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Fast biodegradation of long-chain alkanes in heavily polluted soil by improving C/H conversion after pre-oxidation. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Cost reduction strategies in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. OPEN RESEARCH AFRICA 2022; 5:21. [PMID: 36561538 PMCID: PMC9718438 DOI: 10.12688/openresafrica.13383.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon spill on land pollutes soil and reduces its ecosystem. Hydrocarbon transport in the soil is aided by several biological, physical, and chemical processes. However, pore characteristics play a major role in the distribution within the soil matrix. Restoring land use after spills necessitates remediation using cost-effective technologies. Several remediation technologies have been demonstrated at different scales, and research is ongoing to improve their performances towards the reduction of treatment costs. The process of removing the contaminants in the soil is through one or a combination of containment, separation, and degradation methods under the influence of biological, physical, chemical, and electrically-dominated processes. Generally, performance improvement is achieved through the introduction of products/materials and/or energy. Nevertheless, the technologies can be categorized based on effectiveness period as short, medium, and long term. The treatment cost of short, medium, and long-term technologies are usually in the range of $39 - 331/t (/tonne), $22 - 131/t, and $8 - 131/t, respectively. However, the total cost depends on other factors such as site location, capital cost, and permitting. This review compiles cost-saving strategies reported for different techniques used in remediating petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil. We discuss the principles of contaminant removal, performance enhancing methods, and the cost-effectiveness analysis of selected technologies.
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Biocontrol Activity of Aspergillus terreus ANU-301 against Two Distinct Plant Diseases, Tomato Fusarium Wilt and Potato Soft Rot. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:33-45. [PMID: 35144360 PMCID: PMC8831357 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.12.2021.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To screen antagonistic fungi against plant pathogens, dual culture assay (DCA) and culture filtrate assay (CFA) were performed with unknown soil-born fungi. Among the different fungi isolated and screened from the soil, fungal isolate ANU-301 successfully inhibited growth of different plant pathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum acutatum, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporum, in DCA and CFA. Morphological characteristics and rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis identified ANU-301 as Aspergillus terreus. Inoculation of tomato plants with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) induced severe wilting symptom; however, co-inoculation with ANU-301 significantly enhanced resistance of tomato plants against FOL. In addition, culture filtrate (CF) of ANU-301 not only showed bacterial growth inhibition activity against Dickeya chrysanthemi (Dc), but also demonstrated protective effect in potato tuber against soft rot disease. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of CF of ANU-301 identified 2,4-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-phenol (MPP) as the most abundant compound. MPP inhibited growth of Dc, but not of FOL, in a dose-dependent manner, and protected potato tuber from the soft rot disease induced by Dc. In conclusion, Aspergillus terreus ANU-301 could be used and further tested as a potential biological control agent.
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Particle-size-based elution of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil by surfactant mixture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113983. [PMID: 34710765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are often used to elute the contaminants from soils in order to remediate the polluted soils. However, the heterogeneity of minerals and organic matters with soil particle size may result in adsorption and precipitation of surfactants and affect the distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). In this work, spiked soil samples and surfactant mixture consisting of Tween 80 (TW80) and sodium dodecyl sulfate were prepared. Results showed that the silt-clay-mixture held the high retention capacity of PHCs, and 30% total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) was retained in the soil fraction of '<125 μm' (high concentration), while 70% TPHs (low concentration) was retained in the soil fraction of '>125 μm'. TW80 was highly adsorbed on the montmorillonite and aluminosilicates of the soil, and the adsorption of TW80 in surfactant mixture could be relieved at mass ratio of 1:1. This study provides a novel strategy in the elution removal of PHCs from the contaminated soils, in which with the separation of soil particles by the size of 125 μm before elution, as high as 80% PHCs could be eluted from the soil by surfactant mixture.
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Recent Developments in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organics-Polluted Soil Reclamation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil pollution has become a substantial environmental problem which is amplified by overpopulation in different regions. In this review, the state of the art regarding the use of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for soil remediation is presented. This review aims to provide an outline of recent technologies developed for the decontamination of polluted soils by using AOPs. Depending on the decontamination process, these techniques have been presented in three categories: the Fenton process, sulfate radicals process, and coupled processes. The review presents the achievements of, and includes some reflections on, the status of these emerging technologies, the mechanisms, and influential factors. At the present, more investigation and development actions are still desirable to bring them to real full-scale implementation.
