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Sharma R, Levi MR, Ricker MC, Thompson A, King EG, Robertson K. Scaling of soil organic carbon in space and time in the Southern Coastal Plain, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173060. [PMID: 38723962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a dynamic soil property (DSP) that represents the largest portion of terrestrial carbon. Its relevance to carbon sequestration and the potential effects of land use on SOC storage, make it imperative to map across both space and time. Most regional-scale studies mapping SOC give static estimates and train different models for different periods with varying accuracies. We developed a flexible modeling approach called DSP-Scale to map SOC in both space and time. DSP-Scale uses ecological concepts and empirical data to predict DSP dynamics using inherent soil properties (static factors) and land cover changes (dynamic factors). We compiled SOC data for the 0-20 cm depth (SOC20) from 1441 points spanning a 25 million ha study area in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain, incorporating data from the Rapid Carbon Assessment, National Cooperative Soil Survey Soil Characterization database, and other regional studies. We developed a random forest model using climate, topography, soil survey, and land cover changes to predict SOC20 dynamics for five-year periods between 2001 and 2019. Our model explained 66 % and 59 % of the variation for the training and test data, respectively. Top predictors included mean annual precipitation, slope, and soil erosion class. Land cover 10 years before measurements of SOC20 was more important than current land cover for estimating SOC20. We estimated total SOC stocks of 207.1 and 208.3 Tg for 2001 and 2019, respectively. Highest gains of total SOC stock (0.9 Tg from 2001 to 2019) were associated with land cover change from mixed to evergreen forest. The greatest loss of total SOC stock (0.2 Tg) in the same period was associated with land cover change from pasture/hay to evergreen forest. We concluded that the DSP-Scale approach provides a flexible way to use dynamic and static factors affecting SOC stocks to predict changes in space and time at regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Sharma
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Now at the Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew R Levi
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Matthew C Ricker
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, NC State University, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USA
| | - Aaron Thompson
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth G King
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Lucas-Borja ME, Zhou G, Zema DA, Delgado-Baquerizo M. Fostering biodiversity research in post-fire biology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171985. [PMID: 38537829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The impacts of wildfire on vegetation and soil erosion have been studied for decades aiming to bring back ecosystems after fire perturbance. However, the influence of fires on above and belowground biodiversity remains far less understood. Biodiversity is critical for supporting ecosystem function, and this data scarcity is hampering managers in adopting effective practices for a proper restoration of burned ecosystems. This limitation could be overcome by future research that should focus post-fire diversity of plants and soil biota, by (i) analysing the environmental factors driving post-fire evolutionary trends; (ii) exploring their interrelations across different spatial and temporal scales; (iii) identifying the variability across fires of different severities and frequency; (iv) ascertaining the post-fire response of individual plant species and soil taxa to fire with or without application of post-fire restoration actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, de Montes y Biotecnologia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Guiyao Zhou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Demetrio Antonio Zema
- Department AGRARIA, "Mediterranea" University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Rebi A, Wang G, Irfan M, Hussain A, Mustafa A, Flynn T, Ejaz I, Raza T, Mushtaq P, Rizwan M, Zhou J. Unraveling the impact of wildfires on permafrost ecosystems: Vulnerability, implications, and management strategies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120917. [PMID: 38663084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Permafrost regions play an important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycling, storing enormous amounts of organic carbon and preserving a delicate balance of nutrient dynamics. However, the increasing frequency and severity of wildfires in these regions pose significant challenges to the stability of these ecosystems. This review examines the effects of fire on chemical, biological, and physical properties of permafrost regions. The physical, chemical, and pedological properties of frozen soil are impacted by fires, leading to changes in soil structure, porosity, and hydrological functioning. The combustion of organic matter during fires releases carbon and nitrogen, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient loss. Understanding the interactions between fire severity, ecosystem processes, and the implications for permafrost regions is crucial for predicting the impacts of wildfires and developing effective strategies for ecosystem protection and agricultural productivity in frozen soils. By synthesizing available knowledge and research findings, this review enhances our understanding of fire severity's implications for permafrost ecosystems and offers insights into effective fire management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansa Rebi
- Jianshui Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forestry Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Jianshui Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forestry Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Institute of Agro-Industry and Environment, Islamia University Bahawalpur-63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Azfar Hussain
- International Research Center on Karst Under the Auspices of UNESCO, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Adnan Mustafa
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Trevan Flynn
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2194, Sweden
| | - Irsa Ejaz
- Department of Crop Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Taqi Raza
- Department of Biosystems Engineering & Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Parsa Mushtaq
- Research Center for Urban Forestry of Beijing Forestry University, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Jinxing Zhou
- Jianshui Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forestry Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Rafie SAA, Blentlinger LR, Putt AD, Williams DE, Joyner DC, Campa MF, Schubert MJ, Hoyt KP, Horn SP, Franklin JA, Hazen TC. Impact of prescribed fire on soil microbial communities in a Southern Appalachian Forest clear-cut. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1322151. [PMID: 38741734 PMCID: PMC11090169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1322151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Escalating wildfire frequency and severity, exacerbated by shifting climate patterns, pose significant ecological and economic challenges. Prescribed burns, a common forest management tool, aim to mitigate wildfire risks and protect biodiversity. Nevertheless, understanding the impact of prescribed burns on soil and microbial communities in temperate mixed forests, considering temporal dynamics and slash fuel types, remains crucial. Our study, conducted at the University of Tennessee Forest Resources AgResearch and Education Center in Oak Ridge, TN, employed controlled burns across various treatments, and the findings indicate that low-intensity prescribed burns have none or minimal short-term effects on soil parameters but may alter soil nutrient concentrations, as evidenced by significant changes in porewater acetate, formate, and nitrate concentrations. These burns also induce shifts in microbial community structure and diversity, with Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria increasing significantly post-fire, possibly aiding soil recovery. In contrast, Verrucomicrobia showed a notable decrease over time, and other specific microbial taxa correlated with soil pH, porewater nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate concentrations. Our research contributes to understanding the intricate relationships between prescribed fire, soil dynamics, and microbial responses in temperate mixed forests in the Southern Appalachian Region, which is valuable for informed land management practices in the face of evolving environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. A. Rafie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - L. R. Blentlinger
- Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - A. D. Putt
- Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - D. E. Williams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - D. C. Joyner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - M. F. Campa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Bredesen Center—Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - M. J. Schubert
- Forest Resources AgResearch and Education Center, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - K. P. Hoyt
- Forest Resources AgResearch and Education Center, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - S. P. Horn
- Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - J. A. Franklin
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - T. C. Hazen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Institute for a Secure and Sustainable Environment, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Bredesen Center—Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Kooch Y, Kartalaei ZM, Amiri M, Zarafshar M, Shabani S, Mohammady M. Soil health reduction following the conversion of primary vegetation covers in a semi-arid environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171113. [PMID: 38395174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
A degraded forest is the outcome of a degradation process that has adverse effects on ecosystem functions and services. This phenomenon results in alterations of soil physicochemical and biological properties, which serve as valuable indicators for assessing soil health that has been recognized as a crucial component of soil quality. For several decades, the conversion of forested areas into rangeland has been documented in specific regions of the world. There is a widespread lack of global understanding regarding the lasting consequences of land degradation on soil health indicators. The present study aims to investigate the impact of forest degradation on soil health indicators in a mountainous semi-arid region located in northern Iran. The study area was predominantly forested, but due to human activities over the past 30 years, it has been transformed into three distinct land uses: forest, forest-rangeland ecotones and rangeland. In each of these land covers, a total of 20 litter (O-horizon) and 20 soil (from two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm) samples were collected in the summer (August 2022) season. According to our results, the highest litter thickness, P and Mg were in forest ecosystem, the lowest in rangeland ecosystem. The findings indicated that following the conversion of forest to rangeland, there was a decrease in soil aggregate stability, porosity, soil organic matter, POC, PON, NH4+, NO3- and nutrient levels, while soil bulk density increased. The forest ecosystem showed notably higher C and N stocks (45 and 5.21 Mg ha-1) in comparison to the rangeland (38 and 3.32 Mg ha-1) ecosystem. In addition, P, K, Ca, and Mg exhibited elevated levels within the total root of the forest ecosystem (2.12, 1.23, 0.71, and 0.38 %, respectively), whereas the lower values (1.29, 1.01, 0.43, and 0.23 %, respectively) were found in the rangeland ecosystem. Following the shift of land cover from forest to rangeland, soil fauna, microflora populations, soil enzymes and microbial activities decreased (about 1-2 times higher in the forestland). This research emphasizes the urgent need to advance sustainable management practices to prevent further degradation and promote the implementation of restoration or rehabilitation techniques in degraded forests. Despite being conducted in a semi-arid region situated in northern Iran, the findings of this study have considerable value for the sustainable management of soil and land conservation in various other semi-arid regions around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Kooch
- Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489 Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Mohmedi Kartalaei
- Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489 Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Amiri
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Zarafshar
- Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, SE-35195 Växjö, Sweden..
| | - Saeid Shabani
- Research Department of Natural Resources, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammady
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
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Fontúrbel MT, Jiménez E, Merino A, Vega JA. Contrasting immediate impact of prescribed fires and experimental summer fires on soil organic matter quality and microbial properties in the forest floor and mineral soil in Mediterranean black pine forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167669. [PMID: 37848140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Prescribed fire (PB) is used to achieve ecological objectives and to reduce fuel hazard thus limiting detrimental impacts of wildfire and appropriate selection of prescription window is critical for these goals. Operational use of PB in the Mediterranean forest is scarce and information about its effects on soil remains incomplete. This study for the first time i) compared the immediate impact of spring and autumn PB and experimental summer fire on key properties of forest floor and mineral topsoil in Mediterranean black pine forest, and ii) assessed the capacity of PB to reduce fuel, with limited immediate impacts on soil. PB significantly reduced the 32.5 % of pre-fire forest floor depth, while summer fire consumed 88.5 % and exposed about 30 % of the mineral soil surface. Mean maximum temperature during fire at the mineral soil surface was 23 °C in PB, in contrast to 128 °C in summer fire, while soil heating at 2 cm depth was negligible in both cases. PB did not cause immediate changes in OM quality parameters, and chemical (C and N concentrations, C/N and pH) and microbiological properties (Cmic, Cmic/C, and β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities) in forest floor or mineral topsoil (0-2 cm). By contrast, summer fire greatly increased OM recalcitrance and reduced Cmic, Cmic/C and enzyme activities in forest floor immediately after fire. In the mineral topsoil, only microbial properties were significantly reduced. The maximum temperature reached during fire in forest floor and topsoil was associated with most of the overall changes in properties in both layers. The findings suggest that prescribed fire can significantly reduce fuel with limited initial impacts on soil. Although these findings are encouraging for operational use of prescribed burning in the ecosystem under study, long-term monitoring of repeated application of the technique on soil properties and other ecosystem components is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Fontúrbel
- Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, PO Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Enrique Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, PO Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Agustín Merino
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Lugo, Spain.
