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Li H, Yao J, Min N, Sunahara G, Zhao Y, Duran R. Considering the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s for risk assessment of soils affected by different non-ferrous metal activities in Southwest China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134527. [PMID: 38735184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Toxic metal(loid)s released into the soil by non-ferrous metal mining and smelting activities pose a serious threat to residents and the surrounding ecosystem. Considering only total metal(loid) concentrations likely overestimates routine (eco)toxicological risk assessment of soil. We hypothesize that considering metal(loid) bioavailability/accessibility will improve the accuracy of risk assessment. To test this hypothesis, four mining areas in Southwest China, including mining and surrounding sites, were studied. Bioavailability was determined considering metal(loid)s leached by a simulated strong acid rain (SSAR) treatment. In the four areas, the mining site showed higher cumulative releases of metal(loid)s under SSAR treatment than the agricultural field located in the surrounding sites. Thus, the bioavailable metal(loid)s contents were continuously being released during SSAR treatment and likely increased the environmental risk. Ecological and health risk assessment of soil, calculated using total metal(loid)s content, was corrected considering bioavailable/accessible metal(loid)s, which was determined by the heavy metal(loid)s forms and in vitro simulated intestinal stages. Although the corrected indices indicated that the risk of metal(loid)s-contaminated soil was reduced, unfavorable ecological and health risks remained in the four areas. Our study provides new perspectives to better predict the risk of bioavailable/accessible metal(loid)s in non-ferrous metal contaminated and surrounding soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China.
| | - Ning Min
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Geoffrey Sunahara
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Drive, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Robert Duran
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China; Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM 5254, BP 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, France
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Liu J, Shi L, Du Y, Luo X, Hu P, Wu L, Luo Y, Christie P. Water-dispersible colloids facilitate the release of potentially toxic elements from contaminated soil under simulated long-term acid rain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168682. [PMID: 37996035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The release behaviors of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) associated with water-dispersible colloids (WDCs) in contaminated soils are of considerable public concern. However, little information is available on the size distribution and elemental composition of WDCs and their effects on the release of PTEs in contaminated soils under long-term acid rain. Here, a quantitative accelerated aging leaching test was conducted to evaluate the long-term release risks of PTEs from four contaminated agricultural soil types exposed to acid rain. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and ultrafiltration were used to clarify the size distribution and elemental composition of WDCs containing PTEs. Solution dynamics of successive leaching indicate high release potential for As, Cd, and Pb depending on soil properties under long-term (∼65 years) acid rain. Both ultrafiltration and AF4 analysis show that As in leachate was mainly in the "truly dissolved" fraction, while Pb, Cu, Cd and Fe were predominantly in the colloidal fraction and their percentages increased with increasing extraction time by acid rain. AF4-UV-ICP-MS and STEM-EDS reveal that nanoparticles at 1-7 nm most likely composed of organic matter (OM)-Fe/Al(/Si) oxides composite were the main carriers of Pb, Cu, As and Cd. Lead was also verified in Fe-oxide colloids at 34-450 nm in the first extracts but disappeared in the tenth extracts. This indicates that WDC-bearing PTEs become smaller as leaching proceeds. The study indicates the quantitative description and size-resolved understanding of WDC- and nanoparticle-bound PTEs in leachates of contaminated soils subjected to long-term acid rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lingfeng Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanpei Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Longhua Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Peter Christie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Jin Y, Cheng Z, He Y, Xu J, Shi J. Dynamic response of cadmium immobilization to a Ca-Mg-Si soil conditioner in the contaminated paddy soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168394. [PMID: 37956833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil conditioners are often used to immobilize soil heavy metals. Understanding the transfer of Cd in soil-plant system to different application rates and modes of soil conditioners application is essential for food safety. The stabilization persistence of soil conditioners in immobilizing Cd, to date however, is still limited. In this study, the stabilization persistence of a Ca-Mg-Si soil conditioner (SC) was assessed based on a six-year Cd-contaminated paddy field study with growth of two rice local main varieties (Yongyou17-YY and Xiushui14-XS) and four application rates (1500 kg ha-1 (low), and 3000 kg ha-1 (high) for the first year only, and 1500 kg ha-1 and 3000 kg ha-1 every year). Results showed that continuous SC application with high rate increased soil pH, simultaneously with more water soluble and exchangeable Cd was transferred to Fe-Mn oxides bound and carbonate-bound Cd in the first 3-4 years; while the low rate was only effective with growth of YY that were applied for a shorter period of time. Statistical analysis indicated that the stability effect of SC was integratedly affected by soil pH, SC application rate, and meteorological factors (precipitation and temperature). Especially, soil fractionation contributed the most changes of Cd availability in soil, while meteorological factors, SC application rate and crop varieties altogether exhibited the great effect on Cd accumulation in grain. Our finding demonstrated the potential long-term stabilization of SC in soil Cd immobilization, with the performance needed for further verification on the basis of different soil types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiachun Shi
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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4
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Zong W, Wang L, Wang X, Geng X, Lian Y, Wang H, Hou R, Guo J, Yang X, Hou D. Unraveling the aging dynamics in the simultaneous immobilization of soil metal(loid)s using oxides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167220. [PMID: 37734613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization represents the most extensively utilized technique for the remediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals and metalloids. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that contaminants are not removed during this process, thereby leaving room for potential mobilization over time. Currently, our comprehension of the temporal variations in immobilization efficacy, specifically in relation to amendments suitable for industrial sites, remains very limited. To address this knowledge gap, our research delved into the aging characteristics of diverse oxides, hydroxides, and hydroxy-oxides (collectively referred to as oxides) for the simultaneous immobilization of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and antimony (Sb) in soils procured from 16 contaminated industrial sites. Our findings unveiled that Ca-oxides initially showed excellent immobilization performance for As and Sb within 7 days but experienced substantial mobilization by up to 71 and 13 times within 1 year, respectively. In contrast, the efficacy of Cd immobilization by Ca-oxides was enhanced with the passage of time. Fe- and Mg-oxides, which primarily operate through encapsulation or surface complexation, exhibited steady immobilization performances over time. This reliable and commendable immobilization effect was observed across distinct soils characterized by varying physicochemical properties, including pH, texture, CEC, TOC, and EC, underscoring the suitability of such amendments for immobilizing metal(loid)s in diverse soil types. MgO, in particular, displayed even superior immobilization performance over time, owing primarily to gradual hydration and physical entrapment effects. Remarkably, Mg-Al LDHs emerged as the most effective candidate for the simultaneous immobilization of As, Cd, and Sb. The results obtained from this study furnish valuable data for future investigations on the immobilization of metals and metalloids in industrial soils. They enable the projection of immobilization performance and offer practical guidance in selecting suitable amendments for the immobilization of metal(loid)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zong
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Xiaoguo Geng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Wyoming Seminary, 201 N Sprague ave, Kingston, PA 18704, United States
| | - Yufei Lian
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huixia Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renjie Hou
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Padhye LP, Srivastava P, Jasemizad T, Bolan S, Hou D, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, O'Connor D, Lamb D, Wang H, Siddique KHM, Bolan N. Contaminant containment for sustainable remediation of persistent contaminants in soil and groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131575. [PMID: 37172380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant containment measures are often necessary to prevent or minimize offsite movement of contaminated materials for disposal or other purposes when they can be buried or left in place due to extensive subsurface contamination. These measures can include physical, chemical, and biological technologies such as impermeable and permeable barriers, stabilization and solidification, and phytostabilization. Contaminant containment is advantageous because it can stop contaminant plumes from migrating further and allow for pollutant reduction at sites where the source is inaccessible or cannot be removed. Moreover, unlike other options, contaminant containment measures do not require the excavation of contaminated substrates. However, contaminant containment measures require regular inspections to monitor for contaminant mobilization and migration. This review critically evaluates the sources of persistent contaminants, the different approaches to contaminant remediation, and the various physical-chemical-biological processes of contaminant containment. Additionally, the review provides case studies of contaminant containment operations under real or simulated field conditions. In summary, contaminant containment measures are essential for preventing further contamination and reducing risks to public health and the environment. While periodic monitoring is necessary, the benefits of contaminant containment make it a valuable remediation option when other methods are not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Prashant Srivastava
- CSIRO, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Environment Business Unit, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Real Estate and Land Management, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - Dane Lamb
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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6
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Rehman ZU, Junaid MF, Ijaz N, Khalid U, Ijaz Z. Remediation methods of heavy metal contaminated soils from environmental and geotechnical standpoints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161468. [PMID: 36627001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contaminated soil (HMCS) threatens world health and sustainable growth, owing to which numerous remediation methods have been devised. Meanwhile, environmental sustainability and geotechnical serviceability of remediated HMCS are important considerations for reusing such soils and achieving sustainable development goals; therefore, these considerations are critically reviewed in this article. For this purpose, different onsite and offsite remediation methods are evaluated from environmental and geotechnical standpoints. It was found that each remediation method has its own merits and limitations in terms of environmental sustainability and geotechnical serviceability; generally, sustainable green remediation (SGR) and cementation are regarded as effective solutions for the problems related to the former and latter, respectively. Overall, the impact of remediation techniques on the environment and geotechnical serviceability is a developing area of study that calls for increased efforts to improve the serviceability, sustainability, reusability and environmental friendliness of the remediated HMCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ur Rehman
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Portsmouth, Portland Building, Portland Street, Portsmouth PO1 3AH, United Kingdom.