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Ecological criteria for assessing the content of petroleum hydrocarbons in the main soils of coniferous-deciduous forests and forest steppe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:5099-5118. [PMID: 34117609 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of pollution of Albicluvisols/Retisols, Calcaric Leptosols, Luvic Phaeozems, Greyzamic Phaeozems and Folic Fluvisols with oil (Solovatovsky oil field, Perm region) added in amounts of 1, 2, 3 and 5 g oil/kg of soil on the organisms was studied in a model laboratory experiment. Oil addition showed phytotoxic effects on root length in Triticum aestivum L., Lepidium sativum L., Picea obovata Ledeb. and Pinus sylvestris L. in all soils. However, oil contamination of Calcaric Leptosols and Greyzamic Phaeozems led to growth stimulation in Picea obovata seedlings. A remarkable shift in the diversity and number of colony-forming units of heterotrophic and oil-oxidizing bacteria was detected in all soil types. The maximum decrease in biodiversity (45%) was noted for heterotrophic bacteria in Luvic Phaeozems. Aqueous extracts from all oil-contaminated soils had a toxic effect on Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, causing an increase in biomass by more than 30%, but did not show acute toxicity on Daphnia magna Straus. Oil addition in the range of 1-3 g oil/kg soil posed no environmental risk to human health. However, oil addition at 5 g oil/kg of soil led to an increase in the level of carcinogenic risk to children to the threshold values of acceptable risk and ranged from 0.95 × 10-4 for Greyzamic Phaeozems and Folic Fluvisols to 1.098 × 10-4 for Luvic Phaeozems. Our results suggest that the reaction of test organisms to oil pollution depends on the soil type, and their complex application makes it possible to identify the most sensitive factor and assess the dangerous level of pollution.
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Insights into the biodegradation of diesel oil and changes in bacterial communities in diesel-contaminated soil as a consequence of various soil amendments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131416. [PMID: 34242986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil amendment is a promising strategy to enhance biodegradation capacity of indigenous bacteria. To assess the consequences of various soil amendments before large-scale implementation, a microcosm study was employed to investigate the effects of nutrients (TN), surfactants (TS), oxidants (TO), biochar (TB), and zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI; TNP) on diesel degradation, bacterial communities, and community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) of legacy field contaminated soil. The results showed that the TN, TB, TNP, TS, and TO, reduced 75.8%, 63.9%, 62.8%, 49.3%, and 40.1% of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), respectively, within 120 days, while control (TW) reduced only 33.8%. In all soil amendments, TPH reduction was positively correlated with oxidation-reduction potential and heterotrophic and TPH-degrading bacteria, while negatively correlated with total nitrogen and available phosphate. Furthermore, in TW, TB, and TNP microcosms, TPH reduction showed positive association with pH, whereas in TN, TS, and TO, TPH reduction was negatively associated with pH. The bacterial diversity was reduced in all treatments as a function of the soil amendment and remediation time: the enriched potential TPH-degrading bacteria were Dyella, Paraburkholderia, Clavibacter, Arthrobacter, Rhodanobacter, Methylobacterium, and Pandoraea. The average well colour development (AWCD) values in CLPPs were higher in TB, sustained and improved in TN, and markedly lower in TNP, TS, and TO microcosms. Overall, these data demonstrate that nutrients and biochar amendments may be helpful in boosting biodegradation, increasing diesel-degrading bacteria, and improving soil physiological functions. In conclusion, diesel degradation efficiency and bacterial communities are widely affected by both type and duration of soil amendments.