| | - José A Vega
- Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, PO Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
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Gajendiran K, Kandasamy S, Narayanan M. Influences of wildfire on the forest ecosystem and climate change: A comprehensive study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117537. [PMID: 37914016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires have complex impacts on forests, including changes in vegetation, threats to biodiversity, and emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which exacerbate climate change. The influence of wildfires on animal habitats is particularly noteworthy, as they can lead to significant changes in native environments. The extent of these alterations in species and habitats plays a crucial role in shaping forest ecology. Drought, disease, insect infestations, overgrazing, or their combined effects can amplify the negative effects on specific plant genera and entire ecosystems. In addition to the immediate consequences of plant mortality and altered community dynamics, forest fires have far-reaching implications. They often increase flowering and seed production, further influencing ecological communities. However, one concerning trend is the decline in the diversity of forest biological species within fire-affected areas. Beyond their ecological impacts, wildfires emit substantial quantities of greenhouse gases and fine particulates into the atmosphere, triggering profound changes in climate patterns and contributing to global warming. As vegetation burns during these fires, the carbon stored within is released, rendering large forest fires detrimental to biodiversity and the emission of CO2, a significant contributor to global warming. Measuring the global impact of wildfires on ecological communities and greenhouse gas emissions has become increasingly vital. These research endeavors shed light on the intricate relationships and feedback loops linking wildfires, ecosystem inhabitants, and the evolving climate landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Gajendiran
- Department of Microbiology, M.G.R. College of Arts and Science, Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, 641004, India
| | - Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Division of Research and Innovations, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Méndez-López M, Jiménez-Morillo NT, Fonseca F, de Figueiredo T, Parente-Sendín A, Alonso-Vega F, Arias-Estévez M, Nóvoa-Muñoz JC. Mercury mobilization in shrubland after a prescribed fire in NE Portugal: Insight on soil organic matter composition and different aggregate size. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:167532. [PMID: 37797758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Soils constitute the major reservoir of mercury (Hg) in terrestrial ecosystems, whose stability may be threatened by wildfires. This research attempts to look at the effect of prescribed fire on the presence of Hg in a shrubland ecosystem from NE Portugal, delving into its relationship with soil aggregate size and the molecular composition of soil organic matter (SOM). During the prescribed fire, on average 347 mg Hg ha-1 were lost from the burnt aboveground biomass of shrubs and 263 mg Hg ha-1 from the combustion of the soil organic horizon. Overall, Hg concentration and pools in the mineral soil did not show significant changes due to burning, which highlights their role as long-term Hg reservoirs. The higher Hg concentrations found in smaller aggregates (<0.2 mm) compared to coarser ones (0.5-2 mm) are favored by the higher degree of organic matter decomposition (low C/N ratio), rather than by greater total organic C contents. The Hg-enriched finest fraction of soil (<0.2 mm) could be more prone to be mobilized by erosion, whose potential arrival to water bodies increases the environmental concern for the Hg present in fire-affected soils. The SOM quality (molecular composition) and the main organic families, analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in combination with multivariate statistical analysis, significantly conditioned the retention/emission of Hg in the uppermost soil layers. Thus, before the fire, Hg was strongly linked to lipid and protein fractions, while Hg appeared to be linked to aromatic-like compounds in fire-affected SOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Méndez-López
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA), Universidade de Vigo, Campus Auga, Rúa Canella da Costa da Vela 12, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Nicasio Tomás Jiménez-Morillo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Avda. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Felicia Fonseca
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tomás de Figueiredo
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Andrea Parente-Sendín
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA), Universidade de Vigo, Campus Auga, Rúa Canella da Costa da Vela 12, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Flora Alonso-Vega
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA), Universidade de Vigo, Campus Auga, Rúa Canella da Costa da Vela 12, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuel Arias-Estévez
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA), Universidade de Vigo, Campus Auga, Rúa Canella da Costa da Vela 12, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Nóvoa-Muñoz
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain; Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA), Universidade de Vigo, Campus Auga, Rúa Canella da Costa da Vela 12, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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9
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Dou X, Hu T, Köster K, Sun A, Li G, Yue Y, Sun L, Ding Y. Temporal dynamics of soil dissolved organic carbon in temperate forest managed by prescribed burning in Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117065. [PMID: 37660872 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an important function of soil organic carbon and sensitive to environmental disturbance. Few studies have explored the variations in soil DOC dynamics and effects on soil physicochemical properties following prescribed burnings. In this study, Pinus koraiensis plantation forests in Northeast China were selected and subjected to prescribed burning in early November 2018. Soil DOC and different soil physicochemical and biological properties in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers were sampled six times within two years after a prescribed burning. In this study, some soil physicochemical (SOC, TN, and ST) and microbial biomass properties (MBC) recovered within two years after a prescribed burning. Compared to the unburned control stands, the post-fire soil DOC concentrations in the upper and lower soil layers increased by 16% and 12%, respectively. Soil DOC concentrations varied with sampling time, and peaked one year after the prescribed burning. Our results showed that soil chemical properties (NH4+-N and pH) rather than biological properties (microbial biomass) were the main driving factors for changes in post-fire soil DOC concentrations. Current study provides an important reference for post-fire and seasonal soil C cycling in plantation forests of Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Tongxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Aobo Sun
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 84 Dongling Road, 110161, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China.
| | - Yiyang Ding
- Department of Forest Sciences/ Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Earth System Research (INAR), Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Vega-Martínez E, Molina JR, Barrón V, Rodríguez Y Silva F, Carmen Del Campillo MD, Sánchez-Rodríguez AR. Spatio-temporal assessment of soil properties immediately and eight months after a high intensity-controlled burn in the south of Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165368. [PMID: 37442476 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of fire as a means by which to manage forest ecosystems has become more frequent in Europe. Fire has a significant impact on the soil, and it is therefore necessary to understand how controlled burns affect this invaluable resource. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the main alterations in the physical-chemical and biological properties of the soil because of a high intensity-controlled burn in "Los Boquerones" area (Villaviciosa de Córdoba, Spain). Additionally, we assessed the spatial heterogeneity of the alterations of different soil properties. A grid of 12 points was established on a hillside in Sierra Morena (Córdoba). Thermocouples were placed at each point, and soil samples were collected at two depths (0-2 cm and 2-5 cm) before burning, immediately after burning and eight months later. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, nutrient content and/or availability, among others, and their spatio-temporal variations were analysed. Soil pH, increased in the first centimetres of the soil (0-2 cm) immediately after burning up to >2 units, and the increase was maintained eight months following the burn. Additionally, the high-intensity burn had a positive short-term effect on some of the soil properties, such as nutrient availability for plants, which was considerably increased. The magnitude of the alterations in the soil indicators assessed was spatially explained by the behaviour of the fire during the controlled burning. The burn also had both direct and indirect effects on soil microorganisms. In conclusion, the possible immediate and short-term effects of burning on the soil resource should be considered for a more holistic management of fire in forest ecosystems, as its functionality and capacity to provide ecosystem services is largely altered by these events as a function of their intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vega-Martínez
- Unidad de Edafología, Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Laboratorio de Defensa contra Incendios Forestales, Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan Ramón Molina
- Laboratorio de Defensa contra Incendios Forestales, Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vidal Barrón
- Unidad de Edafología, Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez Y Silva
- Laboratorio de Defensa contra Incendios Forestales, Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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11
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Zhai K, Hua Y, Liang J, Li J, Wang Z, Liu L, Gao M, Sa R, Zhao M. Soil microbial diversity under different types of interference in birch secondary forest in the Greater Khingan Mountains in China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1267746. [PMID: 37954244 PMCID: PMC10635414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Soil microorganisms are an important component of soil ecosystems with an indispensable role in forest ecosystems. We analyzed the soil microbial diversity in birch secondary forest formed by natural restoration or artificial reconstruction after interference by burning, clear cutting, and gradient cutting, and the Betula platyphylla Suk undisturbed forest in the Greater Khingan Mountains in China. Methods Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the characteristics of the soil microbial community during the restoration process of birch secondary forest caused by the different types of interference. The relationships between bacteria and fungi were analyzed. The gene functions of the soil bacterial community and the ecological functions of soil fungi were predicted using PICRUSt and FunGuild, respectively. Results At the phylum level, the species and quantity of bacteria were more abundant than that of fungi. At the genus level, no obvious differences in the abundance of bacteria were observed; there were obvious differences in the abundance of fungi. Among the eight sample plots, the artificial larch forest belt had the highest bacterial and fungal alpha diversity, which was slightly higher than undisturbed forest, while the other sample plots were significantly lower. Gradual cutting pure birch forest bacteria and fungi had the highest beta diversity, and artificial larch forest belt bacteria and heavy burn sample plot fungi had the lowest beta diversity. Samples from the cutting and burning sample plots were significantly different from the undisturbed forest at the phylum level of Acidobacteriae, Acidimicrobiia, Mortierellomycetes and Sordariomycetes. We found statistical differences in biomarkers between bacterial and fungal communities in undisturbed forest and artificial larch forest belt and burn sample plots. PICRUSt prediction and FunGuild prediction showed that soil bacterial and fungal communities were rich in gene and ecological functions, respectively. In the microbial network, the stability or anti-interference performance of the fungal community was higher than that of bacteria. Conclusion Our data reveal the characteristics of the soil microbial community during the restoration process of Betula platyphylla Suk secondary forest under different types of disturbance, which is of great significance for understanding the role of soil microorganisms in the forest ecological cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitao Zhai
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongchun Hua
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingwen Liang
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Minglong Gao
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rula Sa
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Mingmin Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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12
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Cheng Y, Luo P, Yang H, Li H, Luo C, Jia H, Huang Y. Fire effects on soil carbon cycling pools in forest ecosystems: A global meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165001. [PMID: 37353021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes in soil carbon (C) pools driven by fire in forest ecosystems remain equivocal, especially at a global scale. In this study we analyzed data from 232 studies consisting of 1702 observations to investigate whether ecosystem type, climate zone, stand age, soil depth, slope, elevation, and the time since fire in influence of forest soil carbon pools to fire regime (fire type, fire season, fire intensity). Additionally, we explored the potential mechanisms of the relationships between multiple response variables to the fire using linear regression and random forest models. On aggregate, fires significantly increased the mean effect sizes of several key soil carbon cycling components-including microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total carbon (TC), pyrogenic carbon (PyC), soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC) by 0.77, 0.89, 0.87, 1.22, 0.97 and 0.93, respectively, compared to unburned forests ecosystems. However, the fire effects on soil C pools vary widely between environmental factors and duration, and are mediated by factors such as tree species, fire type, and soil layer. A correlation analysis displayed the effects of fire on MBC and DOC were significantly and negatively correlated with elevation. Fire effects on the forest floor and mineral soil indicated significantly increased PyC. SOC and TC in coniferous tree species are the most sensitive to fires, thereby altering important feedback relationships with the fire-vegetatale-climate system. Interestingly, latitude has a stronger influence on SOC than mean annual precipitation or elevation, indicating that variations in latitude play a significant role in regulating the amount of SOC in forest ecosystems. Overall, the results illustrated geographic variation in fire effects on soil C cycling underscores the need for region-specific fire management plans, and help us understand the responses of soil C cycling to fire in forest ecosystems, and facilitate decision-making to forest fire management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- CAS Key laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- CAS Key laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Honglin Li
- CAS Key laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuan Luo
- CAS Key laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Honghong Jia
- CAS Key laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Huang
- CAS Key laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Roshan A, Biswas A. Fire-induced geochemical changes in soil: Implication for the element cycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161714. [PMID: 36682541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soils play an essential role in supporting and sustaining life on this planet. In fire-impacted environments, fire causes considerable changes to the soil, especially in the various elements. The present work provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the effect of fire on soil geochemistry, and its impact on the cycling of different biogenic, major, minor, and trace elements in the soil. Results from both natural and experimental fires (field-scale and lab-scale) are considered in this review. The temperature at which mineral transformation occurs in the soil during fires is summarised. The review suggests that fires can significantly alter mobility and hence, the cycling of many elements in fire-affected regions. Change in speciation of elements following fires risks formation and/or increased availability of the toxic forms of elements in the soil. The unique physical, chemical, and biological conditions observed during fires make many unlikely reactions more likely. However, the information available in the literature is often fire, vegetation, and element specific. More studies on this topic by changing these three variables will improve our understanding of changes in the soil caused by fire. Hence, with fires being touted to increase global presence in the coming years, more studies on understanding their effects on soils are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Roshan
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, MP, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, MP, India.