| | - Muhammad Faisal Junaid
- Department of Materials Engineering and Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava 810 05, Slovakia; College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| | - Nauman Ijaz
- Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Usama Khalid
- Geotechnical Engineering Department, National Institute of Transportation (NIT), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Risalpur 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Zain Ijaz
- Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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7
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Liu Q, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Luo J, Yan X. Impacts of wet-dry alternations on cadmium and zinc immobilisation in soil remediated with iron oxides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116660. [PMID: 36375433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical immobilisation is extensively used for in-situ remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil. Immobilised heavy metals could be reactivated by multiple factors such as pH, moisture, temperature, rainfall, etc., among which rainfall is very important, especially acid rain in southern China. Wet-dry alternations were used to simulate the leaching of metals by rainwater. The variation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) speciation distribution in soil immobilised with iron oxides (goethite (GE) and 2-line ferrihydrite (GLS)) was investigated. The impacts of wet-dry alternations on the properties of the soil and amendments were also assessed. In the soil without amendments (OS) and amended with GE (GS), the stable fractions were reactivated and transformed into labile fractions under wet-dry alternations. In the soil amended with GLS (LS), the exchangeable and carbonate-bound Cd decreased while the soluble, Fe-Mn oxide bound and organic bound Cd increased. The carbonate-bound Zn was transformed into the Fe-Mn oxide-bound Zn. Transformation from the amorphous iron oxide into crystalline iron oxide in GS and LS were 4.9% and 5.3%. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the soil pH and the iron-oxide speciation were strongly correlated with Cd/Zn fractions in the soil. The specific surface area, pore volume and adsorption capacity of the iron oxides decreased by 9.26%, 38.89% and 62-73% (for GE), 1.88%, 22.22% and 26-55% (for GLS). The altered soil properties and morphological differences between the two iron oxides under wet-dry alternations were important reasons for Cd/Zn reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yuting Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yangmei Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Restoration in Farmland Soil, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Jiayi Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiuming Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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8
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Zhao B, Peng T, Hou R, Huang Y, Zong W, Jin Y, O'Connor D, Sahu SK, Zhang H. Manganese stabilization in mine tailings by MgO-loaded rice husk biochar: Performance and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136292. [PMID: 36064023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leachable metal in abandoned mine tailings may be toxic to vegetation, affecting effective ecological restoration. In this study, MRB was synthesized through MgCl2·6H2O wet impregnation followed by duplicate slow pyrolysis. Manganese tailings were mixed with MRB, rice husk biochar (RB), and MgO at a dosage of 0-5%, followed by 90-day incubation. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and sequential leaching were used to analyze the leachability and species of Mn in tailings, while a stabilization mechanism was proposed with the support of the characterization of the tailings before and after amendment. Results suggested MRB addition significantly decreased leachable Mn by 63.8%, reducing from 59.88 mg/L to 21.68 mg/L, while only a 14.39% reduction was achieved by rice husk biochar (RB). The sharp decline of leachable Mn after 90-day mixing was contributed by the transformation from labile to stable fractions. A microporous biochar matrix along with the uniform dispersion of MgO active component were both responsible for the better Mn stabilization. Only less than 10% of the variation in substrate pH was observed with the increase of MgO loading or incubation time. Linear correlation analyses indicated substrate pH's strongl negative relationship with leachable Mn and moderately positive relationship with residual fraction. Characterization results revealed that MRB exhibited different stabilization mechanisms in mine tailings, where Mn was likely to be stabilized by direct interaction with active MgO or indirect alkaline precipitation to form stable MgMn2O4, Mn(CH3COO)2, and MnO(OH)2. This work validated the promoting potential of recycling agricultural biomass waste for the amendment of manganese mine tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Tianyue Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resoures, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou, 510075, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Gas Hydrate Exploration and Development, Guangzhou, 510075, PR China
| | - Renjie Hou
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wenjing Zong
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Real Estate and Land Management, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, GL7 1RS, United Kingdom
| | - Shovan Kumar Sahu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
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9
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Wang Q, Li J, Wang F, Sakanakura H, Tabelin CB. Effective immobilization of geogenic As and Pb in excavated marine sedimentary material by magnesia under wet-dry cycle, freeze-thaw cycle, and anaerobic exposure scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157734. [PMID: 35917967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Massive amounts of marine sedimentary materials with geogenic heavy metal(loids) are excavated by the subsurface construction projects and then exposed to weathering conditions, which pose potential threats to the environment. In the present study, 2 % magnesia (MgO) was applied to immobilize geogenic arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in excavated marine sedimentary material. To better evaluate the immobilization efficiency under different environmental scenarios, the untreated and amended solids were subjected to wet-dry cycles, freeze-thaw cycles, and anaerobic incubation until 49 days. The leaching behaviors of As and Pb were investigated and their size fractionations in the leachates were compared. The results indicate that most Pb exists in particulate and agglomerated colloidal fractions (0.1-5 μm) in the leaching suspensions, while most As is found in dissolved forms (<0.1 μm). It is therefore necessary to consider the element type and exposure scenarios during environmental risk evaluation, particularly using the batch test as a routine compliance testing procedure. In the control test without MgO addition, the wet-dry cycle resulted in the "self-induced" immobilization of As and Pb. The pH decreases to the neutral range and the formation of amorphous Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides following pyrite oxidation largely explained the decreased As and Pb leaching. In comparison, the freeze-thaw cycle and anaerobic incubation tended to enhance As and Pb leaching. Overall, MgO addition significantly reduced the leachability of As and Pb and displayed sustained immobilization performance under all studied scenarios. These findings could be largely attributed to solid particle aggregation induced by MgO addition, including the adsorption of As and Pb onto newly formed Fe-(oxyhydr)oxides and/or MgSi precipitates. This study offers a simple and effective strategy for the sustainable management of excavated marine sedimentary materials contaminated by geogenic As and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hirofumi Sakanakura
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Carlito Baltazar Tabelin
- School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Study on Efficient Adsorption Mechanism of Pb 2+ by Magnetic Coconut Biochar. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214053. [PMID: 36430526 PMCID: PMC9693327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead ion (Pb2+) in wastewater cannot be biodegraded and destroyed. It can easily be enriched in living organisms, which causes serious harm to the environment and human health. Among the existing treatment technologies, adsorption is a green and efficient way to treat heavy metal contamination. Novel KMnO4-treated magnetic biochar (KFBC) was successfully synthesized by the addition of Fe(NO3)3 and KMnO4 treatment during carbonization following Pb2+ adsorption. SEM-EDS, XPS, and ICP-OES were used to evaluate the KFBC and magnetic biochar (FBC) on the surface morphology, surface chemistry characteristics, surface functional groups, and Pb2+ adsorption behavior. The effects of pH on the Pb2+ solution, initial concentration of Pb2+, adsorption time, and influencing ions on the adsorption amount of Pb2+ were examined, and the adsorption mechanisms of FBC and KFBC on Pb2+ were investigated. The results showed that pH had a strong influence on the adsorption of KFBC and the optimum adsorption pH was 5. The saturation adsorption capacity fitted by the model was 170.668 mg/g. The successful loading of manganese oxides and the enhanced oxygen functional groups, as evidenced by XPS and FTIR data, improved KFBC for heavy metal adsorption. Mineral precipitation, functional group complexation, and π-electron interactions were the primary adsorption processes.