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Optimum conditions of zero-valent iron nanoparticle stabilized foam application for diesel-contaminated soil remediation involving three major soil types. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:611. [PMID: 34462822 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stability of foam, enhanced by nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and its optimized constituents, may have significant potential for effective treatment of soil contaminated with diesel oil-a major environmental problem. The optimum diesel removal efficiency from distinct types of soil accomplished by the unique application of such foams as well as the optimum conditions of the foaming constituents have not been reported in literature so far. Hence, in this work, the removal of diesel contaminant from different soil types (desert, coastal, clay soil) is optimized, and the optimized results are reported for the first time, using response surface methodology (RSM), for alkylpolyglucoside phosphate (APG-Ph) foam, stabilized by nZVI. The effect of concentrations of APG-Ph (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 volume %) and nZVI (2, 3, and 3.5 mg/l) on diesel removal efficacy from soil is studied using Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum diesel removal efficiency obtained at a concentration of 0.1 volume % APG-Ph foam with 3.5 mg/l nZVI for desert, coastal, and clay soil is 94.6, 95.3, and 57.5%, respectively. The optimum concentrations of APG-Ph and nZVI are found to be 0.98 volume % and 0.8 mg/l, respectively. Validation of this optimal condition experimentally results in highest removal efficiency of 98.3, 97.2, and 75.9% for desert, coastal, and clay soil respectively. This is in good agreement with the predicted values by RSM (98.67, 97.57, and 76.85%). The maximum diesel removal efficiency predicted at optimal concentration of APG-Ph and nZVI is significantly larger than the results reported in literature in last three years.
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Attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions using rhizobacterial isolates possessing alkB, C23O, and nahR genes for degradation of n-alkane and aromatics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:635-645. [PMID: 34019473 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1913013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work assessed the catabolic versatility of functional genes in hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of plants harvested in aged polluted soil sites in Ogoni and their attenuation efficacy in a bioremediation study. Rhizosphere soil was enumerated for its hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. The bacteria were in-vitro screened and selected through the quantification of their total protein and specific intermediate pathway enzyme (catechol 2,3-dioxygenase) activity in the metabolism of hydrocarbon. Thereafter, agarose gel electrophoresis technique was deployed to profile the genome of the selected strains for catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O), 1,2-alkane monooxygenase (alkB), and naphthalene dioxygenase (nahR). Four rhizobacterial isolates namely Pseudomonas fluorescens (A3), Achromobacter agilis (A4), Bacillus thuringiensis (D2), and Staphylococcus lentus (L1) were selected based on the presence of C23O, alkB, and nahR genes. The gel electrophoresis results showed an approximate molecular weight of 200 bp for alkB, 300 bp for C23O, and 400 bp for nahR. The gas chromatogram for residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) revealed mineralization of fractions C8-C17, phytane, C18-C30. TPH for in-vitro bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil was observed to have an optimal reduction/loss of 97% within the 56th day of the investigation. This study has further revealed that the microbiome of plants pre-exposed to crude oil pollution could serve as a reservoir for mining group of bacterial with broad catabolic potentials for eco-recovery and waste treatment purposes.
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Petroleum-contaminated soil: using sonolysis to improve mineralization and biodegradation potential of Fenton reaction and ozonolysis process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16532-16543. [PMID: 33387324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation efficiency of the Fenton reaction or ozonolysis (O3) to treat soil contaminated by crude petroleum was studied in association with the sonolysis process. To quantify oxidation efficiency, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured, while biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) was measured to estimate biodegradation potential. TOC removal efficiency ranged from 9 to 52% to the Fenton reaction without sonolysis, and 18% and 78% with sonolysis for reagent concentrations of 1% H2O2-100 mM Fe2+ and 20% H2O2-1 mM Fe2+, respectively. For ozonolysis (after 10 and 60 min of treatment), the reduction in TOC ranged from 9 to 43% without sonolysis and 15 to 61% with sonolysis. The Fenton reaction without sonolysis increased the biodegradability in relation to the non-oxidized sample by 6% (1% H2O2-100 mM Fe2+) and 26% (20% H2O2-1 mM Fe2+), and with sonolysis the corresponding values were 13% and 42%, respectively. The biodegradation potential under ozonolysis without sonolysis increased from 0.18 (10 min of treatment) to 0.38 (30 min of treatment), and with sonolysis these values were 0.26 and 0.58, respectively. Optimization of the remediation processes is essential to determine sequential treatment order and efficiency.