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14
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Song M, McDaniel MD, Zhu C, Lin F, Zhang Y. Prescribed fire alters nematode communities in an old‐field grassland. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9977. [PMID: 37013101 PMCID: PMC10065976 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fire is a common disturbance in many biomes, with both beneficial and detrimental effects on soil biology, which largely depend on fire intensity. However, little is known about the impact of fire on soil nematode communities in terrestrial ecosystem. In the present study, we investigated the effects of short‐term prescribed fire on soil nematode communities and soil properties in an old‐field grassland in Northern China. The results showed that burning significantly increased soil nematode abundance by 77% and genus richness by 49% compared to the control. Burning also decreased taxon dominance by 45% (Simpson's D) and increased nematode diversity by 31% (Shannon‐Weaver H'). However, burning increased plant parasites (particularly genera Cephalenchus and Pratylenchus) and shifted community to more bacterial‐feeding genera (i.e., decreased Channel Index). Generally, burning increased soil bio‐available nitrogen (NH4+–N and NO3−–N) content, which would be the main drivers causing nematode community to flourish via a “bottom‐up” effect. These results suggest that prescribed fire increases nematode diversity and alters community composition toward more plant parasites and bacterial feeders. Our findings highlight the importance of prescribed fire management in shaping short‐term nematode community structure and function, but the long‐term effects and impacts of these changes on soil nutrient and carbon cycling remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | | | - Chen Zhu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Feng Lin
- School of Environmental EngineeringNanjing Institute of TechnologyNanjingJiangsu211167China
| | - Yaojun Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
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15
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Mirzaei J, Heydari M, Omidipour R, Jafarian N, Carcaillet C. Decrease in Soil Functionalities and Herbs' Diversity, but Not That of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Linked to Short Fire Interval in Semi-Arid Oak Forest Ecosystem, West Iran. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12051112. [PMID: 36903972 PMCID: PMC10005139 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The semi-arid forest ecosystems of western Iran dominated by Quercus brantii are often disturbed by wildfires. Here, we assessed the effects of short fire intervals on the soil properties and community diversity of herbaceous plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as well as the interactions between these ecosystem features. Plots burned once or twice within 10 years were compared to unburned plots over a long time period (control sites). Soil physical properties were not affected by the short fire interval, except bulk density, which increased. Soil geochemical and biological properties were affected by the fires. Soil organic matter and nitrogen concentrations were depleted by two fires. Short intervals impaired microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, substrate-induced respiration, and urease enzyme activity. The successive fires affected the AMF's Shannon diversity. The diversity of the herb community increased after one fire and dropped after two, indicating that the whole community structure was altered. Two fires had greater direct than indirect effects on plant and fungal diversity, as well as soil properties. Short-interval fires depleted soil functional properties and reduced herb diversity. With short-interval fires probably fostered by anthropogenic climate change, the functionalities of this semi-arid oak forest could collapse, necessitating fire mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Mirzaei
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 69315-516, Iran
- Correspondence:
| | - Mehdi Heydari
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 69315-516, Iran
| | - Reza Omidipour
- Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculties of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 8818634141, Iran
| | - Nahid Jafarian
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 69315-516, Iran
| | - Christopher Carcaillet
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris Sciences & Lettres Université (PSL), F-75014 Paris, France
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE (UMR 5023 LEHNA), F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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16
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de Pagter T, Lucas-Borja ME, Navidi M, Carra BG, Baartman J, Zema DA. Effects of wildfire and post-fire salvage logging on rainsplash erosion in a semi-arid pine forest of Central Eastern Spain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117059. [PMID: 36566736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rainsplash erosion on forested hillslopes can be increased by both wildfires and post-fire salvage logging, especially under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. However, few studies have compared rainsplash erosion among forest sites impacted by logging to other forest areas. To fill this gap, this study has evaluated surface runoff and soil erosion in a burnt and logged (manually or mechanically) pine forest of Central-Eastern Spain under simulated rainfall and compared it to unlogged and unburnt plots. Compared to the unburnt plots, surface runoff significantly increased (over 150%) in logged areas, with a peak of 220% on the areas directly subjected to logging machinery. Peak runoff was substantially increased by fire (+130%) and less by logging (+8. Soil loss due to rainsplash erosion was about 235% (manual logging) to 750% (mechanical logging) higher compared to the unburnt plots. Wildfire exerted a much higher soil disturbance compared to salvage logging, with a soil hydrological response that can be up to an order of magnitude higher. The increased runoff and erosion rates in response to wildfire and logging were ascribed to soil compaction, which increased on average 60% on logged plots as well as to the removal of vegetation cover (-80%), whereas soil roughness played a minor role. From these results, we suggest using lightweight machinery in burnt soils, to reduce surface runoff and erosion. The possibility of building contour felled log debris using the burnt wood may also be considered, in order to retain the eroded sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs de Pagter
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja
- School of Advanced Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Campus Universitario s/n, Castilla La Mancha University, E-02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Mehdi Navidi
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Iran
| | - Bruno Gianmarco Carra
- Department AGRARIA, "Mediterranea" University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Jantiene Baartman
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Demetrio Antonio Zema
- Department AGRARIA, "Mediterranea" University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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17
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Fajardo-Cantos Á, Peña E, de Las Heras J, Plaza-Álvarez PA, González-Romero J, Lucas-Borja ME, Moya D. Short-term recovery of soil and pine tree canopy after late prescribed burning in a semi-arid landscape. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:159044. [PMID: 36174695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change worsening due to global warming and progressive abandonment in rural areas mean that wildfires are increasing in extent and severity terms, and are one of the major disturbances in the Mediterranean Basin. To mitigate these disturbances, preventive management tools need to be used. Fire employment is being implemented, known as prescribed burnings, as forestry actions to change vegetation lines both vertically and horizontally to eliminate forest fuel load continuity. This study aimed to know the ecological effects of late prescribed burning treatments under mixed trees. Prescribed burns were carried out in October 2019 in the municipality of Ayna, Albacete (SE Spain). To assess the short-term (12-month) fire impact on soil, we measured soil respiration with a CO2 flow chamber and analyzed soil physico-chemical properties. We also used minidisc infiltrometers to analyze soil repellency and soil hydraulic conductivity over a 1-year monitoring period. In addition, we evaluated the effects on tree strata by performing chemical nature analyses of fallen needles in Pinus pinaster after prescribed burning. According to our initial hypotheses, the results did not show significant changes in any parameter evaluated during the study period. However, some variables were affected in the first 3 months, needlefall and in microbiological activity, such as variations in soil physico-chemical properties, which can be due to long dry seasons combined with prescribed burning. This study attempts to observe and make known the effects that low-intensity prescribed burning has on soil and needlefall, which are relevant for updating forest management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Fajardo-Cantos
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forest Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - E Peña
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forest Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - J de Las Heras
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forest Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - P A Plaza-Álvarez
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forest Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - J González-Romero
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forest Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - M E Lucas-Borja
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forest Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - D Moya
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forest Engineers, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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18
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Rocha DR, Thomaz EL, Urbano A, Vendrame PRS, Melquiades FL. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis to estimate the maximum temperature reached in burned soils from an Amazonian region. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:180-187. [PMID: 36226859 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Determining the maximum temperature reached in soil during burning is important when evaluating fire intensity. Forest conversion is an ongoing process in the Amazon ecosystem. It is of utmost importance to predict fire effects on soil properties and avoid damaging environmental systems. Spectroscopic methods combined with multivariate statistics may provide chemical and mineralogical information from soil. This study aims at predicting the maximum temperature reached in Oxisols from an Amazonian region in Brazil. Slash-and-burn and pasture samples collected after fire events and unburned forest soil samples submitted to heating (250-800 °C) were investigated. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) was used to acquire chemical data. The experimental procedure is rapid and requires minimal sample preparation and no hazardous chemical reagents. The EDXRF data, combined with partial least squares regression, were applied in controlled-heated samples from five different sites of forest, pasture, and slash-and-burn areas. Estimated temperatures for burned samples ranged from 317 to 609 °C. Considering the instrumental advantages and the achieved results, the use of EDXRF combined with multivariate analysis is a feasible alternative technology to evaluate fire effects in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Rodrigues Rocha
- Dep. of Physics, Univ. Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Lopes Thomaz
- Dep. of Geography, Univ. Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03, Guarapuava, Paraná, 85040-080, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urbano
- Dep. of Physics, Univ. Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Luiz Melquiades
- Dep. of Physics, Univ. Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
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Substrate and low intensity fires influence bacterial communities in longleaf pine savanna. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20904. [PMID: 36463255 PMCID: PMC9719495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities associated with vegetation-soil interfaces have important roles in terrestrial ecosystems. These bacterial communities, studied almost exclusively in unburnt ecosystems or those affected by rare, high-intensity wildfires, have been understudied in fire-frequented grasslands and savannas. The composition of ground-level bacterial communities was explored in an old-growth pine savanna with a centuries-long management history of prescribed fires every 1-2 years. Using 16S metabarcoding, hypotheses were tested regarding differences in bacterial families of litter and soil surface substrates in patches of ground layer vegetation that were naturally burnt or unburnt during landscape-level prescribed fires. Litter/soil substrates and fire/no fire treatments explained 67.5% of bacterial community variation and differences, driven by relative abundance shifts of specific bacterial families. Fires did not strongly affect plant or soil variables, which were not linked to bacterial community differences. Litter/soil substrates and the naturally patchy frequent fires appear to generate microhabitat heterogeneity in this pine savanna, driving responses of bacterial families. Prescribed fire management may benefit from considering how fire-altered substrate heterogeneity influences and maintains microbial diversity and function, especially in these fiery ecosystems. Frequent, low-intensity fires appear ecologically important in maintaining the diverse microbial foundation that underlie ecosystem processes and services in fire-frequented habitats.
