% for imidacloprid, 32 - 97% for metalaxyl, and 9 - 96% for bentazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jing
- UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon Zschieschang
- UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Miltner
- UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrii Butkovskyi
- UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Trine Eggen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research - NIBIO, Hogskoleringen 7, 1431-AS, Norway
| | - Matthias Kästner
- UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karolina M Nowak
- UFZ - Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Balashova N, Hiscock KM, Reid BJ, Reynolds R. Trends in metaldehyde concentrations and fluxes in a lowland, semi-agricultural catchment in the UK (2008-2018). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148858. [PMID: 34237530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metaldehyde, a widely used molluscicide, is one of the most commonly detected pesticides in aquatic environments in the UK. In this study, metaldehyde concentrations and fluxes in stream water over a ten-year period (2008-2018) are reported for the River Colne catchment (Essex, southeast England), and the influence of hydrological conditions and application regimes are assessed. In general, peaks in metaldehyde concentration in river water occasionally exceeded 0.25 μg L-1, and concentrations did not typically exceed the European Union Drinking Water Directive (EU DWD) regulatory limit of 0.1 μg L-1. Metaldehyde concentration peaks displayed a seasonal pattern. Metaldehyde concentrations during periods when the molluscicide was not applied to agricultural land (January, July) and during the spring-summer application period (February to June) were generally low (0.01-0.03 μg L-1). Peaks in metaldehyde concentration mainly occurred during the autumn-winter application season (August to December), and were typically associated with high intensity hydrological regimes (daily rainfall ≥10 mm; stream flow up to 18 m3 s-1). Where metaldehyde concentrations exceeded the EU DWD regulatory limit, this was short-lived. The annual flux at the top of the Colne catchment (0.2-0.6 kg a-1) tended to be lower than in the middle of the catchment (0.3-1.4 kg a-1), with maximum flux values observed at the bottom of the catchment (0.5-25.8 kg a-1). Metaldehyde losses from point of application to surface water varied between 0.01 and 0.25%, with a maximum of 1.18% (2012). Annual flux was primarily controlled by the annual precipitation and stream flow (R2 = 0.9) rather than annual metaldehyde use (kg active applied). Precipitation explained 37% and 81% of variability in metaldehyde concentration and flux, respectively. Annual ranges in metaldehyde concentration were greater in the years 2012 and 2014 with an overall reduction in the range of metaldehyde concentrations evident over the period 2015-2018. It is the expectation that metaldehyde concentrations in stream water will continue to decrease following the withdrawal of metaldehyde for outdoor use in the UK from March 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Balashova
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Kevin M Hiscock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Brian J Reid
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Catchment, Coastal and Biodiversity Management Team, Anglian Water Services Ltd., Thorpe Wood House, Peterborough PE3 6WT, UK
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16
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Li Z, Niu S. Modeling pesticides in global surface soils: Evaluating spatiotemporal patterns for USEtox-based steady-state concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148412. [PMID: 34412385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better manage pesticide pollution in surface soils, we introduced a first-order-kinetics-based screening model to evaluate the steady-state concentrations of pesticides in surface soils while considering degradation, volatilization, plant uptake, and precipitation processes. For each process, we developed a spatiotemporal-pattern-based model using spatiotemporal variables, including air temperature (TA), relative humidity (RHA), and rainfall intensity (IRA), to characterize the overall dissipation rates (kT) of pesticides in the soil. These dissipation rates were converted to fate factors (FFs), which are commonly used in life cycle analyses. The results indicate that, in general, the kT values increase with increasing TA and IRA and decrease with increasing RHA. This is because increased TA boosts the degradation, volatilization, and plant uptake processes, whereas increased RHA lowers the plant transpiration rate. Also, the simulation for over 700 pesticides indicated that the degradation process dominates the overall dissipation of most pesticides in the soil, and the volatilization process contributes the least. In addition, we simulated chlorpyrifos FFs for Brazil, China, the US, and the European Union (EU) using the annual average TA, RHA, and IRA values. The results indicate that, in general, Brazilian federal units have the smallest FFs and the narrowest simulated FF range because of their humid tropical climates. Meanwhile, the EU member states have the largest FFs and the widest FF range because of their range in locations. In addition, our simulated results show that the surface soils in the high-latitude regions could accumulate more chlorpyrifos than those in low-latitude regions because of the larger simulated FFs. Furthermore, we parameterized our model using 737 pesticides with the USEtox, thereby providing an alternative approach to simulate the steady-state concentration of pesticides in surface soils from the USEtox available data. The model developed herein is a useful screening tool for predicting pesticide concentrations in surface soil worldwide to improve soil and ecological health risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, China.
| | - Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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17
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Warner W, Zeman-Kuhnert S, Heim C, Nachtigall S, Licha T. Seasonal and spatial dynamics of selected pesticides and nutrients in a small lake catchment - Implications for agile monitoring strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130736. [PMID: 34020198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intensive anthropogenic pressure such as high inputs of nutrients and pesticides severely threaten most European water bodies. Small catchments ≤10 km2 are not monitored under the Water Framework Directive but play an important role in freshwater ecosystems. The high complexity in seasonal and spatial dynamics require more than a one-size-fits-all approach in water quality monitoring. Often located in rural areas with a high agricultural activity, small catchments often carry high amounts of nutrients, pesticides and their transformation products affecting drinking water resources. With a low-cost approach of a monthly sampling campaign over the course of one year combined with meaningful indicators for potential pollution sources within the catchment this study could elucidate catchment dynamics and two hotspots for pesticides and nutrients. Two different groups of pesticides were observed (I) pesticides on long-term use which were applied in high amounts over the last decades (e.g., chloridazon and its transformation products) and (II) pesticides on short-term use, newly introduced into the market. Especially transformation products of pesticides from group (I) together with nitrate showed a steady release from two fields into the receiving water bodies over the year, probably being stored in the soil layers over the years of application slowly leaching out. Pesticides from group (II) showed a strong seasonality, released from another hotspot area probably due to run-off shortly after application. Streamlining this knowledge into targeted measures and an agile monitoring strategy for the respective catchments may allow a sustainable improvement of water quality and a better ecosystem protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Warner
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy & Geophysics, Dept. Hydrogeochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | | | - Christine Heim
- Institute for Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Solveig Nachtigall
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Licha
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy & Geophysics, Dept. Hydrogeochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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18
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Barazandeh A, Jamali HA, Karyab H. Equilibrium and kinetic study of adsorption of diazinon from aqueous solutions by nano-polypropylene-titanium dioxide: Optimization of adsorption based on response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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19
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Chalifour A, Walser JC, Pomati F, Fenner K. Temperature, phytoplankton density and bacteria diversity drive the biotransformation of micropollutants in a lake ecosystem. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117412. [PMID: 34303164 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For most micropollutants (MPs) present in surface waters, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals, the contribution of biotransformation to their overall removal from lake ecosystems is largely unknown. This study aims at empirically determining the biotransformation rate constants for 35 MPs at different periods of the year and depths of a meso-eutrophic lake. We then tested statistically the association of environmental parameters and microbial community composition with the biotransformation rate constants obtained. Biotransformation was observed for 14 out of 35 studied MPs for at least one sampling time. Large variations in biotransformation rate constants were observed over the seasons and between compounds. Overall, the transformation of MPs was mostly influenced by the lake's temperature, phytoplankton density and bacterial diversity. However, some individual MPs were not following the general trend or association with microorganism biomass. The antidepressant mianserin, for instance, was transformed in all experiments and depths, but did not show any relationship with measured environmental parameters, suggesting the importance of specific microorganisms in its transformation. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the fate of MPs in surface waters and thus support improved risk assessment of contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Chalifour
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Claude Walser
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Genetic Diversity Centre, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Pomati