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Effect of consortium bioaugmentation and biostimulation on remediation efficiency and bacterial diversity of diesel-contaminated aged soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:46. [PMID: 33554294 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-02999-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of consortium bioaugmentation (CB) and various biostimulation options on the remediation efficiency and bacterial diversity of diesel-contaminated aged soil. The bacterial consortium was prepared using strains D-46, D-99, D134-1, MSM-2-10-13, and Oil-4, isolated from oil-contaminated soil. The effects of CB and biostimulation were evaluated in various soil microcosms: CT (water), T1 (CB only), T2 (CB + NH4NO3 and KH2PO4, nutrients), T3 (CB + activated charcoal, AC), T4 (CB + nutrients + AC), T5 (AC + water), T6 (CB + nutrients + zero-valent iron nanoparticles, nZVI), T7 (CB + nutrients + AC + nZVI), T8 (CB + activated peroxidase, oxidant), T9 (AC + nZVI), and T10 (CB + nZVI + AC + oxidant). Preliminary evaluation of the bacterial consortium revealed 81.9% diesel degradation in liquid media. After 60 days of treatment, T6 demonstrated the highest total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation (99.0%), followed by T1 (97.4%), T2 (97.9%), T4 (96.0%), T7 (96.0%), T8 (94.8%), T3 (93.6%), and T10 (86.2%). The lowest TPH degradation was found in T5 (24.2%), T9 (17.2%), and CT (11.7%). Application of CB and biostimulation to the soil microcosms decreased bacterial diversity, leading to selective enrichment of bacterial communities. T2, T6, and T10 contained Firmicutes (50.06%), Proteobacteria (64.69%), and Actinobacteria (54.36%) as the predominant phyla, respectively. The initial soil exhibited the lowest metabolic activity, which improved after treatment. The study results indicated that biostimulation alone is inadequate for remediation of contaminated soil that lacks indigenous oil degraders, suggesting the need for a holistic approach that includes both CB and biostimulation. Graphical Abstract.
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Improved Delivery of Remedial Agents Using Surface Foam Spraying with Vertical Holes into Unsaturated Diesel-Contaminated Soil for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Removal. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface foam spraying technologies, employing natural infiltration processes, have recently been suggested to not disturb or mix contaminated soils. However, effective delivery of reactive remedial agents to the bottom area of a contaminated region using only natural infiltration processes can be a challenge. This study aimed to improve the delivery of remedial agents such as oxidants, microorganisms, and nutrients to all depths of 30 cm thick unsaturated diesel-contaminated soil using small vertical soil holes. Three vertical holes, occupying 0.8% of the total soil volume and 3% of the soil surface area, were made inside the 17.3 kg soil column. Persulfate oxidation foam and subsequent bioaugmentation foam spraying were applied for remediation of contaminated soil. Foam spraying with vertical soil holes improved the uniformity of distribution of remedial agents throughout the soil, as evidenced by the uniform pH, higher volumetric soil water content, and a microbial population of >107 CFU/g. Therefore, the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency (88–90%) from bottom soils was enhanced compared to soil columns without holes (72–73%) and the control test (5–9%). The kinetic study revealed that relatively similar TPH biodegradation rates (0.054–0.057 d−1) can be obtained for all soil depths by using this new and simple approach.
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A new foam-based method for the (bio)degradation of hydrocarbons in contaminated vadose zone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123420. [PMID: 32763708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An innovative foam-based method for Fenton reagents (FR) and bacteria delivery was assessed for the in situ remediation of a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated unsaturated zone. The surfactant foam was first injected, then reagent solutions were delivered and propagated through the network of foam lamellae with a piston-like effect. Bench-scale experiments demonstrated the feasibility of the various treatments with hydrocarbon (HC) removal efficiencies as high as 96 %. Compared to the direct injection of FR solutions, the foam-based method led to larger radii of influence and more isotropic reagents delivery, whereas it did not show any detrimental effect regarding HC oxidation. Despite 25 % of HCs were expelled from the treated zone because of high foam viscosity, average degradation rates were increased by 20 %. At field-scale, foam and reagent solutions injections in soil were tracked both using visual observation and differential electric resistivity tomography. The latter demonstrated the controlled delivery of the reactive solutions using the foam-based method. Even if the foam-based method duration is about 5-times longer than the direct injection of amendment solutions, it provides important benefits, such as the confinement of harmful volatile hydrocarbons during Fenton treatments, the enhanced reagents delivery and the 30 % lower consumption of the latter.