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20
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Fernández-Guisuraga JM, Marcos E, Suárez-Seoane S, Calvo L. ALOS-2 L-band SAR backscatter data improves the estimation and temporal transferability of wildfire effects on soil properties under different post-fire vegetation responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156852. [PMID: 35750177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing techniques are of particular interest for monitoring wildfire effects on soil properties, which may be highly context-dependent in large and heterogeneous burned landscapes. Despite the physical sense of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter data for characterizing soil spatial variability in burned areas, this approach remains completely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of SAR backscatter data in C-band (Sentinel-1) and L-band (ALOS-2) for monitoring fire effects on soil organic carbon and nutrients (total nitrogen and available phosphorous) at short term in a heterogeneous Mediterranean landscape mosaic made of shrublands and forests that was affected by a large wildfire. The ability of SAR backscatter coefficients and several band transformations of both sensors for retrieving soil properties measured in the field in immediate post-fire situation (one month after fire) was tested through a model averaging approach. The temporal transferability of SAR-based models from one month to one year after wildfire was also evaluated, which allowed to assess short-term changes in soil properties at large scale as a function of pre-fire plant community type. The retrieval of soil properties in immediate post-fire conditions featured a higher overall fit and predictive capacity from ALOS-2 L-band SAR backscatter data than from Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data, with the absence of noticeable under and overestimation effects. The transferability of the ALOS-2 based model to one year after wildfire exhibited similar performance to that of the model calibration scenario (immediate post-fire conditions). Soil organic carbon and available phosphorous content was significantly higher one year after wildfire than immediately after the fire disturbance. Conversely, the short-term change in soil total nitrogen was ecosystem-dependent. Our results support the applicability of L-band SAR backscatter data for monitoring short-term variability of fire effects on soil properties, reducing data gathering costs within large and heterogeneous burned landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Fernández-Guisuraga
- Area of Ecology, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Elena Marcos
- Area of Ecology, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Susana Suárez-Seoane
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Ecology Unit, Research Institute of Biodiversity (IMIB; UO-CSIC-PA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Mieres, Spain
| | - Leonor Calvo
- Area of Ecology, Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
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21
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Chen H, Wang JJ, Ku PJ, Tsui MTK, Abney RB, Berhe AA, Zhang Q, Burton SD, Dahlgren RA, Chow AT. Burn Intensity Drives the Alteration of Phenolic Lignin to (Poly) Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Revealed by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12678-12687. [PMID: 35947441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity wildfires alter the chemical composition of organic matter, which is expected to be distinctly different from low-intensity prescribed fires. Herein, we used pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), in conjunction with solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, to assess chemical alterations from three wildfires and a long-term frequent prescribed fire site. Our results showed that black ash formed under moderate intensity burns contained less aromatic (ArH), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and nitrogen-containing compounds (Ntg) but more lignin (LgC) and phenol compounds (PhC), compared to white ash formed under high intensity burns. Both 13C NMR and FT-IR confirmed a higher relative percentage of carboxyl carbon in white ash, indicating the potential for higher water solubility and more mobile carbon, relative to black ash. Compared to wildfires, ash from low-intensity prescribed fire contained less ArH, PAH, and Ntg and more LgC and PhC. Controlled laboratory burning trials indicated that organic matter alteration was sensitive to the burn temperature, but not related to the fuel type (pine vs fir) nor oxygen absence/presence at high burn temperatures. This study concludes that higher burn temperatures resulted in higher (poly)aromatic carbon/nitrogen and lower lignin/phenol compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | - Jun-Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pei-Jia Ku
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Martin Tsz-Ki Tsui
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rebecca B Abney
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sarah D Burton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alex T Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
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22
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Bonanomi G, Idbella M, Abd-ElGawad AM, Motti R, Ippolito F, Santorufo L, Adamo P, Agrelli D, De Marco A, Maisto G, Zotti M. Impact of prescribed burning, mowing and abandonment on a Mediterranean grassland: A 5-year multi-kingdom comparison. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155442. [PMID: 35469869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean grasslands are semi-natural, fire-prone, species-rich ecosystems that have been maintained for centuries through a combination of fire, grazing, and mowing. Over the past half century, however, grasslands have faced numerous threats, including the abandonment of traditional agro-pastoral practices. Our hypothesis was that mowing and prescribed burning are management practices potentially effective in counteracting the reduction of plant diversity triggered by land abandonment. However, the long-term effects of such management practices on plant communities and soil microbiota in Mediterranean grassland remain poorly studied. Here, we conducted a 5-year field experiment comparing prescribed fire, vegetation mowing, and abandonment in a fire-prone Mediterranean grassland in southern Italy in order to evaluate the capability of such management strategies to counteract the detrimental impacts of land abandonment on plant diversity and the associated increase of wildfire. We combined vegetation analysis and soil chemical characterization and several microbiota analyses, including microbial biomass and respiration, arthropod community, and high-throughput sequencing of bacterial and eukaryotic rRNA gene markers. Burning and mowing significantly increased plant species richness and diversity compared to abandonment plots, reducing the abundance of perennial tall grasses in favour of short-lived species. Standing litter followed the same trend, being 3.8-fold greater and largely composed of grass remains in the abandoned compared to burnt and mowed plots. In the soil, prescribed burning caused significant increase in pH, a reduction in organic carbon, total N, and cation exchange capacity. Diversity and taxonomic composition of bacterial and fungal microbiota was affected by burning and mowing treatments. Abandonment caused shifts of microbiota towards a fungal-dominated system, composed of late successional fungi of the Basidiomycota. Fast-growing and putative fungal pathogens were more abundant under burnt and mowed treatments. Soil arthropods were influenced by vegetation and microbiota changes, being strongly reduced in mowed plots. Our study demonstrated that grassland abandonment promotes the spread of tall grasses, reducing plant diversity and increasing the risk of wildfire, while prescribed burning and mowing are effective in counteracting such negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Cicerale Research Center, Cicerale 84053, Campania region, Italy
| | - Mohamed Idbella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco; Cicerale Research Center, Cicerale 84053, Campania region, Italy.
| | - Ahmed M Abd-ElGawad
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Riccardo Motti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesca Ippolito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Lucia Santorufo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Diana Agrelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Anna De Marco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Maisto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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23
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Fire Damage to the Soil Bacterial Structure and Function Depends on Burn Severity: Experimental Burnings at a Lysimetric Facility (MedForECOtron). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The soil microbiota is vulnerable to burning; however, it shows some resilience. No indices have yet been developed to assess fire damage related to soil biota. We evaluated the biological soil indices recorded by a Biolog EcoPlate System in a Mediterranean ecosystem. The experiment was carried out in an outdoor forest lysimeter facility (MedForECOtron), where we simulated burns with different burn severities. Burning increased the metabolic diversity of bacteria and most C-substrate utilization groups. Soil organic matter, phosphorus, electric conductivity, and calcium increased with increasing burn severity. Microbial richness and activity, as well as the integrated capacity of soil microbes to use a C source, lowered by burning, but recovered 6 months later. The functional diversity and amount of the C source used by microbes immediately increased after fire, and values remained higher than for unburned soils. We evaluated the changes in the vulnerability and resilience of fire-adapted ecosystems to improve their adaptive forest management. We found that the high burn severity reduced microbial richness, functional diversity, and the C source utilization of soil microbes (marked vulnerability to high temperatures), which recovered in the short term (high resilience). These results help to understand the main mechanisms of the effects of wildfire on semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystems, whose field validation will be helpful for fire prevention planning and restoration of burned areas.
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24
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Effect of Particle Form and Surface Friction on Macroscopic Shear Flow Friction in Particle Flow System. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The damage caused by landslide disasters is very significant. Among them, landslides after forest fires have been widely concerned by scholars in recent years due to their particular physical and chemical properties. This large-scale shear flow of particulate matter has similarities to fluid systems. However, due to the discontinuity of the particle system, its flow process has significant random characteristics. To investigate the random properties of particle systems, this study conducted a series of ring shear tests on four particle systems. The effects of the particle shape, normal stress, and shear velocity on the systems’ shear rheological features were investigated using experimental data. The particle form has an important effect on the macroscopic properties of the system. In a spherical particle system, the macroscopic friction fluctuation is determined by the friction of the particle surface and the system’s normal stress. The shear velocity has a minor effect on this characteristic. Three elements simultaneously influence the macroscopic friction fluctuation of a breccia particle system: the particle surface friction, system normal stress, and shear velocity. The origins of macroscopic frictional fluctuations in particle systems with various shapes are fundamentally distinct. This study contributes to a better understanding of the causes of particle system fluctuations, and establishes the theoretical foundation for the future development of disaster prevention technology.