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Butkovskyi A, Jing Y, Bergheim H, Lazar D, Gulyaeva K, Odenmarck SR, Norli HR, Nowak KM, Miltner A, Kästner M, Eggen T. Retention and distribution of pesticides in planted filter microcosms designed for treatment of agricultural surface runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146114. [PMID: 34030358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides in agricultural surface water runoff cause a major threat to freshwater systems. Installation of filter systems or constructed wetlands in areas of preferential run-off is a possible measure for pesticides abatement. To develop such systems, combinations of filter materials suitable for retention of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic pesticides were tested for pesticide removal in planted microcosms. The retention of six pesticides frequently detected in surface waters (bentazone, MCPA, metalaxyl, propiconazole, pencycuron, and imidacloprid) was evaluated in unplanted and planted pot experiments with novel bed material mixtures consisting of pumice, vermiculite, water super-absorbent polymer (SAP) for retention of ionic and water soluble pesticides, and synthetic hydrophobic wool for adsorption of hydrophobic pesticides. The novel materials were compared to soil with high organic matter content. The highest retention of the pesticides was observed in the soil, with a considerable translocation of pesticides into the plants, and low leaching potential, in particular for the hydrophobic compounds. However, due to the high retention of pesticides in soil, environmental risks related to their long term mobilization cannot be excluded. Mixtures of pumice and vermiculite with SAP resulted in high retention of i) water and ii) both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pesticides but with much lower leaching potential compared to the mineral systems without SAP. Mixtures of such materials may provide near natural treatment options in riparian strips and also for treatment of rainwater runoff without the need for water containment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Butkovskyi
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yuying Jing
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hege Bergheim
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Diana Lazar
- National Institute for R&D on Isotopic and Molecular Technologies INCDTIM, 67-103 Donat, PO 5 Box 700, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ksenia Gulyaeva
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Sven Roar Odenmarck
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Ragnar Norli
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Karolina M Nowak
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Geobiotechnology, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Miltner
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Kästner
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Trine Eggen
- NIBIO Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, 1431 Ås, Norway
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21
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Khan MA, Costa FB, Fenton O, Jordan P, Fennell C, Mellander PE. Using a multi-dimensional approach for catchment scale herbicide pollution assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141232. [PMID: 32771787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide herbicide use in agriculture, whilst safeguarding yields also presents water quality issues. Controlling factors in agricultural catchments include both static and dynamic parameters. The present study investigated the occurrence of herbicides in streams and groundwater in two meso-scale catchments with contrasting flow controls and agricultural landuse (grassland and arable land). Using a multi-dimensional approach, streams were monitored from November 2018 to November 2019 using Chemcatcher® passive sampling devices and groundwater was sampled in 95 private drinking water wells. The concentrations of herbicides were larger in the stream of the Grassland catchment (8.9-472.6 ng L-1) dominated by poorly drained soils than in the Arable catchment (0.9-169.1 ng L-1) dominated by well-drained soils. Incidental losses of herbicides during time of application and low flows in summer caused concentrations of MCPA, Fluroxypyr, Trichlorpyr, Clopyralid and Mecoprop to exceeded the European Union (EU) drinking water standard due to a lack of dilution. Herbicides were present in the stream throughout the year and the total mass load was higher in winter flows, suggesting a persistence of primary chemical residues in soil and sub-surface environments and restricted degradation. Losses of herbicides to the streams were source limited and influenced by hydrological conditions. Herbicides were detected in 38% of surveyed drinking water wells. While most areas had concentrations below the EU drinking water standard some areas with well-drained soils in the Grassland catchment, had concentrations exceeding recommendations. Individual wells had concentrations of Clopyralid (619 ng L-1) and Trichlorpyr (650 ng L-1). Despite the study areas not usually associated with herbicide pollution, and annual mass loads being comparatively low, many herbicides were present in both surface and groundwater, sometimes above the recommendations for drinking water. This whole catchment assessment provides a basis to develop collaborative measures to mitigate pollution of water by herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ali Khan
- Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Fabiola Barros Costa
- Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Owen Fenton
- Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Phil Jordan
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Chris Fennell
- Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Per-Erik Mellander
- Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Co. Wexford, Ireland; Agricultural Catchments Programme, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Co. Wexford, Ireland.