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11
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Li W, Qin J, Yi Y. Treating Pb-contaminated clay slurry by three curing agents. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135011. [PMID: 35609664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Each year, extensive dredged clay slurries containing heavy metals need to be treated before being reused; in such contaminated slurries, lead (Pb) is frequently identified. Quicklime (CaO)-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), magnesium (MgO)-activated GGBS, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are usually used to remediate the lead (Pb)-contaminated soil; nevertheless, using these curing agents (or binders), particularly CaO-GGBS and MgO-GGBS, to treat Pb-contaminated slurry with high water content is rarely reported. Moreover, inconsistent results were obtained from previous studies in terms of the mechanical and leaching performance of Pb-contaminated soils with the three binders. Based on the above-mentioned reasons, this study used CaO-GGBS, MgO-GGBS, and OPC to treat the Pb-contaminated clay slurry, and compared the effectiveness of the three binders in improving the mechanical and leaching properties of the slurry. Laboratory tests were performed to examine the leaching, strength, mineralogical, and micro-structural performance of treated clay slurries. The results showed that GGBS-based binders were more effective than OPC in improving the strength and Pb leachability of contaminated slurries. When suitable ratios between activators (CaO and MgO) and GGBS were used, a similar or even higher UCS was produced by CaO-GGBS than MgO-GGBS. Similar leachate pH and Pb leachability could be achieved between CaO-GGBS- and MgO-GGBS-treated contaminated clay slurries. Therefore, it is not rigorous to state that MgO-GGBS is better in improving the strength and leachability of Pb-contaminated soils than CaO-GGBS only by comparing the two GGBS-binders based on the same activator/GGBS ratio, as reported in some previous studies. The leachability of Pb was affected by the pH, but the addition of GGBS facilitated the decrease of Pb leachability in slurries. The XRD result showed the formation of CSH and Pb(OH)2, which facilitated the reduction of Pb leachability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, 430068, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Hubei University of Technology, 430068, China
| | - Junde Qin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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Duan L, Wang Q, Li J, Wang F, Yang H, Guo B, Hashimoto Y. Zero valent iron or Fe 3O 4-loaded biochar for remediation of Pb contaminated sandy soil: Sequential extraction, magnetic separation, XAFS and ryegrass growth. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119702. [PMID: 35787422 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of using zero-valent iron (ZVI) and Fe3O4-loaded biochar for Pb immobilization in contaminated sandy soil was investigated. A 180-day incubation study, combined with dry magnetic separation, chemical extraction, mineralogical characterization, and model plant (ryegrass, namely the Lilium perenne L.) growth experiment was conducted to verify the performance of these two materials. The results showed that both amendments significantly transferred the available Pb (the exchangeable and carbonates fraction) into more stable fractions (mainly Fe/Mn oxides-bound Pb), and ZVI alone showed a better performance than the magnetic biochar alone. The magnetic separation and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis proved that Fe (oxyhydr)oxides on aged ZVI particles were the major scavengers of Pb in ZVI-amended soils. In comparison, the reduced Pb availability in magnetic biochar-amended soil could be explained by the association of Pb with Fe/Mn (oxyhydr)oxides in aged magnetic biochar, also the possible precipitation of soil Pb with soluble anions (e.g. OH-, PO43-, and SO42-) released from magnetic biochar. ZVI increased ryegrass production while Fe3O4-loaded biochar had a negative effect on the ryegrass growth. Moreover, both markedly decreased the Pb accumulation in aboveground and root tissues. The simple dry magnetic separation presents opportunities for the removal of Pb from soils, even though the efficiencies were not high (17.5% and 12.9% of total Pb from ZVI and biochar-treated soils, respectively). However, it should be noted that the ageing process easily result in the loss of magnetism of ZVI while the magnetic biochar tends to be more stable and has high retrievability during the dry magnetic separation application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunchao Duan
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Science and Technology Resources Coordination and Service Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Qianhui Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Binglin Guo
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 519082, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yohey Hashimoto
- Department of Bioapplications and Systems Engineering (BASE), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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13
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Abdel-Gawwad HA, Mohammed MS, Arif MA, Shoukry H. Reuse of lead glass sludge in the fabrication of thermally insulating foamed glass with outstanding properties and high Pb-stabilization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47209-47224. [PMID: 35182335 PMCID: PMC9232468 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study represents the sustainable/safe consumption of lead glass sludge (LGS) in the fabrication of thermally insulating foamed glass via sintering (750-950º C) and chlorination processes. The impact of selected additives including calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the foaming efficiency and Pb-stabilization has been deeply investigated. LGS is mainly lead silicate material with considerable content of calcium carbonate, which acts as foaming agent during sintering process. The newly developed foamed-materials exhibited thermal conductivity of 0.054-0.136 W/m.K, density of 0.23-1.10 g/cm3, porosity of 63.3-92.6%, and compressive strength of 0.10-2.69 MPa. X-ray diffraction proved that the immobilization mechanism was attributed to the transformation of free Pb within LGS into insoluble ganomalite Pb9Ca5MnSi9O33 phase. Adding NaOH enhanced the foaming process accompanied by a significant reduction in Pb-leaching. Incorporating CaCl2 has resulted in a retardation in Pb-leaching, which associated with Pb-stabilization and Pb-vaporization. In an attempt to reduce CO2-emission, the potential use of alkali-rich-wastewater (AW) as eco-friendly alkali source in lieu of NaOH was studied. Regardless of the variation in Pb-concentrations in leachates, all samples recorded Pb-concentrations lower than the safe limit (≤ 5 mg/l), achieving Pb-immobilization of 95.98-99.87%. The significantly reduced thermal conductivity and enhanced Pb-immobilization efficiency along with the reasonable compressive strength summarize the major innovation presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy A Abdel-Gawwad
- Raw Building Materials and Processing Technology Research Institute, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona S Mohammed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Arif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hamada Shoukry
- Building Physics Institute (BPI), Building National Research Center (HBRC), Housing &, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Xue C, Khan A, Zheng X, Cai L. Risk assessment of lead and cadmium leaching from solidified/stabilized MSWI fly ash under long-term landfill simulation test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151555. [PMID: 34752870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The long-term effectiveness concern of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash (FA) disposal has been placed more emphatic recently, however, few studies worked on the control of leaching risk of heavy metals under the long-term stability. In this study, the leaching properties and risk assessment of two representative solidified/stabilized (S/S) FA wastes, i.e., sodium dithiocarbamate (DTC) chelator treated and Portland cement + chelator combining treated, were evaluated by a long-term cycles assessment method which coupled multifaceted environmental stresses (e.g., freezing-thawing, drying-wetting, accelerated carbonation). The results showed that the cement/chelator had a better long-term stability and exhibited ~55% lower cumulative overall pollution toxicity index (OPTI) than chelator treatment after the test, which was always rated as "low risk" during the cycles. In addition, the cement/chelator exhibited ~23.3% smaller cumulative mass release rate than the chelator treatment after 6 cycles and restrained the transformation of Pb and Cd from stable states to removable fractions, which attributes to its great erosion resistance and compact pore structure. Under the cumulative external factors and carbon dioxide attacks, the decalcification of hydrate products (e.g., C-S-H, hydrocalumite), as well as deterioration of pore structure are the critical factors increasing the local erosion, cracking and heavy metals release. Thus, the optimization of S/S waste microstructure (e.g., enhancing binder system) and landfill site conditions (e.g., reducing rainfall impact) could be propitious to the S/S waste risk control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Asim Khan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lankun Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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15