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Changes of sensitive microbial community in oil polluted soil in the coastal area in Shandong, China for ecorestoration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111551. [PMID: 33254409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oil spills have an important threat to the ecological security and human health, for example the important oil field and coastal wetland Yellow River Delta is facing the dual problems of oil pollution and salinization. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the changes of soil microbial community and physicochemical properties, including pH value, total organic carbon (TOC), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and electrical conductivity under the combined effect of petroleum and salinization. The soil properties results showed that the petroleum addition promoted the increase of TOC from 2.31 ± 0.59 mg/kg to 7.04 ± 0.42 mg/kg (r > 0.95, P < 0.1, R2 > 0.9), TPHs from 9.18 ± 0.07 mg/kg to 33.09 ± 4.61 mg/kg (r > 0.9, P < 0.05, R2 > 0.9) significantly. At the initial stage hydrocarbons caused the increase of soil salt content and the decrease of pH. Salt addition increased soil salt from 2.46 ± 0.13 g/kg to 15.12 ± 0.21 g/kg (r > 0.8, P > 0.1, R2 > 0.95), but it had no direct effect on other soil properties. It was found that the nitrate reducing bacteria Halorhodospiraceae with potential petroleum degradation ability and the anaerobic bacteria Lactobacilliceae appeared after adding crude oil. The salt tolerant bacteria Halobacilli and the stone oil degrading bacteria Immundisolidcharacter appeared in the high salt and low salt environments respectively. The aerobic bacteria Acidimicrobiaceae, Hyphomonas and the nonoil efficient Peptoccaceae disappeared in the process of salinization and oil pollution. Lactobacilliceae can ferment carbohydrate, fatty acid or ester to produce lactic acid, acetic acid and fumaric acid to provide metabolic substrate for other microorganisms. The above results showed that sensitive microorganisms were easy to be affected by pollution to indicate soil conditions, while tolerant microorganisms could potentially use oil to achieve bioremediation. The soil properties and microbial results provided data support and theoretical basis for further understanding the pollution mechanism of oil and salinization combined stress on soil.
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Surfactant addition in diesel oil degradation - how can it help the microbes? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:677-686. [PMID: 33312593 PMCID: PMC7721782 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite wide research on bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, the mechanisms of surfactant-enhanced bioavailability of the contaminants are still unclear. The presented study was focused on the in-depth description of relationships between hydrocarbons, bacteria, and surfactants. In order to that, the biodegradation experiments and cell viability measurements were conducted, and the properties of cell surface were characterized. METHODS MTT assay was employed to measure plant extracts toxicity to microbes. Then, membrane permeability changes were evaluated, followed by diesel oil biodegradation in the presence of surfactants measurements by GCxGC-TOFMS and PCR-RAPD analysis. RESULTS Our study undoubtedly proves that different surfactants promote assimilation of different groups of hydrocarbons and modify cell surface properties in different ways. Increased biodegradation of diesel oil was observed when cultures with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus M1B were supplemented with Saponaria officinalis and Verbascum nigrum extracts. Interestingly, these surfactants exhibit different influences on cell surface properties and their viability in contrast to the other surfactants. Moreover, the preliminary analyses have shown changes in the genome caused by exposure to surfactants. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the benefits of surfactant use may be related to deep modification at the omics level, not only that of cell surface properties and confirms the complexity of the interactions between bacterial cells, pollutants and surfactants.