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25
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Xu S, Eisenhauer N, Pellegrini AFA, Wang J, Certini G, Guerra CA, Lai DYF. Fire frequency and type regulate the response of soil carbon cycling and storage to fire across soil depths and ecosystems: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153921. [PMID: 35189231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fire is a very common disturbance in terrestrial ecosystems and can give rise to significant effects on soil carbon (C) cycling and storage. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis on the response of soil C cycling and storage across soil profiles (organic layer, 0-5 cm, 0-10 cm, 0-20 cm, and 20-100 cm) to fire reported in 308 studies across 383 sites and examined the role of fire frequency, fire type, soil type, ecosystem type, and post-fire time in regulating the response of soil C dynamics to fire. Overall, we found soil C cycling and storage were more responsive to one fire and wildfire as compared to frequent fire and prescribed fire, respectively. Soil respiration significantly decreased by 22 ± 9% by one fire, but was not significantly affected by frequent fire across ecosystems. One fire significantly reduced soil C content in the organic, 0-10 cm, and 20-100 cm layers by 27 ± 16%, 10 ± 9%, and 33 ± 18%, respectively, while frequent fire significantly reduced soil C content at a depth of 0-5 cm and 0-20 cm by 29 ± 8% and 16 ± 12%, respectively. Soil C cycling and storage showed little response to frequent prescribed fire. In addition, the response of soil C cycling and storage varied among different soil and ecosystem types, with a stronger response being observed in forest than in grassland. Within 20 years post-fire, soil C cycling and storage tended to recover only after one fire but not after frequent fire. We also found that soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities were more responsive to one fire than frequent fire, which could indirectly affect the effects of fire on soil C cycling and storage. The results of our study have filled some critical gaps in previous meta-analyses in fire ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Giacomo Certini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e TecnologieAgrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, P. le delleCascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Derrick Y F Lai
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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26
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Aponte H, Galindo-Castañeda T, Yáñez C, Hartmann M, Rojas C. Microbial Community-Level Physiological Profiles and Genetic Prokaryotic Structure of Burned Soils Under Mediterranean Sclerophyll Forests in Central Chile. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:824813. [PMID: 35572632 PMCID: PMC9096493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.824813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest fires alter soil microbial communities that are essential to support ecosystem recovery following land burning. These alterations have different responses according to soil abiotic pre- and post-fire conditions and fire severity, among others, and tend to decrease along vegetation recovery over time. Thus, understanding the effects of fires on microbial soil communities is critical to evaluate ecosystem resilience and restoration strategies in fire-prone ecosystems. We studied the state of community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) and the prokaryotic community structure of rhizosphere and bulk soils from two fire-affected sclerophyll forests (one surveyed 17 months and the other 33 months after fire occurrence) in the Mediterranean climate zone of central Chile. Increases in catabolic activity (by average well color development of CLPPs), especially in the rhizosphere as compared with the bulk soil, were observed in the most recently affected site only. Legacy of land burning was still clearly shaping soil prokaryote community structure, as shown by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, particularly in the most recent fire-affected site. The qPCR copy numbers and alpha diversity indexes (Shannon and Pielou’s evenness) of sequencing data decreased in burned soils at both locations. Beta diversity analyses showed dissimilarity of prokaryote communities at both study sites according to fire occurrence, and NO3– was the common variable explaining community changes for both of them. Acidobacteria and Rokubacteria phyla significantly decreased in burned soils at both locations, while Firmicutes and Actinobacteria increased. These findings provide a better understanding of the resilience of soil prokaryote communities and their physiological conditions in Mediterranean forests of central Chile following different time periods after fire, conditions that likely influence the ecological processes taking place during recovery of fire-affected ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Aponte
- Laboratory of Soil Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry (LEMiBiS), Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Galindo-Castañeda
- Sustainable Agroecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Yáñez
- Institute of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Rojas
- Laboratory of Soil Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry (LEMiBiS), Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
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27
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Effects of Prescribed Burning on Soil CO2 Emissions from Pinus yunnanensis Forestland in Central Yunnan, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low-intensity and high-frequency prescribed burning on the soil CO2 emissions from Pinus yunnanensis forestland should be explored to achieve sustainable operation and management under fire disturbance. A Li-6400XT portable photosynthesis meter (equipped with a Li-6400-09 soil respiration chamber) and a TRIME®-PICO 64/32 soil temperature and moisture meter were used to measure the soil CO2 flux, soil temperature, and soil moisture at fixed observation sites in two treatments (i.e., unburned (UB) and after prescribed burning (AB)) in a Pinus yunnanensis forest of Zhaobi Mountain, Xinping County, Yunnan, China from March 2019 to February 2021. We also determined the relationships between the soil CO2 flux and soil hydrothermal factors. The results showed that (1) the soil CO2 flux in both UB and AB plots exhibited a significant unimodal trend of seasonal variations. In 2020, the highest soil CO2 fluxes occurred in September; they were 7.08 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1 in the morning and 7.63 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1 in the afternoon in the AB treatment, which was significantly lower than those in the UB treatment (p < 0.05). The AB and the UB treatment showed no significant differences in annual soil carbon flux (p > 0.05). (2) The relationship between the soil CO2 flux and moisture in the AB and UB plots was best fitted by a quadratic function, with a degree of fitting between 0.435 and 0.753. The soil CO2 flux and soil moisture showed an inverted U-shaped correlation in the UB plot (p < 0.05) but a positive correlation in the AB plot (p < 0.05). Soil moisture was the key factor affecting the soil CO2 flux (p < 0.05), while soil temperature showed no significant effect on soil CO2 flux in this area (p > 0.05). Therefore, the application of low-intensity prescribed burning for fire hazard reduction in this region achieved the objective without causing a persistent and drastic increase in the soil CO2 emissions. The results could provide important theoretical support for scientific implementation of prescribed burning, as well as scientific evaluation of ecological and environmental effects after prescribed burning.
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28
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Shi YF, Shi SH, Jiang YS, Liu J. A global synthesis of fire effects on soil seed banks. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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29
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Coban O, De Deyn GB, van der Ploeg M. Soil microbiota as game-changers in restoration of degraded lands. Science 2022; 375:abe0725. [PMID: 35239372 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Land degradation reduces soil functioning and, consequently, the services that soil provides. Soil hydrological functions are critical to combat soil degradation and promote soil restoration. Soil microorganisms affect soil hydrology, but the role of soil microbiota in forming and sustaining soil is not well explored. Case studies indicate the potential of soil microorganisms as game-changers in restoring soil functions. We review the state of the art of microorganism use in land restoration technology, the groups of microorganisms with the greatest potential for soil restoration, knowledge of the effect of microorganisms on soil physical properties, and proposed strategies for the long-term restoration of degraded lands. We also emphasize the need to advance the emerging research field of biophysical landscape interactions to support soil-plant ecosystem restoration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Coban
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerlinde B De Deyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martine van der Ploeg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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30
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Revillini D, David AS, Menges ES, Main KN, Afkhami ME, Searcy CA. Microbiome-mediated response to pulse fire disturbance outweighs the effects of fire legacy on plant performance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2071-2082. [PMID: 34432894 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fire plays a major role in structuring plant communities across the globe. Interactions with soil microbes impact plant fitness, scaling up to influence plant populations and distributions. Here we present the first factorial manipulation of both fire and soil microbiome presence to investigate their interactive effects on plant performance across a suite of plant species with varying life history traits. We conducted fully factorial experiments on 11 species from the Florida scrub ecosystem to test plant performance responses to soils with varying fire histories (36 soil sources), the presence/absence of a microbiome, and exposure to an experimental burn. Results revealed interactive 'pulse' effects between fire and the soil microbiome on plant performance. On average, post-fire soil microbiomes strongly reduced plant productivity compared to unburned or sterilized soils. Interestingly, longer-term fire 'legacy' effects had minor impacts on plant performance and were unrelated to soil microbiomes. While pulse fire effects on plant-microbiome interactions are short-term, they could have long-term consequences for plant communities by establishing differential microbiome-mediated priority effects during post-disturbance succession. The prominence of pulse fire effects on plant-microbe interactions has even greater import due to expected increases in fire disturbances resulting from anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Revillini
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Aaron S David
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
| | - Eric S Menges
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
| | - Kevin N Main
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
| | - Michelle E Afkhami
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Christopher A Searcy
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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31
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Response of Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community to Forest Cutting and Regeneration Methodology in a Chinese Fir Plantation. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the expansion of pure forest planting area and the increase in the number of rotations used, soil activity and plant productivity have significantly reduced. The functional diversity of soil microorganisms plays a vital role in forest health and the long-term maintenance of productivity. Though the optimization of forest cutting and regeneration methodologies is necessary to improve the functional diversity of soil microorganisms, the effects of harvest residual treatment on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms remain unclear. During the period 2018–2020, we designed four harvest residual treatments—reference (RF), residual burning (RB), crushing and mulching (MT), and no residuals (NR)—to determine soil physical and chemical properties. We also used microbial biomass (MB) to evaluate the diversity in carbon source metabolism of soil microorganisms through Biolog microplate technology, and discussed the response mechanism of microbial functional diversity to the different forest cutting and regeneration methodologies used in Chinese fir plantations. The results indicated that RB significantly increased the carbon metabolic capacity of the microbial community, the community richness, and its dominance compared to RF, MT, and NR; however, they also showed that it decreased the uniformity of the soil microbial community. NR showed a poor carbon utilization capacity for microorganisms compared to RF and MT, while MT significantly increased the utilization capacity of carbohydrate and amino acid carbon compared with RF. Soil nutrients were the main driving factors of soil microbial carbon metabolic activity, and the different responses of microbial functional diversity to various forest cutting and regeneration methodologies were mainly due to the variation in the nutrient inputs of harvest residues. This study provides a practical basis for enhancing the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in plantations through the management of harvest residues.