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Li D, Li G, He Y, Zhao Y, Miao Q, Zhang H, Yuan Y, Zhang D. Key Cr species controlling Cr stability in contaminated soils before and chemical stabilization at a remediation engineering site. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127532. [PMID: 34879522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Linking chromium (Cr) speciation with its stability in soils is vital because insoluble Cr(VI) and chemically adsorbed Cr(VI) could hinder the remediation efficiency and release Cr(VI) for a prolonged period of time. In this study, we investigated key Cr species to probe the mechanisms controlling the release of insoluble Cr(VI) at Cr-contaminated sites using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) for the first time. Chromite, stichtite and Cr-silicate were predominant forms of Cr(III). Insoluble Cr(VI) was hosted by layered double hydroxides (LDHs) such as brownmilerite and hydrotalcite. Anion competition tests documented a substitution of absorbed Cr(VI) by SO42- and NO3-. Acid extraction released 6.7-25.7% more Cr(VI) than anion extraction, possibly attributing to the erosion of LDH and CaCrO4 in calcite rather than Cr-bearing minerals. Brown and red soils released maximally 62% and 44% of total Cr(VI) by 10 mol/(kg soil) and 2 mol/(kg soil) of H+, respectively. SO42-, H2O and H+ contributed to more release of total Cr(VI) in brown soils (22%, 33% and 7%) than red soils (25%, 17% and 2%). More crystalline Cr structures were found after chemical stabilization, indicating a higher Cr stability in chemically stabilized soils. Cr and Mn exhibited an overlapped distribution pattern in both contaminated and chemically stabilized soils, hinting at the re-oxidation of Cr(III). Insoluble Cr(VI) could be released by acidic rainfalls and soil organic matters, posing potential threats to Cr long-term stability in field-scale remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Yuning He
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, PR China
| | - Yingshuang Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qiuci Miao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ying Yuan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, PR China.
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16
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Zhang Y, Lu X, Yu R, Li J, Miao J, Wang F. Long-term leachability of Sb in smelting residue stabilized by reactive magnesia under accelerated exposure to strong acid rain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113840. [PMID: 34607138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the long-term leachability of antimony (Sb) in a smelting residue (39519 mg/kg) solidified/stabilized by reactive magnesia (MgO). Different dosages of MgO (0% as control, 2%, 5%, and 10% on a dry basis) were compared, and the long-term performance was evaluated by an accelerated exposure test consist of 20 consecutive leaching steps with simulated strong acid rain (SAR, HNO3: H2SO4 = 1:2, pH = 3.20) as the extractant. Notably, the MgO treatments efficiently reduced the Sb leachability. Compared to the original slag (8.3 mg/L), the leaching concentrations based on a Chinese standard HJ/T299-2007 were reduced by 58%, 79%, 85%, and 86% at MgO dosages of 0%, 2%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Because the studied slag was rich in oxides like SiO2, CaO, and MgO, the hydration reactions probably happened during the aging processes with oxic water. It was inferred that the formed hydration products have a self-solidification/stabilization function to suppress the Sb leaching from the solid phase. The mineralogical characterization results proved that the hydrated Mg(OH)2 played an essential role in the decrease of Sb leachability. Besides, the MgO addition promoted the hydration of this smelting slag and formed new hydrate gels that immobilize Sb in this slag. Our results confirmed that MgO-amended slags were resistant to continuous SAR corrosion. Compared to the control, the dosage of 5% MgO could effectively reduce the cumulatively released Sb by 57%, with only 0.46% of total Sb could be leached. The decomposition of Mg(OH)2 and hydrate gels determined the re-release of Sb in a long term. Our work has demonstrated that reactive MgO amendment could be potentially selected as an effective strategy for the treatment of Sb-containing smelting residues in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xuxing Lu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Rongda Yu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Jiahe Miao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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17
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Lu Y, Gu K, Zhang Y, Tang C, Shen Z, Shi B. Impact of biochar on the desiccation cracking behavior of silty clay and its mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148608. [PMID: 34323765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has recently been widely used in environmental geotechnical engineering. However, its impact on soil cracking is not fully understood. In this study, the influence of different wood biochar dosages on the desiccation cracking characteristics of silty clay was studied, and the mechanism was elucidated through a combination of image and microstructural analysis. The results indicate biochar affects the desiccation cracking characteristics of soil across the whole process of water evaporation and crack development. The evaporation rate decreased with low amounts of biochar, but increased as the biochar content increased. At the stage of crack development, the addition of biochar increased the soil cracking water content, induced the formation of annular cracks in soil, and changed the soil crack development process. Quantitative results of the stabilized cracks show the surface crack ratio was decreased by 11.59% and 34.32%, and the average crack width was decreased by 14.83%, and 34.51%, after 5% and 10% biochar addition, respectively. Meanwhile, most of the single cracks in biochar-amended soil are fine. In addition, the surface crack ratio of soil without biochar addition first increased and then stabilized with an increase in the number of wetting-drying (W-D) cycles, while that of the biochar-amended soil decreased slightly. Comparing the crack networks after one and five W-D cycles, the number of cracks formed with 5% and 10% biochar addition decreased by -1.51% and 19.24%, and 15.29%, and 36.92%, respectively, indicating that after the addition of biochar, the soil becomes more resistant to cracking under W-D cycles. In summary, the addition of biochar may have inhibited desiccation cracking by (1) reducing the tensile stress on the soil surface, (2) increasing the repulsive forces between soil particles, (3) occupying the shrinkage space between soil particles, and (4) reducing the tensile strength between soil particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kai Gu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Chaosheng Tang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Bin Shi
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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18
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Jin Y, Wang L, Song Y, Zhu J, Qin M, Wu L, Hu P, Li F, Fang L, Chen C, Hou D. Integrated Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Agricultural Soil in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12032-12042. [PMID: 34372658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land degradation is posing a serious threat to global food security. Restoration of the degraded land has traditionally been viewed as an inherently sustainable practice; however, restoration processes render consequential environmental impacts which could potentially exceed the benefit of restoration itself. In the present study, an integrated life cycle assessment analysis was conducted to evaluate life cycle primary, secondary, and tertiary impacts associated with the restoration of the contaminated agricultural land. The results demonstrated the importance of including spatially differentiated impacts associated with managing the land and growing crops. Comparing four risk management scenarios at a contaminated field in Southern China, it was found that the primary and secondary impacts followed the order of no action > chemical stabilization > phytoextraction > alternative planting. However, when tertiary impacts were taken into account, alternative planting rendered much higher footprint in comparison with phytoextraction and chemical stabilization, which provides evidence against an emerging notion held by some policy makers. Furthermore, assuming that the loss of the rice paddy field in Southern China is compensated by the deforested land in the Amazon rainforest, the total global environmental impact would far exceed that of no action, resulting in 687 ton CO2-e ha-1 of climate change impact. Overall, the present study provides new research findings to support more holistic policy making and also sheds lights on the future development of various restoration technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinan Song
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muhan Qin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Liping Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chang Chen
- College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural Univeristy, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Huang Z, Chen Q, Yao Y, Chen Z, Zhou J. Micro-bubbles enhanced removal of diesel oil from the contaminated soil in washing/flushing with surfactant and additives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112570. [PMID: 33892234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diesel removal of contaminated soil by washing/flushing was enhanced with micro-bubbles and selected surfactants based on their solubilization properties and decontamination capacities. The influencing factors were studied to aim for increasing washing/flushing efficacy. The mixture solution of saponin and cyclodextrin increased the removal efficiency significantly compared to the single-agent solution flushing with an increasing range of 20%-31%. Meanwhile, micro-bubble enhancement increased over 20% of the diesel removal for the sandy soil flushing. As the flushing process may cause soil eroded, the TDS and soil solute in flushing solution were measured to evaluate the circulation time. The 90 min flushing time ensured the cleaning goal and reserved the soil solute by circulation flushing. The soil solute, especially the electron acceptor (NO3-) , was remained in the soil, which was highly demanded for residual diesel biodegradation of loam soil. It is concluded that mixed agents, circulation of flushing solution, and micro-bubbles increased the diesel removal, and the circulation flushing could be very promising in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolu Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Shanghai Institution of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 201620, China; Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Quanyuan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Shanghai Institution of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Yuan Yao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Shanghai Institution of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Juan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Shanghai