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22
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Sanford M, Prosser RS. High-Frequency Sampling of Small Streams in the Agroecosystems of Southwestern Ontario, Canada, to Characterize Pesticide Exposure and Associated Risk to Aquatic Life. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2570-2587. [PMID: 32997828 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The temporal dynamics of pesticide concentrations in streams remains poorly characterized in southwestern Ontario, a region of the province where land use is dominated by agriculture. Understanding the magnitude and duration of pulsed exposures to pesticides in these small streams is critical when estimating the risk of pesticides to these aquatic ecosystems. The present study investigated the application of a high-frequency water sampling approach paired with the collection of flow data to characterize the pulsed exposure of pesticides to small streams in southwestern Ontario. Six sites along 2 different streams with different magnitudes of agricultural land use in their upstream catchments were sampled using half-day composite samples from July to October 2018 and from May to September 2019. A total of 1043 samples were collected over the 2 yr, of which 210 were analyzed. Samples for analysis were chosen based on flow, water level, and precipitation data. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure >500 pesticides in each water sample. A total of 35 different compounds were detected over the 6 sampling sites. For pesticides that were detected in >10% of water samples above the method quantification limit, a deterministic risk assessment using water quality guidelines and a probabilistic risk assessment using species sensitivity distributions were performed. The calculated hazard quotients showed that 2,4-D, atrazine, metolachlor, and metribuzin exceeded a level of concern of 1 at the highest concentrations detected. In all cases, hazard concentrations that would be protective of 95% of species from the species sensitivity distributions were greater than the 95th centile of the environmental exposure distributions, meaning that the risk from the pesticides was low. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2570-2587. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sanford
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R S Prosser
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Tauchnitz N, Kurzius F, Rupp H, Schmidt G, Hauser B, Schrödter M, Meissner R. Assessment of pesticide inputs into surface waters by agricultural and urban sources - A case study in the Querne/Weida catchment, central Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115186. [PMID: 32889519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide inputs into surface waters may cause harmful effects on aquatic life communities and substantially contribute to environmental pollution. The present study aimed at evaluating the input pathways in the Querne/Weida catchment (central Germany) to efficiently target mitigation measures of pesticide losses. Relevant pesticide substances were measured in surface waters in agricultural and urban surroundings and in soil samples within the catchment area. Pesticides application data from farmers were analyzed. Additionally, batch tests were performed to determine sorption and degradation of relevant pesticides for site specific soil properties. Frequency of detection, number of pesticides and maximum concentrations were much higher in the surface water samples in mainly urban surroundings compared to those in agricultural surrounding. The most frequently detected substances were glyphosate, AMPA, diflufenican and tebuconazole in surface water samples and diflufenican, boscalid, tebuconazole and epoxiconazole in the topsoil samples. Glyphosate and AMPA contributed to the highest concentrations in surface water samples (max. 58 μg L-1) and soil samples (max. 0.19 mg kg-1). In most cases, pesticide detections in surface water and soil were not consistent with application data from farmers, indicating that urban sources may affect water quality in the catchment area substantially. However, it was observed that pesticide substances remain in the soil over a long time supported by sorption on the soil matrix. Therefore, delayed inputs into surface waters could be suspected. For the implementation of reduction measures, both urban and agricultural sources should be considered. Novel findings of the study: pesticide detections were not consistent with application data from farmers, urban sources contributed substantially to pesticide pollution of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tauchnitz
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agronomy and Crop Production, Strenzfelder Allee 22, 06406, Bernburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Kurzius
- BGD ECOSAX GmbH, Tiergartenstraße 48, 01219, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Rupp
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Dept. of Soil System Science, Lysimeter Station, Falkenberg 55, D-39615, Altmärkische Wische, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmidt
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Geology, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (S.), Germany
| | - Barbara Hauser
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agricultural Analyses, Schiepziger Strasse 29, 06120, Halle (S.), Germany
| | - Matthias Schrödter