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Biodegradation and post-oxidation of fuel-weathered field soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139452. [PMID: 32464383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the less volatile and less biodegradable nature of weathered fuel-contaminated soil, it cannot be easily remediated using conventional bioremediation approaches. Therefore, this study was aimed to enhance the landfarming bioremediation process by introducing post-oxidation for the degradation of the residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in fuel-contaminated field soil. A laboratory-scale landfarming bioaugmentation process was performed by using oil-degrading microbes, nutrients, and surfactants, followed by chemical oxidation as a post treatment. The results demonstrated that the addition of microbes and nutrients gradually decreased the TPH concentration of the soil (initial TPH = 5932 ± 267 mg/kg) with a removal efficiency of 70-72% (TPH > 800 mg/kg; Korean limit for non-residential sites). However, the use of post-oxidation treatments with 5% KMnO4 decreased the TPH to approximately 401-453 mg/kg (TPH below 500 mg/kg; residential site limit) with an overall efficiency of 92-93% compared to the corresponding value of 13% for the control (water treatment). Performing landfarming through biodegradation followed by chemical oxidation as a post treatment could successfully remove the weathered TPH in soil below the regulatory limits. Furthermore, the post-oxidation treatment may oxidize the less biodegradable portions only after biodegradation, thereby minimizing the oxidant demand and enhancing the soil properties such as the pH, amount of natural substrates and microbial population.
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Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soil and effects on subsequent biodegradation by potassium permanganate. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1705-1714. [PMID: 31197553 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, the oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons using permanganate has been investigated rarely. Only a few studies on the remediation of unsaturated soil using permanganate can be found in the literature. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study conducted using permanganate pretreatment to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soil in combination with subsequent bioaugmentation. The pretreatment of diesel-contaminated unsaturated soil with 0.5-pore-volume (5%) potassium permanganate (PP) by solution pouring and foam spraying (with a surfactant) achieved the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiencies of 37% and 72.1%, respectively. The PP foam, when coupled with bioaugmentation foam, further degraded the TPH to a final concentration of 438 mg/kg (92.1% total reduction). The experiment was conducted without soil mixing or disturbance. The relatively high TPH removal efficiency achieved by the PP-bioaugmentation serial foam application may be attributed to an increase in soil pH caused by the PP and effective infiltration of the remediation agent by foaming. The applied PP foam increased the pH of the acidic soil, thus enhancing microbial activity. The first-order biodegradation rate after PP oxidation was calculated to be 0.068 d-1. Furthermore, 94% of the group of relatively persistent hydrocarbons (C18-C22) was removed by PP-bioaugmentation, as verified by chromatogram peaks. Some physicochemical parameters related to contaminant removal efficiency were also evaluated. The results reveal that PP can degrade soil TPH and significantly enhance the biodegradation rate in unsaturated diesel-contaminated soil when combined with bioaugmentation foam.
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Co-treatment of an oily sludge and aged contaminated soil: permanganate oxidation followed by bioremediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110169. [PMID: 32148261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The bioremediation of an oily sludge (321 ± 30 mg of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/kgDRY SLUDGE and 13420 ± 1300 mg of aliphatic hydrocarbons/kgDRY SLUDGE) by mixture with contaminated soil (23 ± 2 mg of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/kgDRY SOIL and 98 ± 10 mg of aliphatic hydrocarbons/kgDRY SOIL) was studied. Furthermore, the effect of oxidative pretreatments (persulfate and permanganate) on the performance of the global process was examined. The treatments reached contamination levels lower than the original residues, indicating the presence of synergic processes between a highly contaminated sludge and soil with a selected hydrocarbon-degrading community. Pretreatment with permanganate significantly improved biodegradation, possibly due to the increase in bioavailability and biodegradability of petroleum hydrocarbons. Two months of incubation was enough to reach the complete elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 92% elimination of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Monitoring using five parameters (concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons, total cultivable heterotrophic bacteria count, lipase and dehydrogenase activities, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria count) as an approach for a preliminary scanning of the effectiveness of a treatment is proposed based on principal components analysis.