Institution of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Abdel-Gawwad HA, Abd El-Aleem S, Zayed A. Stabilization of hazardous lead glass sludge using reactive magnesia via the fabrication of lightweight building bricks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124017. [PMID: 33265043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the stabilization of lead glass sludge (LGS) using reactive magnesia (MgO) via the fabrication of lightweight building bricks. Two types of MgO with different reactivities were prepared by the thermal treatment of magnesium carbonate at 800 °C and 1200 °C (MgO-800 and MgO-1200, respectively). The fabrication of bricks and Pb stabilization were performed by wet mixing LGS with MgO followed by humidity incubation. Results showed that the Pb immobilization and performance of the produced bricks were strongly affected by MgO reactivity, curing time, and LGS-MgO weight ratios. Pb immobilization was performed by the transformation of soluble lead into an insoluble hydrocerussite phase, particularly in hydrated mixtures with high MgO content (> 25 wt%). Pb immobilization inside a magnesium silicate hydrate skeleton is the main mechanism in the hydrated samples containing 25 wt% MgO. To achieve "sustainability," we recommend the use of a hydrated mixture containing 75 wt% of LGS and 25 wt% of MgO-800 in the production of building bricks because this mixture exhibits high compressive strength, high Pb immobilization, low energy demand, and low environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy A Abdel-Gawwad
- Raw Building Materials and Processing Technology Research Institute, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - S Abd El-Aleem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Aya Zayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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21
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Wang L, O'Connor D, Rinklebe J, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Shen Z, Hou D. Biochar Aging: Mechanisms, Physicochemical Changes, Assessment, And Implications for Field Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14797-14814. [PMID: 33138356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has triggered a black gold rush in environmental studies as a carbon-rich material with well-developed porous structure and tunable functionality. While much attention has been placed on its apparent ability to store carbon in the ground, immobilize soil pollutants, and improve soil fertility, its temporally evolving in situ performance in these roles must not be overlooked. After field application, various environmental factors, such as temperature variations, precipitation events and microbial activities, can lead to its fragmentation, dissolution, and oxidation, thus causing drastic changes to the physicochemical properties. Direct monitoring of biochar-amended soils can provide good evidence of its temporal evolution, but this requires long-term field trials. Various artificial aging methods, such as chemical oxidation, wet-dry cycling and mineral modification, have therefore been designed to mimic natural aging mechanisms. Here we evaluate the science of biochar aging, critically summarize aging-induced changes to biochar properties, and offer a state-of-the-art for artificial aging simulation approaches. In addition, the implications of biochar aging are also considered regarding its potential development and deployment as a soil amendment. We suggest that for improved simulation and prediction, artificial aging methods must shift from qualitative to quantitative approaches. Furthermore, artificial preaging may serve to synthesize engineered biochars for green and sustainable environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal, 42285, Germany
- Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ho TO, Tsang DCW, Chen WB, Yin JH. Evaluating the environmental impact of contaminated sediment column stabilized by deep cement mixing. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127755. [PMID: 32721696 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep cement mixing (DCM) method is a widely used geotechnical technique for increasing ground stabilization before construction works. However, the environmental influence of stabilized ground on the surrounding area remains a concern. A physical model experiment of DCM-treated sediment column was conducted to investigate both geotechnical and environmental effects on the surrounding sediment. The DCM column contained the cement-stabilized contaminated sediment and surrounded by uncontaminated sediment. The physical behaviour, including settlement, pore water pressure, and total pressure were measured under different loadings. Simultaneously, the migration of the major ions into seawater, and leaching of potentially toxic elements into the surrounding sediment were evaluated. The results revealed that the leaching of major ions from the DCM column followed the dissipation of excess pore water and migrated to the seawater above the sediment surface. Nevertheless, the leaching behaviour of potentially toxic elements into the surrounding sediment and variation of pH value after the DCM treatment were within an acceptable level. Therefore, the contaminated marine sediment could be effectively stabilized and solidified by in-situ remediation with minimal secondary pollution to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-On Ho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wen-Bo Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Huang Y, Keller AA. Remediation of heavy metal contamination of sediments and soils using ligand-coated dense nanoparticles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239137. [PMID: 32997670 PMCID: PMC7526897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sediment and soil contamination with toxic heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+), represents a major long-term remediation challenge. Resuspension of contaminated sediments into the water column, or the uptake of toxic metals from top soil, can lead to exposure of aquatic or terrestrial organisms, followed by bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnification, which may pose a threat to public health. We have developed a novel nanoscale engineered material, namely ligand-coated dense nanoparticles (Ligand DNPs), which contain a dense WO3 nanoparticle core and a shell functionalized with a metal-binding organic ligand (EDTA), to effectively sequester heavy metal ions deeper into the soil and sediments. We demonstrate that one application of Ligand DNPs can remove from 60% to almost 80% of the Cd and Pb in two different soil matrices, driving these metal ions deeper into the sediment or soil column via gravity, and making them less bioavailable. Ligand DNPs can provide a relatively fast, convenient, and efficient in-situ approach for the remediation of sediments and soils contaminated with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiong Huang
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Arturo A. Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Hazrati S, Farahbakhsh M, Heydarpoor G, Besalatpour AA. Mitigation in availability and toxicity of multi-metal contaminated soil by combining soil washing and organic amendments stabilization. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110807. [PMID: 32505762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the decrease in total metal contents and to mitigate the availability and toxicity of metals from farmland near a lead mining area, a combination of two effective soil washing and eco-friendly stabilization technologies was applied in current research. The pre-treatment was performed with three types of agents including Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), and mixture of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and citric acid (HA)) and the post-treatment stabilization was adopted using four rich-carbon organic waste amendments (cow manure compost (CMC), vermicompost (VC), urban sewage sludge (SS), and sludge-derived biochar (BIO)). Furthermore, the fate of residual metals (leachability, plant-availability, bioaccessibility, and chemical distribution), soil quality indicators (phytotoxicity and enzyme activities), and some soil physicochemical properties were examined before and after the two-steps remediation. The soil washing, especially using HA and CA agents, dramatically increased the labile metals and negatively changed the soil microbial activity. The two-month stabilization with SS, BIO, and VC resulted in a significant control of the leachability and plant-availability of residual Zn and Pb. However, the post-treatment was only slightly immobilized of Cd. The amendments affected the restoration of soil pH and organic carbon as well as the improvement of available nutrients. Compared to the other amendments that caused restrictions, the SS significantly restored the enzyme activities. With the exception of CMC, the SS, VC, and BIO, indicated higher germination rate and growth of wheat were also obtained. This study reveal the ability of the complementary role of stabilization with soil washing to reduce metal toxicity and confirm the usefulness of municipal and animal wastes in enhancing soil and environmental qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hazrati
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Farahbakhsh
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Heydarpoor
- Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