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32
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Hydrological Response of Burned Soils in Croplands, and Pine and Oak Forests in Zagros Forest Ecosystem (Western Iran) under Rainfall Simulations at Micro-Plot Scale. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The post-fire hydrological processes depend on both land use and soil condition (burned or not). This study aims at understanding the variability of the water infiltration, surface runoff and erosion in burned soils under different land uses (forestland and cropland) in comparison to unburned sitesTo this aim, infiltration, runoff and soil losses after a wildfire in two pine and oak forests, and a cropland are evaluated in Zagros forests (Western Iran) using a portable rainfall simulator. This area represents one of the lands with the highest biodiversity and naturalistic value of the entire Middle East, but no similar hydrological evaluations have been conducted so far. The difference in infiltration between the burned and unburned sites under the three land uses was not significant (on the average less than 10%). The runoff and erosion due to the wildfire noticeably increased in the forestland (+95% and 60%, respectively) and slightly decreased in the cropland (−16% and −20%) in comparison to the unburned sites. In the burned croplands erosion requires much attention, because the soil loss is on an average 30-fold compared to the values measured in the forestland. This increase may be even higher, since the rainsplash erosion could be underestimated and the rill or gully erosion was not considered due to the use of a portable rainfall simulator. Therefore, the study suggests the adoption of suitable strategies in croplands of the Zagros forests, in order to limit the negative impacts of high-intensity fires and hydrogeological events. Overall, the study has provided an insight to improve the knowledge on soil hydrology under different land uses and soil conditions. This evaluation helps landscape planners to select the most suitable anti-erosive actions against erosion in fire-affected areas without any needs of long monitoring field campaigns or model implementation.
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Exploring and Modeling the Short-Term Influence of Soil Properties and Covers on Hydrology of Mediterranean Forests after Prescribed Fire and Mulching. HYDROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology9020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have analyzed the changes in individual soil properties and covers and quantified the hydrological response of burned forest soils (with or without post-fire treatment). Less research exists on the influence of these changes on runoff and erosion rates immediately after a prescribed fire and post-fire treatment. Moreover, hydrological modeling of burned areas is based on complex models rather than relying on simple regression equations. This study carries out a combined analysis of the hydrological response of soil and its driving factors in three forests (pine, oak, and chestnut) of Southern Italy that were subjected to prescribed fire and post-fire treatment with mulching. Moreover, simple regression models based on a limited set of soil properties/covers are proposed to predict runoff and erosion. The Principal Component Analysis has shown that the runoff coefficients increase when the water infiltration rate and litter cover decrease and repellency, ash cover, organic carbon content, and bare soil area increase. All the analyzed variables play a secondary role in influencing the sediment concentration. Due to these properties, clear differences in soil properties and covers have been found between unburned and burned soils. The distinctions between the burned soils (mulched or not) are much lower. The proposed regression models use a very low number of soil covers and two dummy variables as input parameters. These models are very accurate in simulating the surface runoff and soil erosion in all soil conditions in the short term.
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Chen H, Ersan MS, Tolić N, Chu RK, Karanfil T, Chow AT. Chemical characterization of dissolved organic matter as disinfection byproduct precursors by UV/fluorescence and ESI FT-ICR MS after smoldering combustion of leaf needles and woody trunks of pine (Pinus jeffreyi). WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117962. [PMID: 34942450 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Forested land plays an essential role in water supply across the United States (US). Smoldering commonly existing in wildfires contributes significantly to biomass consumption and gas emission, but its influence on source water quality has been rarely studied. Here, we investigated the impact of smoldering temperature (i.e., no burn, 250, 400, and 600 °C) on the nutrients, elements, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) of water extracts from the residues of the leaf needles and woody trunks of pine (Pinus jeffreyi) under the lab-simulated smoldering fire. Results showed the increase of pH and the yields of the dominated exchangeable cations of K+ and Mg2+, P, PO43--P, and SO42- with increasing temperature increasing from 250 to 600 °C, whereas significant decreases in the fraction of dissolved organic C in residue C with increasing temperature and the yields of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) after burnings. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) presented consistent results with UV/fluorescence, suggesting that the unburned materials contained more biodegradable tyrosine/tryptophan/soluble microbial byproduct-like compounds with high molecular weight (MW), whereas the 600 °C-smoldering materials composed of more aromatic, humified, fulvic/humic acid-like, and oxidized compounds with a potentially high density of C=C bonds had less reactivity in forming trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs). Our study indicates the smoldering-dominated prescribed fire as a potential forest management strategy for reducing biomass fuel and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) precursors in source water from forested lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Mahmut Selim Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, United States; School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Nikola Tolić
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rosalie K Chu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Alex T Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, South Carolina 29442, United States; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, South Carolina 29634, United States.
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She R, Xin-Juan Z, Hai-Qing W, Fa Z, Xiao-Yan Y, Wen X. Natural Recovery from Fire Disturbance is More Favorable than Assisted Recovery for the Restoration of Soil Nematode-trapping Fungi. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:329-339. [PMID: 35077238 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fire is usually considered a severe disturbance factor in environment. Globally, rising temperatures and increasing human activities have intensified the severity and frequency of fire incidents; research on postfire recovery has inevitably become an important focus for ecologists. In terms of the restoration of burned areas, there are usually two primary approaches: natural recovery and assisted recovery. However, there are very few relevant studies that systematically compared these recovery alternatives suggesting which one is more favorable to the overall restoration of an ecosystem, especially to the soil microbes that function as indispensable components of ecosystems. In this study, the restoration of soil nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) was compared between natural and assisted recovery environments. Results showed that although the NTF community structures differed among the sample sites, the counts and diversity of the NTF communities in the upper and lower soil layers in the natural recovery area were higher than those in the assisted recovery and the unburned control areas. These findings suggests that artificial efforts to help ecosystem recovery after fire produce negative effects on the speed and quality of soil NTF community recovery. Instead, natural recovery appears to be the more suitable land management choice after fire disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong She
- Dali University, 66359, Dali, China, 671003;
| | - Zhou Xin-Juan
- Dali University, 66359, Dali, Yunnan, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China;
| | - Wang Hai-Qing
- Dali University, 66359, Dali, Yunnan, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China;
| | - Zhang Fa
- Dali University, 66359, Dali, Yunnan, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China;
| | - Yang Xiao-Yan
- Dali University, 66359, Dali, Yunnan, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China;
| | - Xiao Wen
- Dali University, 66359, Dali, Yunnan, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China.,Dali University, 66359, Dali, China;
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Lombao A, Barreiro A, Fontúrbel MT, Martín A, Carballas T, Díaz-Raviña M. Effect of repeated soil heating at different temperatures on microbial activity in two burned soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149440. [PMID: 34388885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fire severity and recurrence on the recovery of enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase) and bacterial activity was monitored. Unburned and burned soil samples from soil affected by a high severity wildfire and by a low severity experimental fire were subjected in laboratory to a temperature gradient to simulate different fire severities. These samples were subjected to a second laboratory heat treatment to simulate the effect of recurrence. Soil temperature was measured and used to calculate the degree-hours reached by the soil. The results showed: a) a strong effect of repeated soil heating at different temperatures on soil microbial activity; b) a different sensitivity of enzymatic activities and bacterial activity to fire, c) the magnitude of changes in these biochemical properties was related to the extent of heat supplied to samples and the previous fire/heat history, and d) degree-hours are adequate to quantify the severity of heat treatments and to examine their effects on soil microbial activity. The relationships between degree-hours and the different biochemical properties analyzed clearly demonstrate that the usefulness of these biochemical properties to detect the soil microbial community response to the heat stress followed the order: urease activity > acid phosphatase activity > β-glucosidase activity ≫ bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Lombao
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Barreiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Fontúrbel
- Centro de Investigación Forestal-Lourizán, Consellería do Medio Rural, Xunta de Galicia, P.O. Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Angela Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tarsy Carballas
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Díaz-Raviña
- Departamento de Bioquímica del Suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG-CSIC), P.O. Box 122, Avda. Vigo s/n, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Song Z, Tian H, Li Z, Luo Y, Liu Y. Changes in plant nutrient utilization during ecosystem recovery after wildfire. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 295:112994. [PMID: 34167057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire is the primary natural disturbance in boreal forest ecosystems. It substantially changes soil nutrient conditions and plant nutrient dynamics. After a wildfire, various plant strategies of nutrient utilization are fundamental to ecosystem recovery processes. Stability of plant nutrients reflects the ability of plants possessing relatively constant elemental concentrations in the face of nutrient changes, which can be calculated by the value of "nutrient homeostasis". However, the mechanism of how nutrient homeostasis mediates plant community recovery in post-fire ecosystems remains unknown. The dominant tree species that survived after fire and the new emergence of regenerated tree species are the important components of a plant community during the recovery process. Our primary objective was to elucidate the nutrient homeostasis trade-off between dominant and regenerated species over years after recovery. Five treatments, namely, 2 year, 10 year, 20 year, 30 years after moderate burning severity, and unburned forests, were designed in the boreal forests of Great Xing'an Mountains, Northeast China. Compared with unburned forests, wildfire lowered the average value of homeostasis of plant nutrients (N and P). Moreover, the mean homeostasis value of the dominant species (i.e., Larix gmelinii) was higher than that of the regenerated species (i.e., Betula platyphylla). The slope of relationship between nutrient homeostasis and recovery years of the regenerated species was higher than that of the dominant species, suggesting that the nutrient homeostasis in the regenerated species recovered more quickly than dominant species after recovery. Compared with the dominant species, changes in the regenerated species' homeostasis can explained more to the changes of species diversity during the years after recovery. This study revealed plant nutrient adaptation in different species and different plant organs with years after wildfire and highlighted the importance of nutrient homeostasis in plant adaptation strategies and the recovery of plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Song
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Huixia Tian
- School of Environment and Safety, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA; College of Resources and Environment, And Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Terzano R, Rascio I, Allegretta I, Porfido C, Spagnuolo M, Khanghahi MY, Crecchio C, Sakellariadou F, Gattullo CE. Fire effects on the distribution and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130752. [PMID: 34015649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, uncontrolled fires are frequently occurring in forest and agricultural areas as an indirect effect of the rising aridity and global warming or caused by intentional illegal burnings. In addition, controlled burning is still largely used by farmers as an agricultural practice in many parts of the world. During fire events, soil can reach very high temperatures at the soil surface, causing dramatic changes of soil properties and elements biogeochemistry. Among soil elements, also potentially toxic elements (PTEs) can be affected by fires, becoming more or less mobile and bioavailable, depending on fire severity and soil characteristics. Such transformations could be particularly relevant in agricultural soils used for crop productions since fire events could modify PTEs speciation and uptake by plants and associated (micro)organisms thus endangering the whole food-chain. In this review, after describing the effects of fire on soil minerals and organic matter, the impact of fires on PTEs distribution and speciation in soils is presented, as well as their influence on soil microorganisms and plants uptake. The most common experimental methods used to simulate fires at the laboratory and field scale are briefly illustrated, and finally the impact that traditional and innovative agricultural practices can have on PTEs availability in burned agricultural soils is discussed in a future research perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Terzano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ida Rascio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ignazio Allegretta
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Porfido
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Matteo Spagnuolo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Carmine Crecchio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Fani Sakellariadou
- Department of Maritime Studies, Piraeus University, Grigoriou Lampraki 21 & Distomou, 18533, Piraeus, Greece.