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agronomy and Crop Production, Strenzfelder Allee 22, 06406, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Meissner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Dept. of Soil System Science, Lysimeter Station, Falkenberg 55, D-39615, Altmärkische Wische, Germany
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de Baan L. Sensitivity analysis of the aquatic pesticide fate models in SYNOPS and their parametrization for Switzerland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136881. [PMID: 32040997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The model SYNOPS was developed to calculate national risk indicators for assessing the aquatic and terrestrial risk potential of pesticides in Germany. For Switzerland, a national aquatic risk indicator is currently being developed based on SYNOPS. It aims at evaluating long-term trends in aquatic risks based on changing pesticide usage and risk mitigation measures. In a first step, parameters of the fate models of SYNOPS were parametrized for the Swiss geographical context. Apart from data about pesticides and their specific usage, SYNOPS requires information about climate, soil and site-specific properties and crop stage. Based on these inputs, SYNOPS calculates the predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) of pesticides in water bodies and the associated exposure-toxicity-ratios (i.e., risks). To consider the effects of risk mitigation measures in risk indicators, a realistic representation of the contribution of different routes of entry (run-off, erosion, drainage, drift) is essential. To parametrize SYNOPS, a sensitivity analysis of the aquatic transport and fate models of SYNOPS was conducted: realistic ranges of Swiss-specific parameters and their combinations were defined and used as input for the sensitivity analysis. The impacts of input parameters on total PEC values and on the contribution of different routes of entry were analyzed. The sensitivity analysis revealed that slope and KOC were the parameters with the highest impact on pesticide concentration and that run-off was the dominant route of entry in most tested scenarios. From over 40,000 tested environmental scenarios, a reduced set of 75-113 environmental scenarios was finally selected, which predicted similar PEC values and comparable contributions of different routes of entry compared with the full set. With the parametrization and reduction of used environmental scenarios, fate calculations became more efficient and realistic for Swiss conditions. The findings of this study provide a solid basis for developing a national aquatic risk indicator using SYNOPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Baan
- Research Group Ecotoxicology, Agroscope, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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Ulrich U, Lange J, Pfannerstill M, Loose L, Fohrer N. Hydrological tracers, the herbicide metazachlor and its transformation products in a retention pond during transient flow conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26706-26720. [PMID: 31297708 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since decades, surface water bodies have been exposed to pesticides from agriculture. In many places, retention systems are regarded as an important mitigation strategy to lower pesticide pollution. Hence, the processes governing the transport of pesticides in and through a retention system have to be understood to achieve sufficient pesticide attenuation. In this study, the temporal dynamics of metazachlor and its transformation products metazachlor-oxalic acid (OA) and -sulphonic acid (ESA) were observed in an agricultural retention pond and hydrologic tracers helped to understand system-inherent processes. Pesticide measurements were carried out for 80 days after their application during transient flow conditions. During a short-term (3 days) experiment, the tracers bromide, uranine and sulphorhodamine B were used to determine hydraulic conditions, residence times and sorption potential. A long-term experiment with sodium naphthionate (2 months) and isotopes (12 months) provided information about inputs via interflow and surface-groundwater interactions. During transient conditions, high concentration pulses of up to 35 μg L-1 metazachlor, 14.7 μg L-1 OA and 22.5 μg L-1 ESA were quantified that enduringly raised solute concentrations in the pond. Mean residence time in the system accounted for approximately 4 h showing first tracer breakthrough after 5 min and last tracer concentrations 72 h after injection. While input via interflow was confirmed, no evidence for surface-groundwater interaction was found. Different tracers illustrated potentials for sorption and photolytic degradation inside the system. This study shows that high-resolution sampling is essential to obtain robust results about retention efficiency and that hydrological tracers may be used to determine the governing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Ulrich
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jens Lange
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfannerstill
- State Agency for Agriculture, The Environment and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburger Chaussee 25, 24220, Flintbek, Germany
| | - Lukas Loose
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicola Fohrer