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Zhao B, O'Connor D, Shen Z, Tsang DCW, Rinklebe J, Hou D. Sulfur-modified biochar as a soil amendment to stabilize mercury pollution: An accelerated simulation of long-term aging effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114687. [PMID: 32388301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The stability of mercury (Hg) contamination in soil environments can change over time. This has implications for agricultural sites under long-term management after in situ treatment involving soil amendments. In this study, rice husk biochar (RHB) and sulfur modified rice husk biochar (SRHB) were synthesized and applied (dosage = 5% dry wt.) to a Hg polluted agricultural soil collected from Guizhou province, Southern China (soil total Hg content = 28.3 mg/kg; C = 2%; and, S = 0.1%). The long-term stabilization effectiveness of the soil treatments was evaluated by a combined approach involving: (i) accelerated aging for 104 simulated years; (ii) soil extraction as a proxy for plant uptake; and, (iii) sequential extraction to identify Hg fractions. The SRHB amendment raised the soil's total S content by approximately an order of magnitude (to 0.9%), which remained at a generally constant level throughout the simulation. The initial pH levels for the untreated and treated soils were alkaline and remained between 7.0 and 7.5 for the first 50 years of simulated aging, before decreasing as the simulation time increased further. The pH of the SRHB treated soils did not drop below that of untreated soils during the simulation. Soil extraction tests with 0.1 M HCl solution indicated that RHB and SRHB treatments could effectively immobilize the Hg in soil for at least 50 and 75 simulated years, respectively. At simulated year 50, the amount of Hg extracted from RHB and SRHB treated soils was <200 ng/L and <100 ng/L, respectively. Thus, showing SRHB to be a particularly promising remedial option. The soil Hg was mostly associated with the stable sequential extraction fractions (F3-5). By the end of the simulation, the F5 fraction for SRHB and RHB treated soils reduced by 44.6%, and 42.0%, respectively, whereas the F4 fraction increased by >400% in both cases. In summary, SRHB may provide long-lasting Hg stabilization at contaminated sites. Therefore, further research toward the development of this stabilization technology is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal, 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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26
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Chen H, Tang L, Wang Z, Su M, Tian D, Zhang L, Li Z. Evaluating the protection of bacteria from extreme Cd (II) stress by P-enriched biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114483. [PMID: 32283462 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium cations (Cd2+) are extremely toxic to organisms, which limits the remediation of Cd by microorganisms. This study investigated the feasibility of applying biochar to protect bacteria from extreme Cd2+ stress (1000 mg/L). An alkaline biochar (RB) and a slightly acidic biochar (SB) were selected. SB revealed a higher Cd2+ removal than RB (15.5% vs. 4.8%) due to its high surface area. Addition of Enterobacter sp. induced formation of Cd phosphate and carbonate on both SB and RB surface. However, Cd2+ removal by RB enhanced more evidently than SB (78.9% vs. 30.2%) due to the substantial microbial regulation and surficial alkalinity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and geochemical modeling (GWB) all confirmed that the formation of stable Cd phosphate on RB was superior to that in SB. These biomineralization, together with biochar pore structure, protect bacterial cells from Cd stress. Moreover, the alkalinity of biochar promoted the formation of carbonate, which strengthened the decline of Cd2+ toxicity. The protection by RB was also confirmed by the intense microbial respiration and biomass (PLFA). Furthermore, this protection induced a positive feedback between P-abundant biochar and Enterobacter sp.: biochar provides P source (the most common limiting nutrient) to support microbial growth; bacteria secrete more organic acids to drive P release. This study therefore elucidated the protection of bacteria by P-enriched biochar based on both physic-chemical and microbial insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lingyi Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Mu Su
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Da Tian
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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27
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Wang L, Li X, Tsang DCW, Jin F, Hou D. Green remediation of Cd and Hg contaminated soil using humic acid modified montmorillonite: Immobilization performance under accelerated ageing conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:122005. [PMID: 31918052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) is an effective way to immobilize toxic metals in contaminated soil. However, utilization of ordinary Portland cement (PC) in this process has raised environmental concerns owing to the high carbon footprint from PC manufacturing and the risk of toxic element leaching in the long term. Hence there is an urgent need to seek for "green" immobilization approaches with long-term stability. In this study, a clay-based material, humic acid modified montmorillonite (HA-Mont) was applied to a Cd and Hg contaminated soil. Field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS), N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to investigate the characteristics of this material. Compared to the soil without any treatment, dosage of 5 % HA-Mont could effectively reduce Cd and Hg concentrations by 94.1 % and 93.0 %, respectively and to below the regulatory limits in the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) leachates. Compared to the soil treated with virgin montmorillonite, HA modification resulted in the reduction of leachate concentrations of Cd and Hg by 69.5 % and 65.9 %, respectively. Long-term immobilization performance of the HA-Mont treatment was examined using a quantitative accelerated ageing method. In order to examine the ageing features, a novel method based on conditional probability was developed, and the reliability of HA-Mont immobilization was found to fit the Weibull model well, as the ageing rate of immobilization effect increased with time. After 120 years of ageing, reliability of both metals could still remain above 0.95. Cd concentration in TCLP leachates at 120th year could still remain below the regulatory limit (294 μg/L vs 1000 μg/L), while Hg concentration reached the regulatory limit of 200 μg/L in 96th year. This is the first attempt developing a green S/S method of Cd and Hg contaminated soil using HA-Mont and examining the long-term ageing characteristics of the stabilized soil using a probability-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanru Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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28
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Zhang J, Hou D, Shen Z, Jin F, O'Connor D, Pan S, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Bolan NS, Alessi DS. Effects of excessive impregnation, magnesium content, and pyrolysis temperature on MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar and its lead removal capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109152. [PMID: 32006766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar (MWRB) is a potentially highly-effective waste-derived material in environmental applications. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the optimization of the production of MWRB for superior environmental performance. It was found that the Mg content of the MWRB could be easily controlled by adjusting the Mg/feedstock mass ratio during excessive impregnation. The BET surface area was found to first increase and then decrease as the Mg content of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased from 1.52% to 10.1%, with an optimal surface area of 293 m2/g observed at 2.51%. Similarly, an optimum pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C was observed in the range of 400-800 °C for a maximum surface area of the MWRB at a fixed Mg/feedstock ratio of 0.48% (resulting in MWRBs with Mg contents of 1.89-2.51%). The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced at 600 °C) increased with increasing Mg content, with a greatest Pb removal capacity of 558 mg/g found for the MWRB with the highest Mg content (10.1%), an improvement of 208% over the 181 mg/g Pb removal capacity of unmodified WRB produced at 600 °C. The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced with 1.89-2.51% Mg) was also discovered to increase from 81.7 mg/g (at 400 °C) to 742 mg/g (at 700 °C), before dropping to 368 mg/g at 800 °C. These findings suggest that the MWRB can be more efficiently utilized in soil and water remediation by optimizing its synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhuo Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shizhen Pan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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29
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Wang L, Chen L, Tsang DCW, Zhou Y, Rinklebe J, Song H, Kwon EE, Baek K, Sik Ok Y. Mechanistic insights into red mud, blast furnace slag, or metakaolin-assisted stabilization/solidification of arsenic-contaminated sediment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105247. [PMID: 31677577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated level of arsenic (As) in marine sediment via deposition and accumulation presents long-term ecological risks. This study proposed a sustainable stabilization/solidification (S/S) of As-contaminated sediment via novel valorization of red mud waste, blast furnace slag and calcined clay mineral, which were selected to mitigate the increased leaching of As under alkaline environment of S/S treatment. Quantitative X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses illustrated that stable Ca-As complexes (e.g., Ca5(AsO4)3OH) could be formed at the expense of Ca(OH)2 consumption, which inevitably hindered the hydration process and S/S efficiency. The 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that incorporation of metakaolin for As immobilization resulted in a low degree of hydration and polymerization, whereas addition of red mud promoted Fe-As complexation and demonstrated excellent compatibility with As. Transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping further confirmed the precipitation of crystalline Ca-As and amorphous Fe-As compounds. Therefore, red mud-incorporated S/S binder achieved the highest efficiency of As immobilization (99.9%), which proved to be applicable for both in-situ and ex-situ S/S of As-contaminated sediment. These results advance our mechanistic understanding for the design of green and sustainable remediation approach for effective As immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, D-42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Sejong University, Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hocheol Song
- Sejong University, Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Sejong University, Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 561-756, South Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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30
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31