| | - Concetta Eliana Gattullo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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Vermeire ML, Thoresen J, Lennard K, Vikram S, Kirkman K, Swemmer AM, Te Beest M, Siebert F, Gordijn P, Venter Z, Brunel C, Wolfaard G, Krumins JA, Cramer MD, Hawkins HJ. Fire and herbivory drive fungal and bacterial communities through distinct above- and belowground mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147189. [PMID: 33933764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fire and herbivory are important natural disturbances in grassy biomes. Both drivers are likely to influence belowground microbial communities but no studies have unravelled the long-term impact of both fire and herbivory on bacterial and fungal communities. We hypothesized that soil bacterial communities change through disturbance-induced shifts in soil properties (e.g. pH, nutrients) while soil fungal communities change through vegetation modification (biomass and species composition). To test these ideas, we characterised soil physico-chemical properties (pH, acidity, C, N, P and exchangeable cations content, texture, bulk density, moisture), plant species richness and biomass, microbial biomass and bacterial and fungal community composition and diversity (using 16S and ITS rRNA amplicon sequencing, respectively) in six long-term (18 to 70 years) ecological research sites in South African savanna and grassland ecosystems. We found that fire and herbivory regimes profoundly modified soil physico-chemical properties, plant species richness and standing biomass. In all sites, an increase in woody biomass (ranging from 12 to 50%) was observed when natural disturbances were excluded. The intensity and direction of changes in soil properties were highly dependent on the topo-pedo-climatic context. Overall, fire and herbivory shaped bacterial and fungal communities through distinct driving forces: edaphic properties (including Mg, pH, Ca) for bacteria, and vegetation (herbaceous biomass and woody cover) for fungi. Fire and herbivory explained on average 7.5 and 9.8% of the fungal community variability, respectively, compared to 6.0 and 5.6% for bacteria. The relatively small changes in microbial communities due to natural disturbance is in stark contrast to dramatic vegetation and edaphic changes and suggests that soil microbial communities, having evolved with disturbance, are resistant to change. This represents both a buffer to short-term anthropogenic-induced changes and a restoration challenge in the face of long-term changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Vermeire
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, PHIM, Montpellier, France.
| | - J Thoresen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - K Lennard
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Vikram
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K Kirkman
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - A M Swemmer
- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Phalaborwa, South Africa
| | - M Te Beest
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; South African Environmental Observation Network, Grasslands-Forests-Wetlands Node, Montrose 3201, South Africa
| | - F Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - P Gordijn
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Grasslands-Forests-Wetlands Node, Montrose 3201, South Africa
| | - Z Venter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway (present affiliation)
| | - C Brunel
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, PHIM, Montpellier, France
| | - G Wolfaard
- Sustineri Ecological Consulting (Pty) Ltd., Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - J A Krumins
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - M D Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - H-J Hawkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Conservation South Africa, 301 Heritage House, Claremont 7375, South Africa
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Li J, Pei J, Liu J, Wu J, Li B, Fang C, Nie M. Spatiotemporal variability of fire effects on soil carbon and nitrogen: A global meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4196-4206. [PMID: 34101948 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A consensus about the fire-related soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) impacts that determine soil health and ecosystem services at the global scale remains elusive. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 3173 observations with 1444, 1334, 228, and 167 observations for soil C, N, pyrogenic C (PyC), and the percent of PyC to total organic C (PyC/TOC) from 296 field studies. Results showed that fire significantly decreased soil C (-15.2%) and N (-14.6%) but increased soil PyC (40.6%) and PyC/TOC (30.3%). Stronger negative fire impacts on soil C and N were found in tropical and temperate climates than in Mediterranean and subtropical climates; stronger effects were found in forest ecosystems than in non-forest ecosystems. Wildfire and high-severity fire led to greater soil C and N losses than prescribed and low-severity fires, respectively, while they promoted greater increases in soil PyC and PyC/TOC than prescribed and low-severity fires, respectively. However, soil C and N recovered to control levels approximately 10 years after fire, which is a shorter period than previously determined. These results suggest that fire-induced PyC production should be accounted for in the C budget under global change. These results will improve our knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of fire effects on soil C and N storage and have implications for fire management and ecosystem recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junmin Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihua Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tibet University - Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Research Center for Ecology, College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changming Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Andrade BO, Dallmann JD, Volesky JD, Schacht WH, Guretzky JA. Grassland plant community response to interacting disturbances and temporal variability. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca O. Andrade
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln, Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583 U.S.A
| | - Josiah D. Dallmann
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln, Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583 U.S.A
| | - Jerry D. Volesky
- West Central Research and Extension Center University of Nebraska‐Lincoln, 402 West State Farm Road North Platte NE 69101 U.S.A
| | - Walter H. Schacht
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln, Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583 U.S.A
| | - John A. Guretzky
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska‐Lincoln, Keim Hall Lincoln NE 68583 U.S.A
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Habitat heterogeneity induced by pyrogenic organic matter in wildfire-perturbed soils mediates bacterial community assembly processes. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1943-1955. [PMID: 33514880 PMCID: PMC8245576 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) generated during wildfires plays a critical role in post-fire ecosystem recovery, the specific mechanisms by which PyOM controls soil microbial community assembly after wildfire perturbation remain largely uncharacterized. Herein we characterized the effect of PyOM on soil bacterial communities at two independent wildfire-perturbed forest sites. We observed that α-diversity of bacterial communities was the highest in wildfire-perturbed soils and that bacterial communities gradually changed along a sequence of unburnt soil → burnt soil → PyOM. The microbial communities reconstructed from unburnt soil and PyOM resembled the real bacterial communities in wildfire-perturbed soils in their α-diversity and community structure. Bacterial specialists in PyOM and soils clustered in phylogenetic coherent lineages with intra-lineage pH-niche conservatism and inter-lineage pH-niche divergence. Our results suggest that PyOM mediates bacterial community assembly in wildfire-perturbed soils by a combination of environmental selection and dispersal of phylogenetic coherent specialists with habitat preference in the heterogeneous microhabitats of burnt soils with distinct PyOM patches.
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Combined Effect of Laboratory-Simulated Fire and Chromium Pollution on Microbial Communities in an Agricultural Soil. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070587. [PMID: 34206819 PMCID: PMC8301050 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Soil quality and fertility rely on soil microorganisms which contribute to nutrient cycling and plant nutrition. Accidental or intentional fires can almost completely kill soil microbiota and cause soil sterilization. Fires can also destroy soil organic matter (OM), thus causing the release of potentially toxic elements such as Cr that can further disturb soil recolonization by surviving bacteria. The identification of species able to cope with such altered environments is highly relevant to restore soil life in degraded soils and to remediate polluted sites. In this study, we identified soil microorganisms potentially suitable to colonize fire-affected areas and tolerate high concentrations of bioavailable and toxic Cr, and which therefore could be useful for the above-mentioned purposes. Abstract Fire events in agricultural soils can modify not only soil properties but also the structure of soil microbial communities, especially in soils containing high concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The recolonization of burned soils can in fact favor the proliferation of certain microorganisms, more adaptable to post-fire soil conditions and higher PTE availability, over others. In this study, we simulated with laboratory experiments the microbial recolonization of an agricultural soil containing high Cr concentrations after heating at 500 °C for 30 min, to mimic the burning of crop residues. Changes in soil properties and Cr speciation were assessed, as well as soil microbial structure by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Both altered soil conditions and increased Cr availability, especially Cr(VI), appeared to be responsible for the reduction in species diversity in heated soils and the proliferation of Firmicutes. Indeed, already after 3 days from the heat treatment, Firmicutes increased from 14% to 60% relative abundance. In particular, Paenibacillus was the most abundant genus identified after the simulation, with an average relative abundance of 40%. These bacteria are known to be good fire-responders and Cr-tolerant. These results could be useful to identify bacterial strains to be used as bioindicators of altered environments and for the recovery of fire-impacted polluted sites.
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Water Infiltration after Prescribed Fire and Soil Mulching with Fern in Mediterranean Forests. HYDROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology8030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prescribed fire is commonly used to reduce the wildfire risk in Mediterranean forests, but the soil’s hydrological response after fire is contrasting in literature experiences. The mulch treatment can limit the increases in runoff and erosion in the short term after a fire. The use of fern is preferable to straw, due its large availability in forests. However, no experiences of post-fire treatment with fern mulch have been found in the literature and therefore the mulching effectiveness has not been evaluated. This study has measured water infiltration rate (IR) and water repellency (SWR) using a rainfall simulator in three Mediterranean forest stands (pine, oak and chestnut) of Calabria (Southern Italy) after a prescribed fire and mulching treatment with fern in comparison to unburned soil. Prescribed fire reduced water infiltration in all forests in the short term compared to the unburned conditions, and increased SWR in pine and oak forests. These reductions in IR in the time window of disturbance after fire increased the runoff generation capacity in all soils, but had a lower effect on peak flows. However, soil mulching with fern limited the runoff rates and peak flows compared to the burned soils, but this treatment was less effective in pine forest. One year after fire, IR increased in burned soils (treated or not) over time, and SWR disappeared. The effects of mulching have disappeared after some months from fire. The study confirms the usefulness of mulching in broadleaves forest in the short term, in order to control the hydrological effects of prescribed fire in Mediterranean forests. Both post-fire management techniques should be instead adopted with caution in conifer forests.