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Santos E, Pires FR, Ferreira AD, Egreja Filho FB, Madalão JC, Bonomo R, Rocha Junior PRD. Phytoremediation and natural attenuation of sulfentrazone: mineralogy influence of three highly weathered soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:652-662. [PMID: 30656954 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1556583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated remediation of the herbicide sulfentrazone in soils with three different mineralogies (kaolinite, hematite, and gibbsite) and three remediation sulfentrazone treatments (Canavalia ensiformis L., Crotalaria juncea L., and natural attenuation). This study was conducted in a factorial scheme, in triplicate with randomized block design. Sulfentrazone was applied at 0 and 400 g ha-1. We analyzed sulfentrazone residue in the soils by high-performance liquid chromatography and confirmed the results with bioassays of Pennisetum glaucum. Herbicide movement was greater in the kaolinitic soil without plant species. The retention of herbicide in the kaolinitic soil occurred in larger quantities in the 0-12 cm layer, with higher levels found in the treatments with plants. In the hematitic soil with C. juncea, all applied herbicides were concentrated in the 0-12 cm layer. In the other hematitic soil treatments, sulfentrazone was not detected by chemical analysis at any soil depth, although in many treatments, it was detected in the bioassay. Phytoremediation was more efficient with C. ensiformis grown in gibbsitic soil, reducing the sulfentrazone load by approximately 27%. Natural attenuation was more efficient than phytoremediation in oxidic soils due to soil pH and texture soils favored microbial degradation of the compound. Highlights The influence of soil mineralogy of herbicide sulfentrazone retention was evaluated. Canavalia ensiformis and Crotalaria juncea were evaluated as phytoremediation plants. Kaolinite soils presented great movement of sulfentrazone in the soil. Natural attenuation is more efficient in oxide soils than phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esequiel Santos
- a Department of Biological and Agriculture Science , Universidade Federal do Espiríto Santo , São Mateus , Brazil
| | - Fábio Ribeiro Pires
- a Department of Biological and Agriculture Science , Universidade Federal do Espiríto Santo , São Mateus , Brazil
| | - Amanda Duim Ferreira
- a Department of Biological and Agriculture Science , Universidade Federal do Espiríto Santo , São Mateus , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barboza Egreja Filho
- b Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - João Carlos Madalão
- a Department of Biological and Agriculture Science , Universidade Federal do Espiríto Santo , São Mateus , Brazil
| | - Robson Bonomo
- a Department of Biological and Agriculture Science , Universidade Federal do Espiríto Santo , São Mateus , Brazil
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Ulrich U, Hörmann G, Unger M, Pfannerstill M, Steinmann F, Fohrer N. Lentic small water bodies: Variability of pesticide transport and transformation patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:26-38. [PMID: 29128775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lentic small water bodies have a high ecological potential as they fulfill several ecosystem services such as the retention of water and pollutants. They serve as a hot spot of biodiversity. Due to their location in or adjacent to agricultural fields, they can be influenced by inputs of pesticides and their transformation products. Since small water bodies have rarely been part of monitorings/campaigns up to now, their current exposure and processes guiding the pesticide input are not understood, yet. This study presents results of a sampling campaign of 10 lentic small water bodies from 2015 to 2016. They were sampled once after the spring application for a pesticide target screening, before autumn application and three times after rainfall events following the application. The autumn sampling focused on the herbicides metazachlor, flufenacet and their transformation products - oxalic acid and - sulfonic acid as representatives for common pesticides in the study region. The concentrations were associated with rainfall before and after application, characteristics of the site and the water bodies, physicochemical parameters and the applied amount of pesticides. The key results of the pesticide screening in spring indicate positive detections of pesticides which have not been applied for years to the single fields. The autumn sampling showed frequent occurrences of the transformation products, which are formed in soil, from 39% to 94% of all samples (n=71). Discharge patterns were observed for metazachlor with highest concentrations in the first sample after application and then decreasing, but not for flufenacet. The concentrations of the transformation products increased over time and revealed highest values mainly in the last sample. Besides rainfall patterns right after application, the spatial and temporal dissemination of the pesticides to the water bodies seems to play a major role to understand the exposure of lentic small water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Ulrich
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Georg Hörmann
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Malte Unger
- Gesellschaft für Freilandökologie und Naturschutzplanung, Stuthagen 25, 24113 Molfsee, Germany.
| | - Matthias Pfannerstill
- State Agency for Agriculture, the Environment and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburger Chaussee 25, 24220 Flintbek, Germany.
| | - Frank Steinmann
- State Agency for Agriculture, the Environment and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburger Chaussee 25, 24220 Flintbek, Germany.
| | - Nicola Fohrer
- Institute of Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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