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Shen Z, Fan X, Hou D, Jin F, O'Connor D, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Alessi DS. Risk evaluation of biochars produced from Cd-contaminated rice straw and optimization of its production for Cd removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:149-156. [PMID: 31173952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on the "waste-treat-waste" concept, biochars were produced from cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice straw (CRSBs) at 300, 500, and 700 °C (CRSB300, CRSB500, and CRSB700). The risks of the Cd remaining in CRSBs were evaluated and the optimal biochar pyrolysis temperature for Cd removal was investigated. It was observed that 41% of the total Cd in the raw rice straw was exchangeable, which may pose significant risks to crops and humans. Pyrolyzing at 300 °C did not significantly alter the Cd fractions, while the exchangeable fraction of Cd greatly dropped to 5.79% at 500 °C and further to 2.12% at 700 °C. Increasing the highest pyrolysis temperature resulted in CRSBs with higher pH values, greater surface area, and smaller pore sizes, thus providing more rapid and efficient removal of Cd from aqueous solutions. For Cd removal tests, increasing pyrolysis temperature (300-700 °C) increased the total (24.8-55.1 mg/g) and non-exchangeable (18.9-52.8 mg/g) Cd concentrations immobilized on the CRSBs and significantly decreased the exchangeable Cd fraction (23.7%-4.85%). It is suggested based on the study from aqueous solutions that CRSB700 was the most suitable for the remediation of Cd contaminated soil on site due to the lowest risks of remained Cd from feedstock, fastest and highest Cd removal, and most stable immobilization of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Xiaoliang Fan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Shen Z, Pan S, Hou D, O'Connor D, Jin F, Mo L, Xu D, Zhang Z, Alessi DS. Temporal effect of MgO reactivity on the stabilization of lead contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104990. [PMID: 31302485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated soil lead (Pb) concentrations are a global concern owing to the toxic effects of this heavy metal. Solidification/stabilization (S/S) of soils using reagents like Portland cement (PC) is a common approach for the remediation of Pb contaminated sites. However, it has been reported that under long-term field conditions, the performance of PC treatments can diminish significantly. Therefore, novel reagents that provide longer-term stabilization performance are needed. In this study, four magnesium oxide (MgO) products of different reactivity values were applied (5 wt%) to a Pb contaminated clayey soil. The short-term (1-49 days) and long-term (25-100 years) temporal stabilization effects were investigated by laboratory incubation and accelerated ageing methods, respectively. The concentration of Pb in Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procure (TCLP) leachate was ~14 mg/L for the untreated soil; ~1.8 times higher than the TCLP regulatory level (5 mg/L). Only one day after treatment with MgO, the leachate concentration was reduced to below the regulatory level (a reduction of 69.4%-83.2%), regardless of the MgO type applied. However, in the long-term accelerated ageing experiments, only treatments using the most reactive MgO type could provide leachate concentrations that were consistently below the TCLP threshold throughout the 100 years of simulated ageing. The soil treated with the MgO of lowest reactivity was the first to exceed the regulatory level, at simulated year 75. It is thus demonstrated that MgO reactivity has a significant effect on its long-term effectiveness for contaminated soil stabilization. This is attributed to differences in their specific surface area and readiness to carbonate, which may facilitate the immobilization of Pb in the long term. It is also noteworthy that compared to PC, reactive MgO is more environmentally friendly owing to lower energy consumption and reduced CO2 emissions during its manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Shizhen Pan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fei Jin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Liwu Mo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; Key State Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Dongyao Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhuorong Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
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Zhang L, Song X, Shao X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Pan J, Hu S, Li Z. Lead immobilization assisted by fungal decomposition of organophosphate under various pH values. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13353. [PMID: 31527665 PMCID: PMC6746775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic phosphates (OP) account for approximately 30-90% of total soil P. However, it is too stable to be utilized by plants as available P source. Aspergillus niger (A. niger) has considerable ability to secret phytase to decompose OP. Meanwhile, mineralization of lead (Pb) is efficient to achieve its remediation. This study hence investigated Pb immobilization by A. niger assisted decomposition of OP under variable acidic environments. A. niger can survive in the acidic environment as low as pH = 1.5. However, alternation of environmental pH within 3.5-6.5 significantly changed fungal phytase secretion. In particular, weakly acidic stimulation (pH of ~5.5) increased phytase activity secreted by A. niger to 0.075 µmol/min/mL, hence elevating P release to a maximal concentration of ~20 mg/L. After Pb addition, ATR-IR and TEM results demonstrated the formation of abundant chloropyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl] mineral on the surface of mycelium at pH = 5.5. Anglesite, with a higher solubility than pyromorphite, was precipitated massively in other treatments with pH lower or higher than 5.5. This study elucidated the great potential of applying OP for Pb immobilization in contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xinwei Song
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoqing Shao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yiling Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shimei Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jianjun Pan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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Li W, Ni P, Yi Y. Comparison of reactive magnesia, quick lime, and ordinary Portland cement for stabilization/solidification of heavy metal-contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:741-753. [PMID: 30939327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is commonly applied to treat heavy metal-contaminated soils through the use of lime and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Recently, reactive magnesia (MgO) has emerged as a novel binder for S/S of heavy metal-contaminated soils; however, a comprehensive comparison between MgO, lime (CaO), and OPC for S/S application is still missing. This study compares the S/S efficiency of MgO, CaO, and OPC for soils contaminated by six individual heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Mn) through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, one stage batch leaching test, and microstructural analysis. The addition of binders can transform soluble heavy metal salts to insoluble hydroxides and their complexes, and hence the leachability of heavy metals decreases. However, the level, to which the leachability can be reduced, is highly pH dependent. Contaminated soils treated with MgO have pH of 9-10.5, at which the leachability of Pb and Zn is much lower than that of OPC- or CaO-treated soils with pH of 10.5-13; for example, the leached Pb and Zn from MgO-treated soils are only 0.1%-3.3% and 0.1%-9.4% of those from OPC-treated soils, respectively. On the other hand, the leached Cd and Mn from OPC-treated soils are 0.1%-28.5% and 0.1-10.7% of those from MgO-treated soils, respectively, due to the high pH and the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in OPC-treated soils. OPC and CaO are more effective than MgO in decreasing the Ni leachability at high original concentrations, but less effective at low original concentrations. For all soils except those contaminated by Zn, the OPC generally produces a much higher UCS, up to two orders of magnitude, than the CaO and MgO. The results of study indicate that no single binder can treat all types of heavy metal-contaminated soils perfectly, and the selection of binder is a site-specific problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Pengpeng Ni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yaolin Yi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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35
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Jin Y, O'Connor D, Ok YS, Tsang DCW, Liu A, Hou D. Assessment of sources of heavy metals in soil and dust at children's playgrounds in Beijing using GIS and multivariate statistical analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:320-328. [PMID: 30660845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment. Risk-based environmental management relies upon identifying pollution sources, pathways, and the exposed population. In a Chinese urban setting, many residents live in high-rise buildings without private gardens. Therefore, the main residential risk of exposure to contaminated soils and dusts may be associated with public open spaces. As children are the most vulnerable receptor, playgrounds represent an important yet often overlooked exposure point. The present study assessed plausible sources of heavy metals at children's playgrounds in a representative metropolitan environment. Soil and equipment dust samples were collected from 71 playgrounds across Beijing, which were analyzed for 11 different heavy metals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the latent constructs which control heavy metal variability and reflect potential sources. Cluster analysis (CA) was conducted to group sampled locations, which provided further insights on plausible sources. The main factors extracted from the PCA were then subject to geostatistical analysis. The systematic combination of GIS with multivariate statistical analysis proved valuable for elucidating anthropogenic and natural sources. Elevated Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, As in playground soils were found to derive mainly from the natural background (spatial autocorrelation = 2 km), while elevated Cu and Pb was attributed to traffic activities (spatial autocorrelation = 17 km), especially along the routes of Beijing's inner ring-roads, the major roads toward the northwest and northeast, and the international airport. These results suggest that heavy metals in playground equipment dust may derive mainly from atmospheric deposition of air pollution of both natural and anthropogenic origin (spatial autocorrelation = 11-13 km). Among them, Be, V, Mn, Co, Cu, As, Pb were attributed to atmospheric pollution deriving from the north of Beijing, brought by the prevailing northern wind in the winter season; whereas, Cr and Ni may possibly be brought from the southeast by the summer season winds. Knowledge of anthropogenic vs. natural origins of heavy metals in playgrounds is critical in assessing health impact and designing policy instruments for metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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36