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Soil infiltration capacity of chemical oxidants used for risk reduction of soil contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109548. [PMID: 31404726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical oxidation has been applied to remove soil contaminants and thereby reduce human and ecological risks from contaminated sites. However, few studies have been conducted on the natural infiltration of oxidant solutions into unsaturated soil. Moreover, the infiltration capacity of oxidant solutions at various concentrations in unsaturated soil has not yet been studied. This study investigated the natural infiltration tendency of oxidant solutions like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), in sand and sandy loam. Cumulative infiltration was recorded from a soil column equipped with a Mariotte reservoir. The infiltration rate, sorptivity, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were obtained from the cumulative infiltration results. Na2S2O8 showed the highest infiltration rate in both sand and sandy loam, and the infiltration of Na2S2O8 increased as the concentration was increased from 0.05 to 1%. However, the infiltration of KMnO4 and H2O2 solutions was governed more by chemical reaction behavior than by liquid physical properties or soil hydraulic properties. The production of oxides and gas due to reaction induced clogging in flow paths, resulting in less infiltration. Infiltration of H2O2 at concentrations greater than 0.5% was not observed in sand or sandy loam due to gas formation and swelling.
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Development of a bacterial consortium comprising oil-degraders and diazotrophic bacteria for elimination of exogenous nitrogen requirement in bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:99. [PMID: 31222505 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop an effective bacterial consortium and determine their ability to overcome nitrogen limitation for the enhanced remediation of diesel-contaminated soils. Towards this, various bacterial consortia were constructed using oil-degrading and nitrogen-fixing microbes. The diesel removal efficiency of various developed consortia was evaluated by delivering the bacterial consortia to the diesel-contaminated soils. The consortium Acinetobacter sp. K-6 + Rhodococcus sp. Y2-2 + NH4NO3 resulted in the highest removal (85.3%) of diesel from the contaminated soil. The consortium containing two different oil-degrading microbes (K-6 + Y2-2) and one nitrogen-fixing microbe Azotobacter vinelandii KCTC 2426 removed 83.1% of the diesel from the soil after 40 days of treatment. The total nitrogen content analysis revealed higher amounts of nitrogen in soil treated with the nitrogen-fixing microbe when compared with that of the soil supplemented with exogenous inorganic nitrogen. The findings in this present study reveal that the consortium containing the nitrogen-fixing microbe degraded similar amounts of diesel to that degraded by the consortium supplemented with exogenous inorganic nitrogen. This suggests that the developed consortium K-6 + Y2-2 + KCTC 2426 compensated for the nitrogen limitation and eliminated the need for exogenous nitrogen in bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soils.
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Comparison of zero-valent iron and iron oxide nanoparticle stabilized alkyl polyglucoside phosphate foams for remediation of diesel-contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:93-107. [PMID: 30928799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stable surfactant foam might play a vital role in the effective remediation of diesel oil contaminated soil-a major environmental hazard. This paper, first of its kind, is reporting the remediation of diesel-contaminated desert soil, coastal soil and clay soil by aqueous alkylpolyglucoside phosphate (APG-Ph) surfactant foams stabilized by Fe0 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Zero-valent iron (Fe0, ∼28 nm) and iron oxide (Fe3O4, ∼20 nm) nanoparticles are synthesized by liquid-phase reduction and precipitation methods, respectively. The effect of these nanoparticles on foamability, foam stability, surface tension and remediation of diesel-contaminated soils are examined at various concentrations (volume %) of alkylpolyglucoside phosphate (APG-Ph) surfactant and nanoparticles (mg/l). The maximum values of foamability and foam stability recorded for 0.1 vol % APG-Ph foam stabilized by 3.5 mg/l Fe0 are 108.3 and 110.4 mL, respectively. At the same conditions, the Fe3O4 results in 99.4 and 87.5 mL, respectively, depicting the better performance of Fe0. Reduction in surface tension of 0.1 vol % APG-Ph solution (50.75 mN/m) with the addition of 3.5 mg/l Fe0 (9.51 mN/m) and Fe3O4 (19.45 mN/m) nanoparticle is observed. Both the nanoparticles enhance remediation. The foam formed with 0.1 vol % APG-Ph and stabilized by 3.5 mg/l Fe0 shows the maximum diesel removal efficiency of 95.3, 94.6, and 57.5% for coastal soil, desert soil and clay soil, respectively. On the other hand, Fe3O4 (3.5 mg/l) stabilized APG-Ph foam of the same concentration shows merely 76.0, 79.6 and 51.6% diesel removal efficiency for coastal soil, desert soil, and clay soil, respectively. The rate of diesel removal by zero-valent iron and iron oxide nanoparticle stabilized foams are found to be well described by the first order kinetic model. Higher foamability, foam stability, and reducing capacity accompanying lower surface tension, compared to those of the Fe3O4 nanoparticle stabilized foam, could explain higher diesel removal efficiency of the Fe0 nanoparticle stabilized foam.