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Durán M, San Emeterio L, Múgica L, Zabalgogeazcoa I, Vázquez de Aldana BR, Canals RM. Disruption of Traditional Grazing and Fire Regimes Shape the Fungal Endophyte Assemblages of the Tall-Grass Brachypodium rupestre. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:679729. [PMID: 34177863 PMCID: PMC8226146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant microbiome is likely to play a key role in the resilience of communities to the global climate change. This research analyses the culturable fungal mycobiota of Brachypodium rupestre across a sharp gradient of disturbance caused by an intense, anthropogenic fire regime. This factor has dramatic consequences for the community composition and diversity of high-altitude grasslands in the Pyrenees. Plants were sampled at six sites, and the fungal assemblages of shoots, rhizomes, and roots were characterized by culture-dependent techniques. Compared to other co-occurring grasses, B. rupestre hosted a poorer mycobiome which consisted of many rare species and a few core species that differed between aerial and belowground tissues. Recurrent burnings did not affect the diversity of the endophyte assemblages, but the percentages of infection of two core species -Omnidemptus graminis and Lachnum sp. -increased significantly. The patterns observed might be explained by (1) the capacity to survive in belowground tissues during winter and rapidly spread to the shoots when the grass starts its spring growth (O. graminis), and (2) the location in belowground tissues and its resistance to stress (Lachnum sp.). Future work should address whether the enhanced taxa have a role in the expansive success of B. rupestre in these anthropized environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Durán
- Grupo de Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro Jerónimo de Ayanz, Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia San Emeterio
- Grupo de Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro Jerónimo de Ayanz, Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Múgica
- Grupo de Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro Jerónimo de Ayanz, Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Rosa María Canals
- Grupo de Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro Jerónimo de Ayanz, Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
Prescribed burning is a tool that is frequently used for various land management objectives, mainly related to reduction of hazardous forest fuels, habitat management and ecological restoration. Given the crucial role of soil in forest ecosystem processes and functions, assessing the effects of prescribed burning on soil is particularly relevant. This study reviews research on the impacts of repeated prescribed burning on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. The available information shows that the effects are highly variable, rather inconsistent and generally minor for most of the soil characteristics studied, while a number of soil properties show contrasting responses. On the other hand, ecosystem characteristics, differences in fire severity, frequency of application and the cumulative effect of treatment repetition over time, have possibly made it more difficult to find a more common response in soil attributes. Our study has also revealed some limitations of previous research that may have contributed to this result, including a limited number of long-term studies, conducted at a few experimental sites, and in a limited number of forest ecosystems. Research issues concerning the effects of prescribed fire on soil are presented. The need to integrate such research into a broader interdisciplinary framework, encompassing the role of the fire regime on ecosystem functions and processes, is also highlighted.
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Moya D, Fonturbel MT, Lucas-Borja ME, Peña E, Alfaro-Sanchez R, Plaza-Álvarez PA, González-Romero J, de Las Heras J. Burning season and vegetation coverage influenced the community-level physiological profile of Mediterranean mixed-mesogean pine forest soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111405. [PMID: 33032003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of forest soil ecology is necessary to assess vulnerability to disturbances, such as wildfires, and improve its microbial diversity and functional value. Soil microbiota play an important role in forest soil processes and are a key driver of postfire recovery, but they are very vulnerable to heat. According to future scenarios for climate and land-use change, fire regimes will undergo transformations in semiarid terrestrial ecosystems, mainly in the Mediterranean Basin. To develop tools for forest management in fire-prone areas, i.e., fire prevention, we assessed the impact of prescribed burnings on soil microorganisms in Mediterranean mixed pine forests. We hypothesised that low severity fire burns would not influence the functional diversity of soil microorganisms, although the burning season could influence that response due to seasonal variations in its vulnerability. We used the Biolog EcoPlate System to record soil biological indicators and assess the effect of the prescribed burning season (early or late season) on bacterial communities, including the soil-plant interphase. The soil microbiome response differed significantly according to vegetation coverage but prescribed burning season was not directly related. Burning increased the proportions of soil organic matter and soil organic carbon, and also promoted cation-exchange capacity and total phosphorus, which were higher following spring burns. Microbial richness and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index both showed a positive correlation with vegetation cover. However, microbial richness was triggered after burning uncovered patches of vegetation. We also noted differences in the usage pattern for the six substrate groups defined in our study: the use of carboxylic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates was higher in unburned plots and those subject to late burns, whereas amino acids did not predominate in early burn plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moya
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
| | - M T Fonturbel
- Centro de Investigación Forestal-Lourizán, Consellería do Medio Rural, Xunta de Galicia, P.O. Box 127, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - M E Lucas-Borja
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - E Peña
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - R Alfaro-Sanchez
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - P A Plaza-Álvarez
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - J González-Romero
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - J de Las Heras
- Forest Ecology Research Group (ECOFOR), Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071, Albacete, Spain
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Badía-Villas D, Esteban-Piñeiro J, Girona-García A, Ortiz-Perpiñá O, Poch RM. Topsoil microstructure changes after a shrubland prescribed burn (Central Pyrenees, NE Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141253. [PMID: 32798865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dense thicket Echinospartum horridum (Vahl, Rothm) is expanded in secondary pastures of the Central Pyrenees (NE-Spain). The control of this grassland encroachment is attempted through prescribed burnings, trying to minimize its direct effects on the soil. But the structural changes on the new soil surface, burned and bare, are unknown in the medium-term. To check it, soil aggregate stability (SAS), mean weight diameter of the aggregates (MWD), water repellency (WR), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were measured in the surface (at 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, and 3-5 cm) in both unburned and 1-yr burned soils, after verifying that it suffered no direct damage. We also used the digital images of thin sections, obtained from undisturbed and oriented topsoil samples, to detect potential changes in soil microstructure. No significant changes were found in SAS, MWD and SOC for any thickness of soil studied. Nevertheless the WR, which was high before and just after burning, decreased significantly in the upper soil cm after 1-yr burning. WR decrease coincides with the 6-fold increase of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k) and the presence of cappings on the burned topsoil. Cappings are coatings poor in organic matter and composed by fine sand-sized particles of angular quartz, mixed with charcoal, covering irregularly the original topsoil. The formation of cappings seems to derive from the impact of raindrops on the bare soil surface, hence its irregular spatial distribution. Summarizing, removing bushes by means of a low-intensity fast-moving prescribed burning caused the formation of discontinuous cappings without worsening significantly the rest of the measured properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Badía-Villas
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Ambientales, Ctra. Cuarte s/n Huesca, Spain.
| | - J Esteban-Piñeiro
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Ambientales, Ctra. Cuarte s/n Huesca, Spain
| | - A Girona-García
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Ambientales, Ctra. Cuarte s/n Huesca, Spain; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - O Ortiz-Perpiñá
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca (Universidad de Zaragoza), Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Ambientales, Ctra. Cuarte s/n Huesca, Spain
| | - R M Poch
- Departament de Medi Ambient i Ciències del Sòl, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
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A 13-Year Approach to Understand the Effect of Prescribed Fires and Livestock Grazing on Soil Chemical Properties in Tivissa, NE Iberian Peninsula. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The high density of fuel accumulated in the Mediterranean ecosystems due to land abandonment results in high severity fires. Traditional fire practices and livestock grazing have played an important role in shaping the structure and composition of Mediterranean landscapes, and both can be efficient tools to manage them now that land abandonment is widespread. Attempts at controlling forest fires are essential for landscape management practices that, in their turn, seek to maintain a specific species composition. Against this backdrop, this study aims to determine the short- and long-term effects of the combined management practices of prescribed fires and goat grazing on the chemical properties of soils in Tivissa, Tarragona (NE Iberian Peninsula). Forty-two samples were collected in a 4 × 18 m plot before the prescribed fire of 2002 (1), immediately after the 2002 prescribed fire (PF) (2), one year after the 2002 PF (3), three years after the 2002 PF (4), and thirteen years after the 2002 PF (5). Soil samples were taken at each sampling point from the top layer (0–5 cm), sieved to obtain a <2 mm fraction, and soil pH, EC, Total C, total N, available P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were determined. The results indicate that the short-term effects of fire are more relevant than those attributable to the livestock over the long term due to the low grazing intensity of less than one goat per ha. The long-term effects of prescribed fires were not visible in the research, suggesting that they recovered after burning with all their functions intact and with enhanced levels of natural fertility. Combined land management practices of prescribed fire and livestock grazing did not affect soil chemical properties. The applied management enhanced soil fertility and boosted the ecosystem’s resilience.
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Lupascu M, Akhtar H, Smith TEL, Sukri RS. Post-fire carbon dynamics in the tropical peat swamp forests of Brunei reveal long-term elevated CH 4 flux. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5125-5145. [PMID: 32475055 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands hold about 15%-19% of the global peat carbon (C) pool of which 77% is stored in the peat swamp forests (PSFs) of Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, these PSFs have been drained, exploited for timber and land for agriculture, leading to frequent fires in the region. The physico-chemical characteristics of peat, as well as the hydrology of PSFs are affected after a fire, during which the ecosystem can act as a C source for decades, as C emissions to the atmosphere exceed photosynthesis. In this work, we studied the longer-term impact of fires on C cycling in tropical PSFs, hence we quantified the magnitude and patterns of C loss (CO2 , CH4 and dissolved organic carbon) and soil-water quality characteristics in an intact and a degraded burnt PSF in Brunei Darussalam affected by seven fires over the last 40 years. We used natural tracers such as 14 C to investigate the age and sources of C contributing to ecosystem respiration (Reco ) and CH4 , while we continuously monitored soil temperature and water table (WT) level from June 2017 to January 2019. Our results showed a major difference in the physico-chemical parameters, which in turn affected C dynamics, especially CH4 . Methane effluxes were higher in fire-affected areas (7.8 ± 2.2 mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 ) compared to the intact PSF (4.0 ± 2.0 mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 ) due to prolonged higher WT and more optimal methanogenesis conditions. On the other hand, we did not find significant differences in Reco between burnt (432 ± 83 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1 ) and intact PSF (359 ± 76 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1 ). Radiocarbon analysis showed overall no significant difference between intact and burnt PSF with a modern signature for both CO2 and CH4 fluxes implying a microbial preference for the more labile C fraction in the peat matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrated Tropical Peatland Research Program, NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hasan Akhtar
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas E L Smith
- Department of Geography and Environment, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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