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Wang Y, Li Q, Zhang P, O'Connor D, Varma RS, Yu M, Hou D. One-pot green synthesis of bimetallic hollow palladium-platinum nanotubes for enhanced catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 539:161-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Peng T, O'Connor D, Zhao B, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Tian L, Zheng N, Li X, Hou D. Spatial distribution of lead contamination in soil and equipment dust at children's playgrounds in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:363-370. [PMID: 30448506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead contamination is widespread across China, posing a serious public health concern. In quantifying child lead exposure, established health risk assessment (HRA) approaches often take into account residential soil lead levels. However, this may not constitute a significant exposure source for children in urban mainland China, where the population mainly dwell in high-rise buildings without back or front yards. In this setting, children's playgrounds may represent a more probable exposure source. The present study analyzed lead levels in settled dust on playground equipment and in surficial soils at 71 playgrounds in Beijing, China. Our results reveal that the average playground dust lead concentration was 80.5 mg/kg, more than twice the average soil lead concentration of 36.2 mg/kg. It was found that there are differences in statistical and spatial distributions for lead in playground dust and soils. Lead levels in equipment dust were largely consistent across Beijing, with elevated levels detected at locations in the main city area, the newly developed Tongzhou District, and the rural counties. Whereas average soil lead concentrations were higher at playgrounds in the main city area than other areas of Beijing. Statistical analysis suggests that the lead content in dust and soil may derive from different natural and anthropogenic sources. Equipment dust lead may be associated with long-distance atmospheric transportation and deposition. Whereas lead in soil is more likely to be associated with local traffic. This study also found that, in certain areas of Beijing, the risk of blood lead levels (BLLs) exceeding safe levels was up to 6 times higher when based on dust exposure than when based on playground soil exposure. The results of this study suggests that HRA undertaken for children in urban mainland China should pay closer attention to children's playgrounds as a lead exposure source, and, in particular, playground equipment dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Peng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Li Tian
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, 710062, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Shen Z, Zhang J, Hou D, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Alessi DS. Synthesis of MgO-coated corncob biochar and its application in lead stabilization in a soil washing residue. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:357-362. [PMID: 30501914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a magnesium oxide (MgO) coated corncob biochar (MCB) was synthesized by pyrolyzing MgCl2 pretreated corncob, for a better performance in lead immobilization in a contaminated soil compared with corncob biochar (CB). The properties and microstructures of CB and MCB were investigated. It was observed that MgO particles ranging from 1 to 2 μm were well coated on MCB, and the MgO content in MCB was calculated at 29.90% in w/w. The surface area of the biochar was significantly enhanced from 0.07 to 26.56 m2/g after the MgO coating. The MgO coating also significantly facilitated the lead removal percentage from 23% to 74% in aqueous solution by biochar. CB failed to immobilize lead in a soil washing residue and could not reduce its environmental risks in a laboratory incubation study. In contrast, MCB was applied to the soil and resulted in a significant reduction in TCLP leached lead from 10.63 to 5.24 mg/L (reduced by 50.71%). The comparison between MCB and other amendments suggests that the biochar component of MCB adsorbed lead onto its surface through cation-π interaction and increased surface adsorption due to higher surface area, and then the MgO coated on MCB's surface further enhanced the adsorption through precipitation. The synergistic roles of biochar-mineral composites make them a promising candidate for soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Shen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jingzhuo Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
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O'Connor D, Hou D, Ye J, Zhang Y, Ok YS, Song Y, Coulon F, Peng T, Tian L. Lead-based paint remains a major public health concern: A critical review of global production, trade, use, exposure, health risk, and implications. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:85-101. [PMID: 30179767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to lead (Pb) is a growing global public health concern. Elevated blood lead is thought to cause the mental retardation of >0.6 million children globally each year, and has recently been attributed to ~18% of all-cause mortality in the US. Due to the severe health risk, the international community, led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO), is actively supporting the global phase-out of lead-based paint by 2020. However, there are many significant hurdles on the way to achieving this goal. In light of the importance of the lead-based paint issue, and the urgency of achieving the 2020 phase-out goal, this review provides critical insights from the existing scientific literature on lead-based paint, and offers a comprehensive perspective on the overall issue. The global production and international trade of lead-based paints across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe are critically discussed - revealing that lead-based paints are still widely used in many low and middle-income developing countries, and that the production and trade of lead-based paint is still wide-spread globally. In India, as well as many south-east Asian, African, Latin American and European countries, lead concentrations in paints often exceed 10,000 mg/kg. This will certainly pose a serious global threat to public health from surfaces painted with these products for many decades to come. The sources and pathways of exposure are further described to shed light on the associated health risk and socioeconomic costs. Finally, the review offers an overview of the potential intervention and abatement strategies for lead-based paints. In particular, it was found that there is a general lack of consensus on the definition of lead based paint; and, strengthening regulatory oversight, public awareness, and industry acceptance are vital in combating the global issue of lead based paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jing Ye
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, OJeong Eco-Resilience Institute & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinan Song
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Tianyue Peng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ma Y, Liu Z, Xu Y, Zhou S, Wu Y, Wang J, Huang Z, Shi Y. Remediating Potentially Toxic Metal and Organic Co-Contamination of Soil by Combining In Situ Solidification/Stabilization and Chemical Oxidation: Efficacy, Mechanism, and Evaluation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112595. [PMID: 30463391 PMCID: PMC6266821 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most soil remediation studies investigated single contaminants or multiple contaminants of the same type. However, in field conditions, soils are often contaminated with potentially both toxic metals and organic pollutants, posing a serious technical challenge. Here, batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of combining in situ solidification/stabilization (ISS) and in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for the simultaneous removal of aniline (1000 mg/kg) and Cd (10 mg/kg). All four tested ISS amendments, especially quick lime and Portland cement, promoted in situ chemical oxidation with activated persulfate in contaminated soil. Combined ISS/ISCO remediation effectively removed aniline and reduced the bioavailable Cd content at optimal initial persulfate and ISS amendment concentrations of 1.08 mol/kg and 30 wt% with a seven-day curing time, and significantly reduced leaching. Persulfate inhibited the reduction of the bioavailable Cd content, and ISS amendment with persulfate did not synergistically remediate Cd in co-contaminated soil. Strong alkalinity and high temperature were the main mechanisms driving rapid pollutant removal and immobilization. The reaction of CaO with water released heat, and Ca(OH)2 formation increased the pH. The relative contributions of heat vs. alkaline activation, as well as the contaminant removal efficiency, increased with ISS amendment CaO content. Combined treatment altered the soil physicochemical properties, and significantly increased Ca and S contents. Activated persulfate-related reactions did not negatively impact unconfined compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity. This work improves the selection of persulfate activation methods for the treatment of soils co-contaminated with both potentially toxic metals and organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhenhai Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yanqiu Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shengkun Zhou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhanbin Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
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