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Gasoline degradation and nitrogen fixation in soil by pulsed corona discharge plasma. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:266-275. [PMID: 30677674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gasoline contaminated soil poses an environmental and human health problem, which may be partially solved by the emerging non-thermal plasma technology. In this study a pulse corona discharge (PCD) reactor was employed to degrade gasoline in soil and simultaneously to fix nitrogen in soil. The gasoline removal rates were influenced by input power, electrode gap, gas flow rate, initial gasoline concentration, soil pH, and soil moisture. This technology produced no secondary pollution. Ozone, NOx, and hydroxyl radicals, generated directly on the soil surface, were identified as the primary agents responsible for gasoline degradation. The role of the major active agents was determined by ventilating different gases during the corona discharges. In addition, the concentration of nitrate and wettability of soil was increased after the treatment. Safety and fertility of treated soil were investigated by planting lettuce. Thus, soil pollution was remediated using this non-thermal plasma treatment, while simultaneously improving soil nitrogen content and physical characteristics. This process potentially enhances soil fertility and revegetation, since this environmentally-friendly method does not involve other chemicals injections.
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Flavobacterium petrolei sp. nov., a novel psychrophilic, diesel-degrading bacterium isolated from oil-contaminated Arctic soil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4134. [PMID: 30858439 PMCID: PMC6411956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents taxonomic description of two novel diesel-degrading, psychrophilic strains: Kopri-42T and Kopri-43, isolated during screening of oil-degrading psychrotrophs from oil-contaminated Arctic soil. A preliminary 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that these Arctic strains belonged to the genus Flavobacterium, with the nearest relative being Flavobacterium psychrolimnae LMG 22018T (98.9% sequence similarity). The pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence identity between strains Kopri-42T and Kopri-43 was 99.7%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain Kopri-42T and Kopri-43 was 88.6 ± 2.1% indicating that Kopri-42T and Kopri-43 represents two strains of the same genomospecies. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Kopri-42T and nearest relative F. psychrolimnae LMG 22018T were 92.4% and 47.9%, respectively. These values support the authenticity of the novel species and confirmed the strain Kopri-42T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium as a new member. The morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data also distinguished strain Kopri-42T from its closest phylogenetic neighbors. Based on the polyphasic data, strains Kopri-42T and Kopri-43 represents a single novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium petrolei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Kopri-42T (=KEMB 9005-710T = KACC 19625T = NBRC 113374T).
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Application of persulfate-oxidation foam spraying as a bioremediation pretreatment for diesel oil-contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:565-572. [PMID: 29843033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a persulfate-bioaugmentation serial foam spraying technique to remove total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) present in diesel-contaminated unsaturated soil. Feeding of remedial agents by foam spraying increased the infiltration/unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of reagents into the unsaturated soil. Persulfate mixed with a surfactant solution infiltrated the soil faster than peroxide, resulting in relatively even soil moisture content. Persulfate had a higher soil infiltration tendency, which would facilitate its distribution over a wide soil area, thereby enhancing subsequent biodegradation efficiency. Nearly 80% of soil-TPHs were degraded by combined persulfate-bioaugmentation foam spraying, while bioaugmentation foam spraying alone removed 52%. TPH fraction analysis revealed that the removal rate for the biodegradation recalcitrant fraction (C18 to C22) in deeper soil regions was higher for persulfate-bioaugmentation serial foam application than for peroxide-bioaugmentation foam application. Persulfate-foam spraying may be superior to peroxide for TPH removal even at a low concentration (50 mN) because persulfate-foam is more permeable, persistent, and does not change soil pH in the subsurface. Although the number of soil microbes declines by oxidation pretreatment, bioaugmentation-foam alters the microbial population exponentially.
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